01 LO - NP2100 - E02 - 1 LTE Network Planning and Design - P43

LTE Network Planning and Design
Contents
n LTE Network Planning Process

n Requirements Analysis
n Wireless Environment Analysis
n Scale Estimation
n Sites Selection
n Network Simulation
2
Preface – Characteristics of LTE Network
Variable
Bandwidth
Multi-Carriers MCS
Technology Technology
Multi-Antenna
Technology
© ZTE All rights reserved 3

LTE Network Planning Process
Requirements Simulation and

Scale Estimation Sites Selection
Analysis Parameter Planning
• Area division • Coverage Estimate • Radio network • Coverage simulation
• Service model • Capacity Estimate survey • Capacity simulation
• Network KPI • Site filtering • Radio Parameter
• Network construction Planning
strategy
• Geographical
environment
• Sites to be selected
• Other requirements
Wireless
Environment
Analysis
• Frequency Scan
• Propagation Test
and Calibration Export the radio network planning report

Contents

n Scale Estimation
n Sites Selection
5
Requirements Analysis
Wireless
Network Planning and
Requirements Analysis Environment Sites Selection
Dimensioning Simulation
Analysis
Requirements Analysis ----- What are our Goals？
Coverage Quality Capacity

Goal Goal Goal
n Know more about the requirements of operators

n Know more about the current network and plan
n Investigate the local propagation circumstance
n Investigate the distribution of local voice traffic
n Estimate the short term and long term requirements of voice
and data traffic

Different Requirements Between 3G and LTE
Wireless
Analysis
New application scenarios

l Mobile data service (mobile data access
through PDAs and data cards)
l Full service (VoIP and data access through
Compared with handsets, PDAs, and data cards)

3G, LTE
requirement
analysis has many New services
l HD video streaming (720i or 1080i) DL
differences: 6-10 Mbps
• New deployment l Use live video/ video blogging DL 6-8
scenarios Mbps/UL 2 Mbps
l Online gaming < 50 ms latency
• New services
• KPIs for new
technologies and
services New KPIs
l Latency and jitter
l Voice quality (MOS), video quality,
and 9-class QCI
l ESE: Cell edge performance

Area Division (1) – Radio Propagation Demands
Wireless
Analysis
Coverage Type Description

Dense urban Interlaced building with density higher than 35% and average
height over 40m
Urban The buildings are averagely higher than 40m, and the density is 8-
35%
Suburban
With wide street and distributed buildings , height of which is
normally lower than 20m, and the density is 3-8%
Country or rural
Open area with scattered building lower than 20m, normally the
building density is lower than 3%

Area Division (2) – Service Demands
Wireless
Analysis
Coverage Type Description Service Requirement

Business zone with most subs Intensive traffic and high speed demands of
A in great demand of mobile wireless data service, the key market of mobile
broadband service broadband service
Developed city with high High traffic with medium speed data service
B
population density. demands
Medium level developed area Low traffic with part of data user of low speed
C
and medium scale city service
Mainly country and mountain
A little traffic, sites designed for coverage rather
D area, underdeveloped
than capacity, and data service takes low priority
economy
Radio Area Type

Dense Urban A
Radio Propagation
Dense Urban
Service
A
Typical Scenarios
Business zone of super scale city
propagation Dense Urban B Dense Urban B
Business center, High-rise residential and dense
residential area
demands Dense Urban C Dense Urban C Country in city with low traffic
+ Urban B Urban B
Common residential area, Old city with low building,
Country of developed area
Service Urban C Urban C Common country
Rural-urban fringe zone, Industrial park,
demands Suburban C Suburban C
Villages
Rural C Rural C Scenic zone
Rural D Rural D Rural, Grass land
Highway Rural C
Provincial road Rural D
Road, Railway Rural D

Traffic Model (1) – Service Type Wireless
Analysis
Service Type
1 2 3 4
VoIP Video Web

Stream FTP
Browsing
Items Value
Service name VoIP
Service type GBR
Priority 1
Body loss 0
Ex: Traffic model of VoIP Read interval 20ms
Talk interval 50ms
UL guaranteed speed 12.2kbps
DL guaranteed speed 12.2kbps
UL sub-object size 320bit
DL sub-object size 320bit
Sub-object QTY 5000

