ECAD L7.2 Linear Op Amp Part2 SLIDES

REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-JVC-I07.
2-R00-09262020 | 1
Electronics 2 - Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design
LESSON 7:
LINEAR OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS (part 2)
ENGR. JOMER V. CATIPON
jomercatipon1978@gmail.com
09532894627
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-JVC-I07.2-R00-09262020 | 2
Course Outcomes
At the end of the discussion, the student must be able to:
1. Reflect on the scripture reading provided.
2. Review Linear operational amplifier circuits (part1)
3. Analyze the solution to seatwork no. 5 and Assignment no. 5
4. Analyze the operation of a true differentiator circuit and explain the
difficulties with high frequency noise.
5. Design a low frequency differentiator circuit and determine the output
waveform of a low differentiator circuit used for waveshaping.
6. Analyze and Design an all-pass phase lag circuit and all-pass phase
lead circuit.
7. Show how an op amp can be connected to operate with a single
power supply and design the circuitry for single power supply
operation to meet prescribed low frequency requirements.
“ Even though I walk through the valley

of the shadow of death, I will fear no
evil, for you are with me; your rod
and your staff, they comfort me.
- Psalm 23:4

REVIEW OF LINEAR
OPERATIONAL INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (part 1)

REVIEW OF LINEAR OPERATIONAL

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (part 1)
1. An instrumentation amplifier is a high quality unit having
differential balanced inputs, high input impedances, and a
high common mode rejection ratio.
2. The gain for both inputs of an instrumentation amplifier may
be changed by adjusting one resistance.
3. An instrumentation amplifier reduces significantly the effects
of a common-mode noise pick up.

REVIEW OF LINEAR OPERATIONAL

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (part 1)
4. A true integrator circuit produces an output proportional to
the area underneath the curve of the input signal.
5. Op amps used to implement true integrators must have ultra
low offset and bias parameters; general purpose op amps
are unsatisfactory for this purpose.
6. Circuits that integrate only the ac components of the input
signal (AC integrators) may be satisfactorily implemented
using a general purpose op amp.

SOLUTION TO SEATWORK NO. 6

SOLUTION TO ASSIGNMENT NO. 6

LINEAR OPERATIONAL
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
(part 2)

TRUE DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT

hypothetical differentiator
the output voltage can be expressed as:
The true differentiator circuit

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF TRUE DIFFERENTIATOR
The amplitude response is very small at low frequencies but increases

linearly as the frequency increases.
EXAMPLE 1
A certain true differentiator circuit produces an output voltage Vo(t) given
by:
Vo(t) = dVi(t)/dt
Where Vi(t) is the input voltage. The signal voltage at the left is applied as
the input. Sketch the output and label significant levels.

EXAMPLE 1
ANSWER:
At 0 < t < 0.5 s
Change in Vi = 6 V
Change in t = 0.5 s
Vo = 6/0.5 = 12 V
At 0.5 < t < 4.5 s
Change in Vi = 0 V
Change in t = 4 s
Vo = 0/ 4 = 0 V
At 4.5 < t < 5 s
Change in Vi = -6 V
Change in t = 0.5 s
Vo = -6/ 0.5 = -12 V

• The differentiator circuit can be used to detect sudden changes in

a signal and to generate trigger voltages based on these signals.
• As the transition becomes sharper, the magnitude of the output

voltage increases.

Difficulty with true differentiator circuits

• True differentiator circuits are not used often.
• Noise tens to have sudden abrupt changes and
displays spikes.
• Noise is accentuated by differentiator circuits.
• Thus a true differentiator is very noisy.
Note: this difficulty may be alleviated by using the low-

frequency differentiator instead.

LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

The break frequency is
For f>>fb, at high frequency range, M(ω) reduces to an inverting amplifier:
For f<<fb, t low frequency range, M(ω) comes close to the response of the
true integrator.

