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Quarter 4 Week 1 Statistics Final
Quarter 4 Week 1 Statistics Final
STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 Module 1
Hypotheses Testing and Identifying
the Parameter of a Real-Life Problem
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Statistics and Probability Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 Module 1: Hypotheses Testing and Identifying the Parameter of a Real-Life
Problem
Second Edition, 2021
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall
guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity
and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the
Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for
strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your
home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary
marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty
in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.
The module is intended for you to illustrate the null hypothesis, alternative
hypothesis, level of significance, rejection region and types of error in hypothesis
testing and identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Matching Type
A. Direction: Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
___1. The max/min probability of a. P (type II error) = ß
committing a type 1 error. b. Ho = parameter = specific value
___2. The probability of type II error Ha = parameter < specific value
___3. It is called the critical Region c. Ho = parameter = specific value
___4. This is a two-tailed test Ha = parameter > specific value
___5. This is a left-tailed test d. Ho = parameter = specific value
___6. This is a right-tailed test Ha specific value
e. P (type I error) =
f. Rejection region
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Illustrating the Null and Alternative
Lesson 1 Hypothesis, Level of Significance,
Rejection Region and Types of Errors in
Hypothesis Testing
We make decisions every day. Some of these are important while others are not. In
decision-making, we usually follow certain processes: weigh alternatives, collect evidences,
and make a decision. After a decision is made, an appropriate interpretation is made (or an
action is undertaken). We follow these basic processes in testing hypothesis in Statistics.
Hypothesis is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population. In
this process, the researcher must define the population under study, state the particular
hypotheses to be investigated, give the significance level, select a sample from the population.
Collect a data, perform the required test, and reach a conclusion.
Every hypothesis begins with the statement of the hypothesis. The only sure way of
finding the truth or falsity of a hypothesis is by examining the entire population.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are frequently used in hypothesis testing.
1. Null hypothesis is denoted by H0, is a statement that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference between two parameters.
2. Alternative hypothesis is denoted by , is a statement that there is a difference
between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is a difference between two
parameters.
3. Level of significance is a pre-determined error which the researcher is willing to risk
in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
4. Rejection region or critical region is the range of values of the test value that indicates
that there is a significance difference and that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
5. Acceptance region is the range of values of the test value that indicates that there is no
significance difference and that the null hypothesis should be accepted.
6. Type I error. If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, or if it is false and rejected,
the decision is correct. If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect.
7. Type II error. If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the decision is incorrect.
8. One -tailed test indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test
values is in the critical region on one side of the parameter.
9. Two-tailed test is a test with two rejection regions. In this test, the null hypothesis
should be rejected when the test value is in either of the two critical regions.
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10. Parameter is a numerical value that states something about the entire population being
studied. For example, we may want to know the mean wingspan of the American bald
eagle. This is parameter because it is describing all of the population.(Taylor, 2019)
We make decisions every day. Some of these are important while others are not.
picnic lovers.
Is It
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To state the hypothesis correctly, the researcher must translate correctly the
claim into mathematical symbols. There are three possible sets of statistical
hypotheses.
1. Ho : parameter = specific value This is a two-tailed test.
Ha :
2. Ho : parameter = specific value This is a left-tailed test.
Ha : parameter < specific value
3. Ho : parameter = specific value This is a right-tailed test.
Ha : parameter > specific value
Table 1.
Reject Ho Do not reject Ho
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A type I error occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. A type II
error occurs if one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
Under the normal curve, the rejection region refers to the region where the
value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. This
region is also called critical region.
So, if your computed statistic is found in the rejection region, then you reject Ho.
If it is found outside the rejection region, you accept Ho .
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Answer.
1. reject Ho
2. reject Ho
that the test is in two-tailed with two rejection regions, one in each tail of the
normal distribution curve of . Because the total area of both rejection regions is
0.01 (level of significance), the area of rejection region in each tail is
Area in each tail = = 0.1/2 = 0.05. In the z-table, the z-value of 0.05 is
equal to 1.645.
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Decision Rule: Reject the null hypothesis if the ZC > 1.645 or ZC <
=-1.645
Step 3: Compute the value of the test statistic.
The computed statistic is Zc = -3.54
Zc = = = - 3.54
Understanding Errors
Study and answer the following carefully and the notes that follow.
1.
Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact, she is 32 years old. What
error is Mary committing?
Solution: Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I error.
2. :
Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just receding. Is he
committing an error? If so, what type of error?
Solution: Yes. A receding hairline indicates balding. This is a Type I error.
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TASK 2.
Enumerate the steps in hypothesis testing in symbols and in words.
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
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We consider all of the likely voters for an upcoming election. There will be
a ballot initiative to change the state constitution. We wish to determine the level
of support for this ballot initiative.
Answer: A parameter in this case is the proportion of the population of
likely voters that supports the ballot initiative.
is It
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I Have Learned
TASK 3
Directions: Reflect the learning insights that you gained after taking up this
1. What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the
lesson? I thought that
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What are new ideas or challenges have you encountered after taking up
this lesson? Why?
The new ideas I learned from these lessons are
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The challenges I encountered in these lessons
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How are you going to apply your learning insights from lessons in real-life
situations?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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I Can Do
CHALLENGE
A. Identify if the given hypothesis about the statement is the null or the
alternative hypothesis and write it in symbols.
1. An airline company claims that its flight arrived early 92% of the time.
H____ = All of the flights arrive early 92% of the time.
In symbols, __________________________________
2. An investment company claims that its clients make an average of 8%
return on investments every year.
H____ = Clients do not make an average of 8% return on investments
every year.
In symbols, __________________________________
3. The General Manager of an air conditioner tells an investigative reporter
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B. Answer the following questions.
5. Which of the following describes a Type I error?
a. Accepting the null hypothesis when it is true
b. Failing to accept the alternative hypothesis when it is true
c. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
d. Failing to reject the alternative hypothesis when it is false
e. None of the above
C. Determine the parameters in the given situations:
1. A car manufacturer advertises that a new car averages 39 miles per
gallon of gasoline.
2. A company claims that only 1 out of every 200 computers it sells has a
mechanical malfunction.
3. A hospital claims that only 5% of its patients are unhappy with the care
provided.
4. A health study states that American adults consume an average of 3,300
calories per day.
5. A study claims that adults watch television an average of 1.8 hours per
day.
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