Traffic Model (2) – Subscriber Density
Wireless
Analysis
Coverage Area Sub density

type (km2) (Subs/km2)
Dense urban 23.06 1097
Urban 70.53 859
Suburban 61.67 659
The mobile service The LTE user of

user ratio over total specified operator over
population total LTE user
The population in unit The LTE user ratio

area with the unit of over total mobile user
“/Km2”
Operator User Density = PD × MP × LP × OLP

Network KPI
Wireless
Analysis
Coverage Capacity
requirements
站型 requirements
§ 3 sector directional site § Block error rate index

adopted for outdoor - better than 10% for
coverage data service;
§ Specify key coverage

area and continuous KPI demands § Speed index
- In case of 20MHz a
coverage border carrier, the average DL
cell throughput is more
§ Coverage index: than 25Mbps and the
- RSRP > -110dBm in average UL cell
over 90％ area; throughput is more than
- RS-CINR (FR=1, 6Mbps
empty load) > 12dB in
over 90％area；

Requirement Analysis Summary Table
Wireless
Analysis
Project information
Project Name XX
Operator CMCC
Network strategy TD-LTE Hotpoint coverage
Propagation model
Model type Aircom model
Formula 149.08 + 31.09lg(d) - (13.82 + 6.55lg(d))*lg(Heff)
Traffic model
Service name VOIP
Service type GBR
DL sub-object size 320bit
Sub-object QTY 5000
……

Contents

n Scale Estimation
n Sites Selection
14
Wireless Environment Analysis
Wireless
Analysis
Frequencies Cleared Test and the Analysis for Propagation Model are
called Wireless Environment Analysis.
n Frequencies Scan Test：
• Target: to find whether there is the interference on the
frequency to be used, and to find the position of
interferences and intensity.
• Methods: Driving Test, Fixed-Point Test
• Output reports
n Propagation Model Test：
• Target: to get the propagation model of wireless
environment
• Methods: Driving Test
• Adjust the propagation model
• Analyze and Output reports
Propagation Model Test
Wireless
Analysis
Selection of Test Site

l Typical radio propagation environment
tested
l Enough site amount for each typical
propagation
l Enough type of geographical area covered
l Antenna put with site elevation
l Suitable test path around
Selection of Test Path
l Grid path, Crooked path, test data of all
direction
l Go through diversified geographical area,
avoid special area like highway and viaduct
l Avoid waveguide effect

Propagation Model Calibration (1) - Overview
Wireless
Analysis
LOS NLOS
d Importance Network
dimensio
A D ning
B
RFD
Complicated Radio Propagati Site

Planning
Propagation on Model allocation
Simulatio
Multi-path n
transmission Penetration
Test Data Initial Tools AMT data AMT Satisfy Y Results

data filtering setting simulation evaluation optimization criteria? output
N
Propagation
model Calibration Process
selection

Propagation Model Calibration (2) – Model Selection
Wireless
Analysis

N
Propagation
model
SPM model (standard macrocell model)
selection
Ploss=K1+K2*lg(d)+K3*lg(heff)+K4*LDiffraction+K5*lg(heff)lg(d)+K6*(hmeff)+Kclutter*f(clutter)
K1 constant offset (dB)

K2 correction factor of lg(d) relevant with distance
d distance between Rx and Tx (m)
K3 correction factor of lg(heff)
heff effective height (m) of Tx antenna (m)
K4 correction factor of diffraction calculation
LDiffraction loss caused by diffraction on blocking path (dB)
K5 correction factor of lg(heff)lg(d)
K6 correction factor of effective height of hmeff MS
hmeff effective height of MS antenna (m)
Kclutter correction factor of f(clutter)
f(clutter) average weighted loss of geomorphology

Propagation Model Calibration (3) – Model Criteria
Wireless
Analysis

N
Propagation
model selection
Mean Error (Average deviation of predicted value and tested value) → 0

Standard Deviation (Standard deviation of predicted value and test value) →
Minimum
RMS Error (Root-mean-square of predicted value and test value) → Minimum

Contents

n Scale Estimation
n Sites Selection
20
Relationship of Site type and Coverage
Wireless
Analysis
Omni-site Directional site Directional site

(65°, 3 sectors ) (90°, 3 sectors )
ISD D  3R D=1.5R D  3R
Area S=2.6R2 S=1.95R2 S=2.6R2

