Formula to calculate the inverse Laplace transform with

summations of a fraction with a linear form and in

denominator a quadratic form raised to a natural
greater than one
Noé Ricardo Arellano Velázquez
Bachelor in Mathematical Physics Sciences
Graduated from the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
Morelia city
(some years ago)
México
email: nricardoav@hotmail.com

Abstract— The aim of this paper is to obtain some formulas to calculate the inverse Lapace transform of a fraction
with numerator a linear form of s, and in denominator a quadratic form of s with complex roots, raised to a natural
number greater than one. This is done using Bromwich’s integral for the inverse Laplace transform and the use of
theorems from complex variable related to residues. As is known, inverse Laplace transform can be obtained by using
the convolution theorem (a definite integral is involved). In the case we are dealing with, the process carried out with
this theorem is very long when the power of the quadratic form is large. Using formulas in this paper time needed is
lesser. We avoid to calculate integrals. Thereby, we we can write some formulas on tables of Laplace transform for this
case.

Let’s calculate the Laplace inverse transform of a fraction with numerator a linear form in s and a quadratic
form in s witch has a complex roots, this quadratic form raised to a natural number greater than one.
 
−1 As + B
L n = 2, 3, 4, ... (1)
(as2 + bs + c)n
There is no loss of generality if we take a = 1, if because in a certain exercise a 6= 1 we can factor out.
We can write (1) as follows:
 
b bA 
A(s + 2 ) + B − 2
 
As + B 
L −1 = L −1 h (2)
(s2 + bs + c)n  s + b
2 + c − b 2 n 
i
2 4

We completed binomial to square in (1), in denominator.

Using the next theorem:

L −1 [F (s − α)] = eαt L −1 [F (s)]

Expression (2) becomes:

1
    
−1 As + B − 2b t −1 As + B1
L =e L (3)
(s2 + bs + c)n (s2 + w2 )n
With:

b2 bA
w2 = c −
>0 and B1 = B −
4 2
Remember that denominator has complex roots.

Now we can write:

     
−1 As + B1 −1 s −1 1
L = AL + B1 L (4)
(s2 + w2 )n (s + w2 )n
2 (s + w2 )n
2

Taking the following theorem:

n
 
−1 n d F (s)
L (−1) = tn L −1 [F (s)]
ds
We write (4) as:
     
As + B1 At 1 1
L −1 = L −1 + B1 L −1 (5)
(s2 + w2 )n 2(n − 1) (s2 + w2 )n−1 (s2 + w2 )n
Both therms on the right side have inverses of function of the same expression with powers natural numbers, so
we take the following:
 
−1 1
L (6)
(s2 + w2 )n
To obtain the inverse Laplace transform we use Bromwich’s integral, and the theorem of residues from complex
variable; [1], [2]. Z a+i∞
−1 F (s) st
L {F (s)} = e ds
a−i∞ 2πi
I X
f (z)dz = 2πi Res(f (z))
C
Hence, we can express (6) as:

est
   
−1 1 X
L = 2πi Res
(s2 + w2 )n 2πi (s2 + w2 )n
or:

est
   
−1 1 X
L = Res (7)
(s + w2 )n
2 (s2 + w2 )n
est
With f (z) = 2πi(s2 +w2 )n
, and changing z by s.

If we take pole s = wi, its residue can be calculated formula, [2]:

1 dn−1
Res(α) = [(s − α)n g(s)] (8)
(n − 1)! dsn−1
Where s = α is a pole of order n of funtion g(s).

2
According to this, residue for pole s = wi, can be calculated as:

dn−1 est
 
1 n
Res(wi) = (s − wi)
(n − 1)! dsn−1 (s − wi)n (s + wi)n
or:

n−1
X n − 1 tn−1−k est −n Pk 
1
Res(wi) = (9)
(n − 1)! k (s + wi)n 

k=0 s=wi
Where we have used Leibnitz’s rule for the n − 1 th derivative of the product of two functions, [3].
 
n−1 (n − 1)!
= (10)
k k!(n − k − 1)!

−n P0 = 1; −n Pk = −n(−n − 1)(−n − 2)...(−n − k + 1) (11)

Subindex of vertical line in (9) means this expression has to be evaluated at s = wi. Then (7) will be become:
n−1
X n − 1 tn−1−k ewti −n Pk
1
Res(wi) = (12)
(n − 1)! k 2πi(2wi)n+k
k=0

Similarly for pole s = −wi, we get:

n−1
X n − 1 tn−1−k e−wti −n Pk
1
Res(−wi) = (13)
(n − 1)! k 2πi(−2wi)n+k
k=0

(12) y (13) are complex conjugated, and thereby (7) remains as:
  n−1
X n − 1
−1 1 2
L = −n Pk Mnkt t
n−1−k
(14)
(s2 + w2 )n (n − 1)! k
k=0

Where:
 
cos wt + i sin wt
Mnkt = Re
(2w)n+k in+k
Euler’s formula has been used.

eθi = cos θ + i sin θ

or:
 n+k
 (−1) 2 cos wt
n+k even


(2w)n+k



Mnkt = (15)
 n+k−1
(−1) 2 sin wt


n+k odd


(2w)n+k


If in (14) we write n − 1 instead of n, we obtain:

  n−2
X n − 2
−1 1 2
L = −n+1 Pk Lnkt t
n−2−k
(16)
(s2 + w2 )n−1 (n − 2)! k
k=0

3
 Being:
 n+k−1
 (−1) 2 cos wt
n+k−1 even


(2w)n+k−1



Lnkt = (17)
 n+k−2
(−1) 2 sin wt


n+k−1 odd


(2w)n+k−1


By means of (16) and (14), we can calculate inverse Laplace transform (5).

