Statistics and

Probability
QUARTER 2 WEEK 1
Testing Hypothesis
TOPIC 1
 Where Am I Now?

1. t=-2.40
2. t=-1.25
3. t=3
 Keep Me Connected
According to a survey, the average daily
usage of social media worldwide of global
internet users amounts to 142 minutes per
day. Sofia conducts her own survey among
her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media is significantly higher than the
global survey.
 Keep Me Connected
Before her survey, she formulated the
following claims:
Claim A: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is the same as the
global average usage.
Claim B: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is higher than the global
average usage.
Keep Me Connected
 Keep Me Connected
1. What statistical data is/are needed to
prove which of Sofia’s claims is accepted
or rejected?
2. What is the average daily usage of social
media of her friends? Compare it with the
previous average usage.
3. Which of the two claims could probably
be true? Why?
 Keep Me Connected
4. If Sofia computed the average daily internet
usage of her friends to be higher than the
global survey, do you think it would be
significantly higher?
5. What is your idea of an average value being
significantly higher than the global average
value?
6. What do you think is the difference between
simple comparison of data and hypothesis
testing?
 Keep This in Mind
➢ Hypothesis testing is a statistical method
applied in making decisions using
experimental data. Hypothesis testing is
basically testing an assumption that we
make about a population.
➢ A hypothesis is a proposed explanation,
assertion, or assumption about a population
parameter or about the distribution of a
random variable.
 Keep This in Mind
➢ Here are the examples of questions you can
answer with a hypothesis test:
• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students
differ from 66 inches?
• Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12
students differ in height on average?
• Is the proportion of senior male students’
height significantly higher than that of senior
female students?
 Keep This in Mind
➢ The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on
previous analyses, which the researcher tries to
disprove, reject, or nullify. It shows no
significant difference between two parameters.
It is denoted by 𝐻𝑜.
➢ The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the
null hypothesis, which shows that observations
are the result of a real effect. It is denoted by
𝐻𝑎.
 Examples
The school record claims that the mean score
in Math of the incoming Grade 11 students is
81. The teacher wishes to find out if the
claim is true. She tests if there is a significant
difference between the batch mean score and
the mean score of students in her class.
Examples
 Its Your Turn
Based on the first claim of Sofia in Activity 2 that
“the average daily usage of social media of her
friends is the same as the global average usage”,
formulate two hypotheses about the global
average usage (𝜇) and the average usage of her
friends (𝑥̅) on the blanks provided below.
𝐻𝑜:
𝐻𝑎:
 Keep This in Mind
Level of Significance
➢ The level of significance denoted by alpha or
𝛂 refers to the degree of significance in which
we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
➢ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or
rejecting a hypothesis.
➢ The significance level α is also the probability
of making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
 Example
Maria uses 5% level of significance in
proving that there is no significant change in
the average number of enrollees in the 10
sections for the last two years. It means that
the chance that the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜)
would be rejected when it is true is 5%
Example
 Keep This in Mind
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
➢ When the alternative hypothesis is two-
sided like 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-tailed
test.
➢ When the given statistics hypothesis
assumes a less than or greater than value, it
is called one-tailed test.
 Example
➢The school registrar believes that the
average number of enrollees this school
year is not the same as the previous school
year.
➢ However, if the school registrar believes
that the average number of enrollees this
school year is less than the previous school
year.
 Example
➢ On the other hand, if the school registrar
believes that the average number of
enrollees this school year is greater than the
previous school year.
 Its Your Turn
What do you think should be the type of test
in her following claims?
Claim A: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is the same as the
global average usage.
Claim B: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is higher than the global
average usage.
 Keep This in Mind
Illustration of the Rejection Region
➢ The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of
all values of the test statistic that causes us to reject
the null hypothesis.
➢ The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is
the set of all values of the test statistic that causes
us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
➢ The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test
distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.
Keep This in Mind
Example
Example
Example
 Its Your Turn
A medical trial is conducted to test whether a
certain drug reduces cholesterol level or not.
Upon trial, the computed z-value of 2.715
lies in the rejection area.
 Keep This in Mind
Type I and Type II Errors
Keep This in Mind
Identifying Parameters
for Testing in Given Real
Life Problems
TOPIC 2
 Keep This in Mind
➢ A parameter is any numerical quantity that
characterizes a given population or some of
its aspects. This means the parameter tells
us something about the whole population.
➢ However, the numerical measure that is
calculated from the sample is called statistic.
Statistic is a known number and a variable
that depends on the portion of the
population
 Keep This in Mind
➢ A parameter denotes the true value that
would be obtained if a census rather than a
sample was undertaken.
 Example
1. The average height of adult Filipinos 20
years and older is 163 cm for males.
2. A Grade 11 researcher reported that the
average allowance of Senior High School
students is ₱100. A sample of 40 students
has mean allowance of ₱120. At 𝛼=0.01
test, it was claimed that the students had
allowance of ₱ 100. The standard deviation
of the population is ₱50.
 Example
3. According to a survey, 63% of the
parents are willing to spend extra money
for their children’s health and education
matters.
Formulating
Appropriate Null and
Alternative Hypotheses
on a Population Mean
TOPIC 3
 Keep This in Mind
➢ A statistical hypothesis is a statement
about a parameter and deals with evaluating
the value of a parameter.
➢ In statistical hypothesis testing, there are
always two hypotheses: the null and the
alternative hypotheses. Below is a
comparison between the two.
Keep This in Mind
Keep This in Mind
Keep This in Mind
Keep This in Mind
 Its Your Turn
1. Teacher A wants to know if mathematical
games affect the performance of the
students in learning Mathematics. A class
of 45 students was used in the study. The
mean score was 90 and the standard
deviation was 3. A previous study
revealed that 𝝁=𝟖𝟓 and the standard
deviation 𝝈=𝟓.
 Its Your Turn
2. A piggery owner believes that using
organic feeds on his pigs will yield
greater income. His average income from
the previous year was ₱120, 000. State
the hypothesis and identify the directional
test.
Identifying Appropriate
Test Statistics Involving
Population Mean
TOPIC 4
 Keep This in Mind
➢ A population includes all of the elements
from a set of data.
➢ A sample consists of one or more
observations drawn from the population.
➢ Sample mean (𝒙̅) is the mean of sample
values collected.
 Keep This in Mind
➢ Population mean (μ) is the mean of all the
values in the population.
➢ Population standard deviation (𝝈) is a
parameter which is a measure of variability
with fixed value calculated from every
individual in the population.
 Keep This in Mind
➢ Sample standard deviation (𝒔) is a statistic
which means that this measure of variability
is calculated from only some of the
individuals in a population.
➢ Population variance (𝝈𝟐), in the same
sense, indicates how the population data
points are spread out. It is the average of
the distances from each data point in the
population to the mean, squared.
 Keep This in Mind
➢ A test statistic is a random variable that is
calculated from sample data and used in a
hypothesis test.
Keep This in Mind
Keep This in Mind
 Its Your Turn
1. A manufacturer claimed that the average
life of batteries used in their electronic
games is 150 hours. It is known that the
standard deviation of this type of battery
is 20 hours. A consumer wished to test
the manufacturer’s claim and accordingly
tested 100 electronic games using the
battery. It was found out that the mean is
equal to 144 hours.
 Its Your Turn
2. An English teacher wanted to test
whether the mean reading speed of
students is 550 words per minute. A
sample of 12 students revealed a sample
mean of 540 words per minute with a
standard deviation of 5 words per minute.
At 0.05 significance level, is the reading
speed different from 550 words per
minute?