Coverage Estimation Process
Wireless
Analysis
Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4 Step5 Step6

Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4
Traffic
channel
budget
Fix the assumption for Control

link budget channel
budget
Figure out the edge user

speed and RB demands
Calculate the interference

margin of traffic & control
channel respectively
Traffic channel: convert bit

QTY of each RB to bear by Output path loss and coverage
MCS table radius up to link budget of control
Traffic Channel: fix Required SINR； channel and traffic channel
Control Channel: fix Required SINR； respectively

Link Budget (1) – Link Budget Process
Wireless
Analysis
n Link budget is a process, which is used to calculation maximum allowed

path loss (MAPL) of wireless signal
n The result of link budget together with suitable propagation model can
determine maximum cell radius
n Downlink and uplink should keep balance
l Budget results are affected by Bandwidth, Multi-carrier, Multi-antenna

technologies, MCS, etc.
l With many factors, link budget of different environment and service type
should be considered respectively
l Link budget process as shown below:
Fix DL/UL
Fix Data Rate Fix Antenna and Calculate Tx Calculate Rx
common Get Total Link
and System MIMO Power Gain and Power Gain and
overhead Budget
Bandwidth Configuration Loss Loss
spending

Link Budget (2) – MAPL Calculation Wireless
Analysis
MAPL = (Tx power gain – Tx loss) + (BF/MIMO gain) + (Rx gain – Rx loss –
Sensitivity) – Bodyloss – Penetration loss – ShadowFading –
InterferenceMargin
Tx Power Gain/Loss Beam Fo
rming/MI
MO gain
MAPL
Body & Penetration Loss

Shadow Fading Margin
cell radius Rx Power Gain/Loss
LB Link Budget
MAPL Max Allowed Path Loss
Tx Power & Gain Include Tx EIRP / antenna gain / Tx diversity
Tx Loss Include RF filter & cable loss
Rx Gain Include Rx antenna gain & Rx diversity gain
Rx Loss Include Rx noise figure / Required SINR
Rx Sensitivity Include Rx noise power based on thermal noise
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

Link Budget (3) – Parameter: Receive sensitivity Wireless
Analysis
n Multi signal level require different SINR to reach a given

service quality.
MCS Modulation (2:QPSK; Max bit
SINR
Rx Index 4:16QAM; 6:64QAM) per RB
0 2 20.53 -5.2
Thermal noise density -174dBm/Hz
1 2 27.06 -4
Rx noise figure 9dB 2 2 32.66 -3.2
3 2 41.06 -2.1
Rx noise power -102.45dB
10 4 111.99 3.6
Required SINR -0.09B 16 4 212.79 8.6
Receive sensitivity -102.54dB 17 6 212.79 9.3
28 6 515.19 19
Receive Sensitivity = SINR + 10*log10(Nf*Tn*NRB*WRB)

SINR According to different MSC, service dependent
Nf UE noise figure
Tn Thermal noise density, 10*log(Tn)=-174dBm/hz
NRB Num of allocated RB
WRB Bandwidth of each RB, 180Khz

Link Budget (4) – Parameter: Interference Margin
Wireless
Analysis
n Except for sensitivity figure, interference over thermal noise should be

considered.
n Interference margin is the parameter to guarantee the excepted value of
receiving signal strength, it is set to achieve a minimum data rate at cell
edge and to match the coverage.
dB
12 n Based on data rate (or
SINR), IM can be set
10
from 0 to10dB and
8 >15dB is not considered
reasonable.
6
0 bps
256 512 1024 1200

Link Budget (5) – Example: DL 512K
Wireless
Analysis
Simulation conditions （dense urban）
Simulation Model Cos231-HATA Tx Power Gain/Loss
Beam Fo
Dl Channel Bandwidth 20Mhz rming/MI
MO gain
DL RB Total Number 100
Num of Tx antenna 8
MAPL
Num of Rx antenna 2
MIMO double stream N Body & Penetration Loss
Beam Forming enable Y Shadow Fading Margin
Assign Num of RB 10 Rx Power Gain/Loss
RB spacing 180Khz
Tx Rx Extra Loss
Tx power per antenna 36.97d Thermal noise density -174dBm/Hz Penetration Loss 20dB
Bm
Rx noise figure 9dB Shadow fading 11.6dB
eNB Tx power 46dBm margin
Rx noise power -102.45dB
Antenna gain 15dBi
Required SINR -0.09B
RF Filter + Cable Loss 0.5dB
Receive sensitivity -102.54dB
Tx EIRP 60.5dB
Rx antenna gain 0dB MAPL
Tx EIRP per occupied allocation 50.50d = 50.5 + 0 + 8 -(-102.52)-20-11.6
B Rx Diversity gain 3dB
= 129.42dB
Extra Tx Interference Margin 3.02dB
Tx Diversity gain 0dB Body Loss 0dB