EXAMPLES
n o
1) Calculate L −1 As+B
(as2 +b0 s+c0 )2
, n = 2.

We can write.
   
−1 As + B 1 As + B
L = 2 L −1
(as2 + b0 s + c0 )2 a (s2 + bs + c)2
Using (2) above.
bt
e− 2
   
−1 As + B As + B1
L = 2 L −1 (18)
(as2 + b0 s + c0 )2 a (s2 + w2 )2
0 c0 b2
Where b = ba , c = a, w2 = c − 4 > 0, B1 = B − bA
2 , and as2 + b0 s + c0 = 0 has complex roots. Using (4)
with n = 2, we obtain:

     
−1 As + B1 At −1 1 −1 1
L = L + B1 L (19)
(s2 + w2 )2 2 s + w2
2
(s2 + w2 )2
We use (12) for the second term on the right side.
  1  
−1 As + B1 X 1
L =2 −2 Pk M2kt t
1−k
(20)
(s2 + w2 )2 k=0
k
      
−1 As + B1 1 1
L =2 −2 P0 M20t t + −2 P1 M21t
(s2 + w2 )2 0 1
− cos(wt) − sin(wt)
Using (7) and (11): −2 P0 = 1, −2 P1 = −2, M20t = 4w2
, M20t = 8w3
.

So, (20) becomes.

 
−1 1 sin(wt) − wt cos(wt)
L =
(s2 + w 2 )2 2w3
Besides
 
−1 1 sin(wt)
L =
s + w2
2 w
Hence, (19) becomes:
 
−1 As + B1 At sin(wt) B1 [sin(wt) − wt cos(wt)]
L = +
(s2 + w2 )2 2 2w3

4
Therefore (18) is
bt
e− 2
   
−1 As + B At sin(wt) B1 [sin(wt) − wt cos(wt)]
L = 2 +
(as2 + b0 s + c0 )2 a 2 2w3
Finally, after substituting b, B, and w we have:
 q 
b2
  0
− b2at  At sin

 c− 4t
−1 As + B e
L = + ...
(as2 + b0 s + c0 )2 a2 


2

  q  q q  
b0 A b2 b2 b2
B− c− − c− c−

2a sin 4t 4 t cos 4t



... + q 3
b2

2 c−


4 

2) This process can be used in case denominator has two real roots as well.
n o
Let’s calculate L −1 (s2 +4s+3)
2s+3
3 .

b0 2 (−4)2 b0 A
A = 2, B = 3, b0 = −4, c0 = 3, w2 = c0 − 4 =3− 4 , w2 = −1, B1 = B − 2 , B1 = 7.

Then we have by (4):

     
−1 2s + 3 t 1 1
L = L −1 + 7L −1
(21)
(s2 + 4s + 3)3 2 (s2 − 1)2 (s2 − 1)3
Root of denominators come from:

s2 − 1 = 0 s = 1, −1
n o
To obtain L −1 1
(s2 −1)3
we use (7).
   
−1 1 X 1
L = Res (22)
(s2 − 1)3 (s2 − 1)3
2
X t2−k et −3 Pk
1
Res(1) =
(3 − 1!) 2πi(1 + 1)3+k
k=0

n = 3 in expression (6), and 1 instead of wi.

  2 t   2 t   2 t 
1 2 t e −3 P0 2 t e −3 P1 2 t e −3 P2
Res(1) = + +
(2)! 0 23+0 (2πi) 1 23+1 (2πi) 2 23+2 (2πi)

Using (7).

et t2 − 3t + 3


Res(1) = (23)
16(2πi)
Similarly for pole (root), s = −1
2  
1 X 2 t2−k e−t −3 Pk
Res(1) =
(2) k 2πi(−1 − 1)3+k
k=0

5
 e−t −t2 − 3t + 3


Res(1) = (24)
16(2πi)
Hence, using (22):

et t2 − 3t + 3 + e−t −t2 − 3t + 3
 


−1 1
L =
(s2 − 1)3 16
n o
For L −1 1
(s2 −1)2
we have to calculate Res = (1) and Res = (−1), with n = 2 in
n−1

1 X n − 1 tn−1−k est −n Pk 
Res(1) =
(n − 1)! k 2πi(s − rj )n+k 

k=0 s=sm
We have

1  
1 X 1 t1−k e−t −2 Pk
Res(1) =
1! k (1 − (−1)2+k
k=0
tet −2 P0 et −2 P1
= +
2πi(2)2 2πi(2)3

Where sm = +1 and rj = −1, so

et (t − 1)
Res(1) =
4(2πi)
Next,for pole s = −1
1  
1 X 1 t1−k e−t −2 Pk
Res(−1) =
2 − 1! k 2πi(1 − 12+k
k=0
sm = −1 rj = 1

e−t (t − 1)
Res(−1) =
4(2πi)
Since:
   
−1 1 X 1
L = 2πi Res
(s2 − 1)2 (s2 − 1)2
We obtain:
 
−1 1
L = 2πi [Res(1) + Res(−1)]
(s2 − 1)2
et (t − 1) + e−t (t − 1)
 
−1 1
L =
(s2 − 1)2 4
Next, substituting in (21).

t et (t − 1) + e−t (t − 1) 7 et t2 − 3t + 3 + e−t −t2 − 3t + 3

    


−1 2s + 3
L = +
(s2 + 4s + 3)3 8 16

6
References
[1] A. Guelfond, Residues and Their Applications. Mir, Moscow, 1968.

[2] R. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications. 2nd Edition. McGraw - Hill Co..

[3] N. N. Piskunov, Differential and Integral Calculus. Vol. 1, 6th Edition, Mir, Moscow.