Bode break-point approximations for the true

integrator and low-frequency differentiator

DESIGN OF A LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

1. Assume that the desired processing function is specified as:
Vo(t) = -K dVi(t)/dt
2. Let TH = 1/ fH represent the period of the highest frequency
component.
3. Select a fixed value of C. Do not use an electrolytic
capacitor unless the voltage across the capacitor always
has one polarity.
4. From the desired value of K, find Rf.
Use Rf = K/C

DESIGN OF A LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

5. Find Ri.
a) Time constant criterion
Ri = 0.01TH/ C = 0.01/ fHC
b) Break frequency criterion
Ri = 1/ 2πfbC = 1/ 2π(10fH)C
6. If either or both of the resistance values are excessively large

or small, change the value of capacitor repeat the entire
design procedure.
Note: if the Rs are too large, increase the value of C and vice
versa.

EXAMPLE 2
A low frequency differentiator is desired for a particular
application to perform the operation
Vo(t) = - 0.001 dVi(t)/ dt
Based on a periodic signal with a frequency of 1 kHz,

determine a suitable design.

EXAMPLE 2
ANSWER:
Let C = 0.1 uF
Then Rf = K/ C = 0.001/0.1u = 10 kohms
a. If time constant criterion is used:
Ri = 0.01TH/ C = 0.01/ fHC = 100 ohms
b. If break frequency criterion is used:
Ri = 1/ 2πfbC = 1/ 2π(10fH)C = 159.15 ohms

WAVESHAPING APPLICATIONS OF A LOW-

FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR
Vo(t) = -K X ( slope of input voltage)
The peak-to-peak output voltage, Vopp = K X (m+ +/m-/)

Where:
m+ - the maximum positive slope
m- - the maximum negative slope

EXAMPLE 3
The triangular waveform below is applied to the input of the low frequency
differentiator with Vo(t) = -0.001 dVi(t)/dt
Plot the form of the output voltage after steady state conditions are
reached. Assume that all significant frequency components of the
triangular waveform are within the differentiator range of the circuit.

EXAMPLE 3
ANSWER:
In the first half cycle, m = (-2.5 -2.5)/ (0.5 X 10-3) = -10 X 103 V/s
Vo =10 V
In the 2nd half cycle,m = (2.5 - -2.5)/ (0.5 X 10-3) =10 X 103 V/s
Vo = -10 V
Thus, Vopp = 20 V

PHASE SHIFT CIRCUITS

- Produces required phase shift at a given frequency
1. All-pass phase lag

2. All-pass phase lead

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG ωRC
Өn = 360- tan-1 ωRC

Өd = tan-1 ωRC
Ө(ω) = 360- tan-1 ωRC/ tan-1 ωRC = 360 -2 tan-1 ωRC - ωRC

Amplitude and Phase of the all-pass phase lag circuit

ALL-PASS PHASE LEAD CIRCUIT

Amplitude and Phase of all-pass lead circuit

EXAMPLE 4
For the circuit below, determine (a) amplitude response (b) phase
response (c) phase shift … at 1 kHz

EXAMPLE 4
ANSWER:
All-pass phase lag
(a) The ideal amplitude response is

M(ω) = 1
(b) The phase response is
Ө(ω) = -2 tan-1 ωRC = -2tan-1 0.00151f
(c) The phase shift at 1 kHz is
Ө = -112.9 degrees
EXAMPLE 5
Design an all-pass phase lag circuit to produce a phase
shift of -135 degrees at 1 kHz.

EXAMPLE 5
ANSWER:
And R and C could be:

SINGLE POWER SUPPLY OPERATION
Inverting amplifier connected to a single power supply, AC operation

SINGLE POWER SUPPLY OPERATION
Non inverting amplifier connected to a single power supply, AC operation

RECITATION

RECITATION:
• Explain how to analyze the operation of a true differentiator
circuit and explain the difficulties with high frequency noise.
• Explain how to design a low frequency differentiator circuit
• Explain how to determine the output waveform of a low
differentiator circuit used for waveshaping.
• Explain how to analyze an all-pass phase lag circuit.
• Explain how to analyze an all-pass phase lead circuit.
• Explain how to design an all-pass phase lag circuit
• Explain how to design an all-pass phase lead circuit.
• Explain how an op amp can be connected to operate with a
single power supply and design the circuitry for single
power supply operation to meet prescribed low frequency
requirements.