Wanted sig mean -102.52dB
Tx Beam forming gain 8dB
power

Link Budget (6) – COST 231 Hata Propagation Model
Wireless
Analysis
MAPL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) ‑ 13.82*log(Hb) ‑ a(Hm)

+ [44.9 ‑ 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) + Cm
n Base station height Hb: 30~200 m

n Mobile height Hm: 1~10 m
n dis Distance: cell radius ( MAPL -> d )
n a(Hm) = [1.1*log(f) ‑ 0.7]*Hm ‑ [1.56*log(f) ‑ 0.8]
n Frequency f
n Cm is terrain factor: 3db for dense urban, 0db for mean urban, -
12.73db for suburban

Capacity Estimation
Wireless
Analysis
Environment
Equipment Capability Multi-Antenna Tech
Scheduling Algorithm Interference Elimination

Factors of
Capacity
LTE network capacity is hard to be calculated because of its

complexity
Different coverage scenarios, UE, bandwidth
Cell edge throughput and cell throughput
and system configuration
System simulation Capacity

Capacity statistics estimation
and field test data

Capacity Estimation Process
Wireless
Analysis
1. Calculate the site throughput. Calculate the throughput of

a single site with a certain ISD in accordance with the
system simulation result.
2. Calculate the throughput requirement of users in

accordance with the traffic model or obtain it from the
customer directly. The user throughput is affected by the
following factors: geographical region, number of users,
user increase prediction, and guaranteed data rate.
3. Calculate the number of sites in accordance with the results

of steps 1 and 2.

Contents

n Scale Estimation
n Sites Selection
31
Sites Survey Rules
Wireless
Analysis
Rules on Radio Rules on others
l Antenna height should be higher

l Sufficient site room for
than around building over
installation;
10~15m;
l New site office needed or not?
l All Sites height coordinate in
l Is there existing transmission
seamless coverage area;
and power facilities to utilize?
l No significant barrier besides the
l Is there necessary facilities for
antenna;
antenna installation in
l Good view in main beam direction;
consideration of the heavy load
l Enough installation space for
and space isolation?
antenna

Site Selection – Coverage and Capacity Demands
Wireless
Analysis
1 Priority:
> > > Suitable site selection:

UE transmit
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
power reduced
Interference
suppressed
Capacity
increased
2 Avoid hot area with cell edge coverage

Site Selection – Coexist Isolation Demands
Wireless
Analysis
LTE LTE LTE
30dB 0.2m
38dB 0.3m
46dB 0.5m WCDM
A
CDMA200
GSM900 0
DCS1800
Because LTE may be

deployed in different
spectrum band in different
countries, all data need to
be newly calculated.
n To avoid spurious emissions and blocking interference between

coexist systems, the isolation demands is to be complied with.
n Antenna location is configurable to meet isolation criteria.

Site Selection – Antenna Altitude
Wireless
Analysis
Absolute Altitude
Area type Antenna Altitude Environment altitude requirement
Dense Urban 30-40m Antenna best altitude should be higher than
surround building over 2~3 floor
Urban
Suburban 30-50m Antenna should not be installed on high

mountain
Rural Up to surround
Relative Altitude
1. Urban: antenna should be higher than around building over 10~15m

2. Suburban and rural: antenna should be higher than surround over
20~45m
3. For sites with altitude increase, building altitude could be lower than
planned altitude, but not higher than it over 30%
4. If there’s a tower in top floor, planned altitude should better be in the
middle level of tower

