11 Senior High School

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 - Module 2
Null and Alternative
Hypotheses and Test Statistics

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NegOr_Q4_Stat_and_Prob11_Module2_v2
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Null and Alternative Hypotheses and Test Statistics
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
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Thank you.

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 I

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.
The module is intended for you to formulate the appropriate null and
alternative hypothesis on a population mean, and identify the appropriate form of
the test-statistic when: a) the population variance is assumed to be known, b) the
population variance is assumed to be unknown, c) Central Limit Theorem is to
be used.

Pre-Assessment
A. Direction: Read the statements carefully then write the null and alternative hypotheses
in figure in terms of parameter (𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝜌).

1. The mean number of years a certain employee work before retiring is 34.

2. At most 80% of Filipinos vote in presidential elections.

3. The mean starting salary for San Jose State University graduates is at least ₱50,000
per year.
4. Twenty-nine percent of high school seniors get a college scholarship each year.
5. Fewer than 5% of adults ride the bus to work in Los Angeles.

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 Formulating the appropriate null and
Lesson 1 alternative hypotheses on a population
mean and Identifying the appropriate
form of the test statistics

’s In

Review
In our previous lesson, you learned that there are two types of hypotheses, the null and
alternative hypothesis. Null hypothesis or 𝐻𝑜 states that there is no difference between a
parameter and specific value, or that there is no difference between two parameters while
alternative hypothesis or 𝐻𝑎 states the existence of a difference between a parameter and a
specific value or there is difference of two parameters.

’s New

Instruction: Determine the following symbols below then write your answer in your notebook.

1. 𝐻𝑜 _________ 2. > _________

3. ≥ _________ 4. 𝐻𝑎 _________
5. ≤ _________ 6. < _________
7. ≠ _________ 8. = _________

Is It

Discussion

In this lesson, you will continue to learn about hypothesis testing. You will learn how
to formulate the null and alternative hypotheses regarding the population mean and Identifies
the appropriate form of the test-statistics when the population variance is assumed to be known,
the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and the Central Limit Theorem is to be
used.

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 In hypothesis testing, there is a claim being made about the population parameter. The
claim could be in the null hypothesis H0 or alternative hypothesis Ha. It has remembered the
statement of equality for null hypothesis such as ≥, ≤ 𝑜𝑟 = while the alternative hypothesis
has a statement of inequality such as >, < 𝑜𝑟 ≠. Each hypothesis is the complement of the
other and only one of them is true.

Take note: There are common phrases of hypothesis testing:

> <

is greater than, is above, is higher than, is less than, is below, is lower than, is
is longer than, is bigger than, is shorter than, is smaller than, is decreased or
increased reduced from

= ≠

is equal to, is the same as, has not is not equal to, is different from, has changed
changed from, is the same as from, is not the same as

If the claim includes equality, then the claim is in the null hypothesis. However, if the
claim does not include equality, then the claim is the alternative hypothesis.

In formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, the null hypothesis should be written
first followed by the alternative hypothesis. Using the pretest given above as our example in
terms of parameter (𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝜌 ).

Examples:

1. The mean number of years Americans work before retiring is 34.

Solution: 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 34; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 34 (Willemse, 2009)

2. At most 60% of Americans vote in presidential elections.

Solution: 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜌 ≤ 0.60; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜌 > 0.60

3. The mean starting salary for San Jose State University graduates is at least $100,000 per
year.

Solution: 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 100,000; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 100,000

4. Twenty-nine percent of high school seniors get drunk each month.

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 Solution: 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜌 = 0.29; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜌 ≠ 0.29

5. Fewer than 5% of adults ride the bus to work in Los Angeles.

Solution: 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜌 = 0.05; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜌 < 0.05

Consider the following situations:

1. A manufacturer of IT gadgets recently announced they had developed a new battery for
a tablet and claimed that it has an average life of at least 24 hours. Would you buy this
battery?

The null hypothesis can be stated as

Ho: The average life of the newly developed battery for a tablet is at least 24 hours.In
symbol Ho: 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐𝟒 .
while the alternative hypothesis is
Ha: The average life of the newly developed battery for a tablet is less than 24 hours.
In symbol Ha: < 𝟐𝟒.