SEATWORK NO. 7
Use short bond paper.
Instruction: Solve the following. No need
to copy the problems.
Time allotment: 30 minutes

SEATWORK NO. 7
For the waveform:
(1) assume that Vp = 40 V, t1 = 4s, t2 = 12s and t3 = 14s. It is applied to

a true differentiator circuit whose output is:
Vo(t) = dVi(t)/dt
Sketch the output voltage and label significant levels.
(2) Assume that Vp = 16 V, t1 = 20 ms, t2 = 60 ms and t3 = 70 ms. It is
applied to a low frequency differentiator circuit whose output is:
Vo(t) = 0.005 dVi(t)/dt
Sketch the output voltage and label significant levels.
*****End of Seatwork*****
GOD BLESS!

ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
1. Consider the figure below with Ri = 470 ohms, Rf = 20 kohms and C =
0.2 uF. The input to the circuit is the waveform at the left. Assume T =
10 ms and Vp = 4V. Under steady state conditions, determine the
peak-to-peak value of the output voltage.

ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
2. Consider the circuit below with R = 20 kohms, C= 0.01 uF and R1 =43
kohms. Determine the phase shift at (a) 500 Hz (b) 1kHz (c) 2 kHz
3. If in the diagram above, the R and C are interchanged. Determine the

phase shift at (a) 500 Hz (b) 1kHz (c) 2 kHz

ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
4. Consider the circuit shown below.
Rf
Vi(t) -
Vo(t)
+
(a) Determine the transfer function

(b) indicate if the circuit is capable of operation as a true differentiator
(--- or integrator).
(Note: this circuit has serious practical limitations due to the imperfect
nature of inductors at low frequencies
ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
5. Design an all- pass phase lag circuit to produce a phase shift of
-90 degrees at a frequency of 1 kHz.
6. Design an all-pass phase lead circuit to produce a phase shift of

45 degrees at a frequency of 1 kHz.
7. A low frequency differentiator is desired for a certain application to

perform:
Vo(t) = -0.002 dVi(t)/dt
Based on a periodic signal with a frequency of 500 Hz, determine
the suitable design using the time constant criterion.

END

ECAD L7.2 Linear Op Amp Part2 SLIDES

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REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-JVC-I07.

Electronics 2 - Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

“ Even though I walk through the valley

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

REVIEW OF LINEAR OPERATIONAL

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

REVIEW OF LINEAR OPERATIONAL

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

SOLUTION TO SEATWORK NO. 6

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

SOLUTION TO ASSIGNMENT NO. 6

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

TRUE DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT

the output voltage can be expressed as:

The true differentiator circuit

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF TRUE DIFFERENTIATOR

The amplitude response is very small at low frequencies but increases

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

• The differentiator circuit can be used to detect sudden changes in

• As the transition becomes sharper, the magnitude of the output

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Difficulty with true differentiator circuits

Note: this difficulty may be alleviated by using the low-

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

For f>>fb, at high frequency range, M(ω) reduces to an inverting amplifier:

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Bode break-point approximations for the true

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

DESIGN OF A LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

DESIGN OF A LOW FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATOR

6. If either or both of the resistance values are excessively large

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Vo(t) = - 0.001 dVi(t)/ dt

Based on a periodic signal with a frequency of 1 kHz,

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

WAVESHAPING APPLICATIONS OF A LOW-

The peak-to-peak output voltage, Vopp = K X (m+ +/m-/)

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

PHASE SHIFT CIRCUITS

1. All-pass phase lag

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

ALL-PASS PHASE LAG ωRC

Өn = 360- tan-1 ωRC

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Amplitude and Phase of the all-pass phase lag circuit

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila