CE 305 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

ACI-318-05 (NSCP-10-2010)
Chapter 9 - STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS

9.1- General

9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strengths at all sections at least equal
to the required strengths calculated for the factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this
code.

9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure adequate performance at service
load levels.

9.1.3 Design of the structures and structural members using the load factor combinations and strength
reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted. Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction
with strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall not be permitted.

9.2 Required strength

9.2.1 Required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in Eq. (9-1) through (9-7). The
effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated.

U = 1.4(D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) +1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R)
U =1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
U =0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
except as follows:
(a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.5 except for garages,
areas occupied s places of public assembly, and all areas where L is greater than 4.8 N/m2.

(b) Where wind load w has not been reduced by a directionally factor, it shall be permitted to use 1.3 W in place of
1.6W in Eq.(9-4) and (9-6).

(c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of
1.0E in Eq.(9-5) and (9-7).

(d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil ,or other materials, shall be set equal
to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural action due to H counteracts that due to w or E. where lateral earth
pressure provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall not be included in H but shall be included
in the design resistance.

9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be included with L.

9.2.3 Estimations of differential settlement , creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete, or

temperature change shall be based on realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service.

9.2.4 If a structure is in flood zone, or is subjected to forces from atmospheric ice loads, the flood or ice loads and
the appropriate load combinations of SEI/ASCE 7 shall be used.
9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the maximum prestressing
steel jacking force.

9.3 Design strength

9.3.1 Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members, and its cross sections, in terms of
flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal strength calculated In accordance with
requirements and assumptions of this code, multiplied by the strength reduction factors ∅ in 9.3.2, 9.3.4, and 9.3.5.

9.3.2 strength reduction factor ∅ shall be given in 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.7:

9.3.2.1 tension-controlled sections, as defined in 10.3.4 …………………… 0.90

(see also 9.3.2.7)
9.3.2.2 compression- controlled sections, as defined in 10.3.3:
(a) Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3 …………0.70
(b)Other reinforced members………………………………………………………....0.65

For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension at nominal strength, ε_t is between the limits for
compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections, ∅ shall be permitted to be linearly increased from that
compression-controlled sections to 0.90 as ε_t increases from the compression-controlled strain limit to 0.005.

0.2(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 ) 0.2(𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 )

∅ = 0.70 + ∅ = 0.70 +
(0.005 − 𝜀𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 ) (1000 − 𝑓𝑦 )

0.25(𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 )
0.25(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 ) ∅ = 0.65 +
∅ = 0.65 + (1000 − 𝑓𝑦 )
(0.005 − 𝜀𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 )

Figure 1.2 Strength reduction factor (E = 200,000 MPa)

Alternatively, when appendix B is used, for members in which fy does not exceed 41.5 MPa, with symmetric
reinforcement, and with (d - d’)/h not less than 0.70, ∅ shall be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as ∅Pn
decreases from 0.10 f ‘c Ag to zero. For other reinforced members, ∅ shall be permitted to be increased linearly to
0.90 as ∅𝑃𝑛 decreases from 0.10 f’c Ag or ∅𝑃𝑏 , whichever is smaller, to zero.

9.3.2.3 – shear and torsion…………………………………………………………0.75

9.3.2.4 – Bearing on concrete (except for post-tensioned anchorage zones

and strut-and-tie models……………………………………………… 0.65
ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10-2010)
10.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS (410.3)
10.2.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on assumptions given in 10.2.2
through 10.2.7, and on satisfaction of applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.

10.2.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the
neutral axis, except that, for deep beams as defined in 10.7.1, an analysis that considers a non linear distribution o
strain shall be used alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-and-tie model. See 10.7,11.8, and Appendix A.

10.2.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.

10.2.4 Stress in reinforcement below fy shall be taken as Es times steel strain. For strains greater than that
corresponding to fy ,stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy

10.2.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of reinforced
concrete, except when meting requirements of 18.4.

10.2.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain shall be
assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.