Type I error is committed when you did not buy the battery and a possible consequence
is you lost the opportunity to have a battery that could last for at least 24 hours. On the
other hand, Type II error is committed when you did buy the battery and found out
later that the battery’s life was less than 24 hours. A possible consequence of this
Type II error is that you wasted your money in buying the battery.

2. Consider a manufacturing process that is known to produce bulbs that have life lengths
with a standard deviation of 75 days. A potential customer will purchase bulbs from the
company that manufactures the bulbs if she is convinced that the average life of the
bulbs is 1550 days.

Ho: The average life of bulbs is at least 1550 days.

In symbol, Ho: 𝜇 ≥ 1550.
Ha: The average life of bulbs is less than 1550.
In symbol, Ha: 𝜇 < 1550.

Type I error is committed when we declare that the average life is less than 1550
days where in fact the average life is 1550 days or more. On the other hand, Type II is
committed when we declare that the average is at least 1550 days, when in fact, it is
less than 1550 days.

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 Test Statistic

We are done formulating hypotheses. Let’s now proceed in identifying the

appropriate form of the test statistic. You will learn when to use the z-test and t-test in
conducting a hypothesis test. (Chen, 2021)

A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population means are
different when the variances are known, and the sample size is large. The test statistic is
assumed to have normal distribution and the parameters such as standard deviation should
be known in order for an accurate z-test to be performed. Z-tests are closely related to t-
tests, but t-tests are best performed when an experiment has a small sample size according
by Central Limit Theorem.

When to Use Z-Test

 A z-test is used when the variables follow a normal distribution, and the population
variance is known.
 It is also applicable when the population variance is not known but the sample size is
greater than or equal to 30.
𝑥̅ −𝜇
 The z-value can be solved using the formula 𝑧 = 𝜎 where:
√𝑛

z = z-value
̅ = sample mean
𝒙
μ = hypothesized population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size
 Note: When the population standard deviation is not known, use the sample standard
deviation. (Pineda, 2019)

Example
The school doctor said that the mean height of Grade 12 boys is greater than 147 cm.
The claim was suspected to be inaccurate. A random sample of 50 Grade 12 boys was tested
and found that the average height was 150 cm with a standard deviation of 15 cm.
𝑥̅ −𝜇
Solution: The appropriate statistical test is z-test that uses the formula 𝑧 = 𝜎 . Since the
√𝑛
sample size is 50 and the population standard deviation is unknown, the sample standard
deviation can replace the population standard deviation.

When to Use T-Test

 The t-test is used when the population variance is unknown and the sample size is
small, n<30.
 The population must be normally distributed or nearly normally distributed.

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 𝑥̅ −𝜇
 The t-value can be solved using the formula 𝑡= 𝑠 where:
√𝑛

t = t-value
̅= sample mean
𝒙
μ = hypothesized population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n = sample size

Example:

The president of a company claims that the scent of car air freshener lasts more than 30
days. The manager of the company suspected the claim and took a random sample of 20 and
conducted a study. It was found that the mean time the air freshener last was only 20 days with
a standard deviation of two days. Assume that the distribution is normally distributed.

Solution:

The sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown. The
𝑥̅ −𝜇
statistical test to be used is t-test which uses the formula 𝑡 = 𝑠 .
√𝑛

’s More

Try it!
A. Instruction: Identify the test statistics to be used in the following statement below.

The bakers said that the mean weight of their banana cake is 300 grams. To check if it is true,
the bakers selected a random sample of 40 banana cakes and used hypothesis testing to
investigate. Determine what test statistic is appropriate for the situations.

1. The population standard deviation is known to be 10 grams and the sample size used
is 40 with a mean weight of 290 grams.
2. The sample size is reduced to 25 which in turn changed the mean and standard
deviation to 290 grams and 25 grams, respectively.

B. Instruction: Formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in the

situation below.

