Science Reviewer

Magnitude - amount of energy

Intensity - damage of earthquake

Magnitude uses hindu- arabic numbers.

Example: 6.2
Instrument use (Magnitude) - Richter Scale

Intensity uses roman numerals.

Crust- outermost layer of the Earth

Mantle- made of rocks and the largest layer
Outer core-mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel
Inner core-mostly solid and made primarily of iron

Seismic wave- is a wave of energy that is generated by earthquake or other earth's

vibration that travels within the earth or along its surface.

Primary waves - is a pulse energy that travels quickly through the Earth and through
liquids. They are also called compressional waves that travel by particles vibrating
parallel to the direction of the travel wave.

Secondary waves - Is a pulse energy that travels slower than a wave through Earth and
solids. They move as shear or transverse waves, and force the ground to sway side to
side.

Shadow zone- is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees
from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P- waves.

Seismograph- an instrument that measures and records detail of earthquake

Primary waves (P- wave) are compressional waves. The energy travels parallel to the
direction where the wave is travelling. When these waves pass through a medium like
rocks, the particles are pushed back and forth parallel to the motion of the wave. It
travels faster than a secondary wave since it is the first wave generated. Secondary
waves (S-wave) are shear or transverse waves that travel slower than P- wave through
solids only. They force the ground to sway from side to side perpendicular to the
direction where the wave is travelling.

You have learned that P- waves pass through both mantle and core (solid and liquid),
but slowed and refracted at the boundary while S Waves that pass from the mantle to
the core are absorbed because shear waves cannot be transmitted through liquid and
this is the evidence that the outer core is liquid. With the use of the characteristics of P-
waves (can pass through solids and liquids) and S- waves (can pass through solids only)
scientists were able to gather information about the Earth’s interior that the mantle is
solid, the outer core is liquid and inner core is solid. The speed, behaviour in different
media and the angle of refraction and reflection of Primary and Secondary waves.

Two types of Seismic Waves - Body waves and Surface waves

P waves can travel through liquid and solids and gases, while S waves only travel
through solids.

P waves penetrate the outer core.

P Waves S waves

fastest slowest

Parallel Perpendicular

Solid, liquid, gas solid

TROPICAL CYCLONE is a system of thunderstorms that are moving around a

center. As the winds intensify or weaken, the category is upgraded or downgraded
accordingly.

Tropical Depression - up to 61 kph

Tropical Storm - 62 kph to 88 kph
Severe Tropical Storm - 89 kph to 117 kph
Typhoon - 118 kph to 184 kph
Super Typhoon - 185 kph and above

The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. In the
northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean,
the equivalent term is hurricane. Thus, a hurricane on one side of the Pacific Ocean
will be called a typhoon if it crosses into the other side. In the Philippines, we use the
same word for all categories of tropical cyclones. We call it bagyo whether it is a
tropical depression, a tropical storm or a typhoon.

STRUCTURE OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE

• Eye
- It is a roughly circular area found at the center of a severe tropical cyclone.
- There is little or no precipitation and sometimes blue sky or stars can be seen.
- It is the region of lowest surface pressure and the warmest temperature aloft
(upper levels)
- Eyes range in size from 8km to over 200km across, but most are approximately
30-60 km in diameter.

• Eye Wall
- Surround the eye of the tropical cyclone.
- The area of highest surface wind.
- Eye wall region also sees the maximum sustained winds i.e. fastest winds in a
cyclone occur along the eye wall region.

• Spiral bands
- Convection in the cyclone is organized into long, narrow rain bands which are
oriented in the same direction as the horizontal wind.
- Because these bands seem to spiral into the center of a tropical cyclone, they are
called “spiral bands”

Air- the invisible mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth.

Condition- something essential or requirement to the occurrence of something.
Develop- to grow or change something into a larger, more advance, or stronger
form.
Formation- something that is formed or created Kph- kilometer per hour
Moist- moderately wet Spiral- turning in a circular motion
Swirl- to move with a whirling motion
Thunderstorm- a form of weather characterized by the presence of lightning and
thunder Wind- the movement of air relative to the surface of the earth.
Water vapor- a gas phase of water

NEO

Meteors occur when a small solid particle, a meteoroid enter Earth's atmosphere from
interplanetary space. Meteoroids are pieces of dust and debris from asteroids and
comets. They are composed mainly of extraterrestrial nickel and iron. When a meteoroid
survives its trip through the atmosphere and hits the graund, it's called a meteorite.
Meteoroids travel around the sun in a variety of orbits. Most of the meteoroids are about
the size of a grain of sand. When it enters the Earth's atmosphere, it can reach a speed
of up to 250, 000 km/h.

Most of the meteoroids come from the asteroid belt, having been perturbed by the
gravitational influences of planets, but others are particles from comets, giving rise to
meteor showers. Some are fragments from bodies such as Mars or aur Moon that have
been thrown into space by the impact. Meteors do not have an orbit and orbital period.

Characteristics Asteroids Comets

Origin Main asteroid belt Kuiper belt and Oort cloud

(Mars and Jupiter)

Shape Irregular Irregular

Size 1-100+ nucleus 1-10 nucleus

Chemical Composition Silicates, Iron, and Nickel Ice, frozen gas

Orbit Rounded Elliptical

Orbital Period (years) 1-100 years 1-100,000 years