10.2.7 Requirements of 10.2.6 are satisfied by an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined
by the following:

10.2.7.1 Concrete stress of 0.85 f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the
neutral axis at a distance 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.

10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be measured in a
direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.

10.2.7.3 For f’c between 17 and 28 MPa, 𝛽1 𝑐 shall be taken as 0.85. for f’c above 28 MPa, 𝛽1 shall be
reduced linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 7MPa of strength in excess of 28 MPa, but 𝛽1 shall not be
taken less than 0.65.
10.3 – General principles and requirements (410.4)

10.3.1 design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined flexure and axial loads, shall
be based on stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in 10.2.

10.3.2 balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain
corresponding to fy just as concrete in compression reaches it assumed strain of 0.003.

10.3.3 Sections are compression-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, 𝜀𝑡 , is equal
to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain
limit of 0.003. The compression-controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain
conditions. For grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement it shall be permitted to set the
compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002.

10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, 𝜀𝑡 is equal to or
greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. sections with 𝜀𝑡
between the compression-controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled.
The beam is tension-controlled when 𝜀 = 0.005 (𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠 = 1 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
For E = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 MPa

3 3
𝑐= 8
𝑑 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 𝛽1 8
𝑑

For rectangular beam:

𝑎 𝑎
∅𝑀𝑡𝑛 = ∅ 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 2 ) ∅𝑀𝑡𝑛 = ∅ 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − 2 ); when ∅ = 0.90

459 3
∅𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 1600 𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − 16
𝛽1 )

For E = 200 GPa= 200 x 103 MPa

Maximum steel area and Mnmax when beam is singly reinforced:
𝜀 = 0.004 (𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝑥 𝐸 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑
7
For rectangular section:
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎 𝑏 where 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
3
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑥 𝑑) 𝑏
7
3 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑓𝑦

51 3
𝑀𝑛 = 140 𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − 14
𝛽1 )

800− 𝑓𝑦
∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( 𝑓𝑦
)
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE
I. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follow:
Small beams: 2KN/m
Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m
Large-sized beams: 7 kN/ m
Or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24 kN/m3 x beam area in m2
III. Compute the factored load on different load combinations
IV. Compute the factored moment to be carried by the beam, Mu
V. Try a value of steel ratio 𝜌 from 0.7𝜌𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0.8 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , but must not be less than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. This value of
ρ will provide enough allowance in the actual value of ρ due to rounding-off of the number of
bars to be used so that it will not exceed the maximum ρ of 0.75
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )

𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
7

3 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑓𝑦

√𝑓′ 𝑐
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑓𝑦
VI. Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔=
𝑓𝑐′
VII. Solve for the reduction factor ∅:
Solve for c: (Note for singly reinforced rectangular beam, 𝜌 is directly proportional to c)
3
C = assumed factor x 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 where 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7
𝑑

The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in Step V

𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
▶ if 𝑓𝑠 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑, ∅ = 0.90
0.25(𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦 )
▶ if 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, transition, ∅ = 0.65 +
(1000−𝑓𝑦 )

VIII. Solve for b d2:

Mu = ∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝜔 𝑏 𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
b d2 = ____________

IX. Try ratio d/b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve d. (round-off this value to reasonable
dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code
After solving d, substitute its value to Step VIII, and solve b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step II.
 X. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Number of bars (diameter = D)
𝜋
𝐷2 𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
4

Sample problem on design of singly reinforced concrete beam:

A 7-m simply supported rectangular beam is to be designed to support the following loads and
properties of materials:
Loads: Dead Load, DL = 12 kN/m (excluding the weight of the beam);
Live Load, LL = 18 kN/m
Properties of materials to be used:
𝑘𝑁
Specific weight of concrete, 𝛾𝑐 = 23.5 𝑚3
Compressive strength of concrete, 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Yield strength of steel, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Use 𝜌 = 0.5 𝜌𝑏 ; 25 𝑚𝑚∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠; 10 𝑚𝑚∅ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠
Draw the section detail of the beam.