The father of a senior high school student is listing down the expenses he will incur when
he sends his daughter to the university. At the university where he wants his daughter to study,

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he hears that the average tuition fee is at least Php20,000 per semester. He wants to do a test of
hypothesis.

I Have Learned

Instruction: Answer the problems then write your answers in your notebook.

1. Differentiate null and alternative hypotheses?

2. ____________is used as test statistic when the population variance is known or
unknown and the sample size is large or n≥30.
3. ____________ is used as test statistic when the population variance is unknown and
the sample size is small, n<30.

I Can Do

Do what is asked.

Consider yourself as a statistician.

The Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is a standardized test required to be

admitted to many graduate schools. A high score in the GRE makes admission
more likely. According to the Educational Testing Service, the mean score for
takers of GRE who do not have training courses is 555 with a standard deviation
of 139. Brainpower Philippines (BP) offers expensive GRE training courses,
claiming their graduates score better than those who have not taken any training
courses. To test the company’s claim, you as a statistician randomly selected 30
graduates of BP and asked their GRE scores. The random sample of 30 graduates
he obtains recorded a mean score of 560 in GRE.

Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses, then identify the test statistic to be used.

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 A. Instruction: Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in the statement below in
terms of parameter (𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝜌).

1. The mean number of cars a person owns in her lifetime is not more than ten.
2. About half of Americans prefer to live away from cities, given the choice.
3. Europeans have a mean paid vacation each year of six weeks.
4. The chance of developing breast cancer is under 11% for women.
5. Private universities' mean tuition cost is more than $20,000 per year.
B. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses. Identify the test statistic to be used.

A brand of powdered milk is advertised as having a

net weight of 250 grams. A curious
consumer obtained the net weight of 10 randomly selected cans. The values obtained are:
256, 248, 242, 245, 246, 248, 250, 255, 243 and 249 grams. Is there reason to believe that
the average net weight of the powdered milk cans is less than 250 grams at 10% level of
significance? Assume the net weight is normally distributed with unknown population
variance.

1. Null Hypothesis:
2. Alternative Hypothesis:
3. Test statistic:

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 9
NegOr_Q4_Stat_and_Prob11_Module2_v2
Pretest:
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 34; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 34
2. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 ≤ 0.60; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.60
3. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 100,000; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 100,000
4. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.29; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.29
5. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.05
What’s New!
1. Null hypothesis
2. Greater than
3. Greater than or equal to
4. Alternative hypothesis
5. Less than or equal to
6. Less than
7. Is not equal
8. Equal
What’s More!
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
A. 1. 𝑍𝐶 = 𝜎 2. 𝑡𝐶 = 𝑠
√𝑛 √𝑛
B. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 20, 000, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 20, 000
What I have learned!
1. Answer may vary
2. Z-test
3. T-test
What I can Do!
𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 555 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 555
The test statistic to be used is z-test.
Assessment
A. 1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 10; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 10
2. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 ≤ 0.50; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.50
3. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 6; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 10
4. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 ≥ 0.11; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.11
5. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 20,000; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 20,000
B. 1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 250
2. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 10
3. t-test
 References

Albert, Jose Ramon. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Statistics snd Probability. Quezon
City: Commisiion on Higher Education, 2016.
Chen, J & Drury, A. . investopedia.com. July 1, 2020.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/z-test.asp (accessed March 20, 2021).
Chen, James. investopedia.com. November 7, 2021. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/z-
test.asp (accessed January 10, 2022).
Illowsky, B. & Dean, S. Hypothesis Testing with One Sample (exercise). January 11, 2021.
https://tinyurl.com/bdzb5dse (accessed March 20, 2021).
Pineda, Jersey. scribd.com. May 23, 2019. (accessed January 10, 2022).
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/411178047/Null-and-Alternative-Hypotheses
(accessed January 10, 2022).
Santorico, A. math.ucdenver.edu. March 20, 2021.
http://math.ucdenver.edu/~ssantori/MATH2830SP13/Math2830-Chapter-08.pdf
(accessed December 13, 2021).
WIllemse, Isabel. Juta and Company, Ltd., 2009.

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