Site Selection – Site Survey Table
Wireless
Analysis

Contents

n Network Dimensioning
n Sites Selection
37
Input Parameter
Wireless
Analysis
Network Simulation is to verify planned network whether satisfy

coverage and capacity requirements, and provide suggestion of
parameter adjustment.
• Site location (latitude, longitude, site
Engineering height,azimuth and etc)
parameter • Max emission power, RS power, sub-
frame configure, CFI
• Electronic map
Input
parameter • Multi-Antenna gain table
• Adjacent cell
• Monte Carlo simulation
• Freq plan
index
• PCI plan Plan Simulation • Coverage prediction index
• … parameter parameter •…

Network Simulation Process
Wireless
Analysis

Coverage Simulation
Wireless
Analysis
COVERAGE SIMULATION
Coverage prediction of RS signal
Coverage prediction of uplink and
downlink control channel
Effective coverage valued by
service data rate in cell edge
Example of statistics
View of RSRQ coverage View of RSRP coverage View of best coverage

Capacity Simulation
Wireless
Analysis
CAPACITY SIMULATION
Support scheduling algorithms of
products (RB resource allocation)
Support diversified multi-antenna
tech (considering both big and
small scale fading)
Support ICIC (based on SFR)
Simulation results consists of two

parts
Average simulation result
Statistics
Cells
Detail snapshot simulation result

Statistics Example of Average Simulation
Cells Results
Terminals

Radio Parameter Planning
Wireless
Analysis
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Neighboring Cell
Frequency Planning PCI Planning
Planning
n Neighboring Cell Planning

The neighboring cell planning takes the cell coverage, site spacing, and directional
angle into full consideration
The planning theory is similar to that in the 3G neighboring cell planning
n Frequency Planning
ICIC is based on the SFR in the intra-frequency networking
Frequency planning in inter-frequency networking is temporarily undone limited by
bandwidth and UE capacity
n PCI Planning
PCI planning and the scrambling code planning in the 3G system are theoretically
similar
PCIs are sufficient (504).Therefore, the PCI planning in TD-LTE is easier than that in
the TD system
Thank you!

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LTE Network Planning and Design

n LTE Network Planning Process

© ZTE All rights reserved 3

Requirements Simulation and

© ZTE All rights reserved 4

n LTE Network Planning Process

Requirements Analysis ----- What are our Goals？

Coverage Quality Capacity

n Know more about the requirements of operators

© ZTE All rights reserved 6

New application scenarios

Compared with handsets, PDAs, and data cards)

© ZTE All rights reserved 7

Coverage Type Description

© ZTE All rights reserved 8

Coverage Type Description Service Requirement

Radio Area Type

© ZTE All rights reserved 9

VoIP Video Web

© ZTE All rights reserved 10

Coverage Area Sub density

Urban 70.53 859

Suburban 61.67 659

The mobile service The LTE user of

The population in unit The LTE user ratio

Operator User Density = PD × MP × LP × OLP

© ZTE All rights reserved 11

§ 3 sector directional site § Block error rate index

§ Specify key coverage

© ZTE All rights reserved 12

© ZTE All rights reserved 13

n LTE Network Planning Process

Selection of Test Site

© ZTE All rights reserved 16

Complicated Radio Propagati Site

Test Data Initial Tools AMT data AMT Satisfy Y Results

© ZTE All rights reserved 17

Test Data Initial Tools AMT data AMT Satisfy Y Results

K1 constant offset (dB)

© ZTE All rights reserved 18

Test Data Initial Tools AMT data AMT Satisfy Y Results

Mean Error (Average deviation of predicted value and tested value) → 0

© ZTE All rights reserved 19

n LTE Network Planning Process

Omni-site Directional site Directional site

© ZTE All rights reserved 21

Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4 Step5 Step6

Fix the assumption for Control

Figure out the edge user

Calculate the interference

Traffic channel: convert bit

© ZTE All rights reserved 22

n Link budget is a process, which is used to calculation maximum allowed

l Budget results are affected by Bandwidth, Multi-carrier, Multi-antenna

© ZTE All rights reserved 23

Body & Penetration Loss

cell radius Rx Power Gain/Loss

© ZTE All rights reserved 24

n Multi signal level require different SINR to reach a given

Receive Sensitivity = SINR + 10*log10(Nf*Tn*NRB*WRB)

© ZTE All rights reserved 25

n Except for sensitivity figure, interference over thermal noise should be

© ZTE All rights reserved 26

Receive Sensitivity = SINR + 10log10(NfTnNRBWRB)

MAPL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9log(f) ‑ 13.82log(Hb) ‑ a(Hm)