BAHASA

INGGRIS
Chinese scientists had been playing with saltpeter — a common name for the powerful oxidizing agent
potassium nitrate — in medical compounds for centuries when one industrious individual thought to mix
it with sulfur and charcoal. The result was a mysterious powder from which, observers remarked in a text
dated from the mid-9th century, "smoke and flames result, so that [the scientists'] hands and faces have
been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down."

Gunpowder was quickly put to use by the reigning Sung dynasty against the Mongols, whose constant
invasions into the country plagued the Chinese throughout the period. The Mongols were the first to be
subject to flying fire — an arrow fixed with a tube of gunpowder that ignited and would propel itself across
enemy lines. More gunpowder-based weapons were invented by the Chinese and perfected against the
Mongols in the next centuries, including the first cannons and grenades.

Gunpowder somehow remained a monopoly of the Chinese until the 13th century, when the science was
passed along the ancient silk trade route to Europe and the Islamic world, where it became a deciding factor
in many Middle Age skirmishes. By 1350, rudimentary gunpowder cannons were commonplace in the
English and French militaries, which used the technology against each other during the Hundred Years' War.
The Ottoman Turks also employed gunpowder cannons with abandon during their successful siege of
Constantinople in 1453.

1. The main idea of the passage is… D. Gunpowder use outside of China in
A. The history of gunpowder and its the middle age
power to win the wars E. China’s monopoly to gunpowder
B. Chinese use gunpowder to conquer before the 13th century
Mongols
C. Chinese scientist mixed power 4. The word ‘which’ in paragraph 3 refers
oxidizing agent potassium nitrate to…
D. Gunpowder technology cannon win A. Gunpowder
the siege of Constantinople B. Tube of gunpowder
E. Gunpowder as the heart of fireworks C. English and French Militaries
and basis for modern weapons D. Middle Age skirmishes
E. Rudimentary gunpowder cannon
2. The word ’propel’ in paragraph 2 means ....
A. Pull 5. The author’s attitude towards the text is…
B. Push A. Tolerant
C. Raise B. Unhapp.
D. Ignite C. Worried
E. Drag D. Critical
E. Concerned
3. The best summary for paragraph 3 is…

A. French military cannon used in 1350
B. Gunpowder role winning the Siege of
Constantinople
C. Gunpowder as a deciding factor in
middle age skirmishes

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 Tyrannosaurus rex may have been the world's first power-walker, using its lengthy legs to relentlessly
pursue fleeing prey, new research has found. Walking, the scientists discovered, would have been an energy-
efficient hunting strategy for big dinosaurs like tyrannosaurs.

To better understand walking and running in T. rex and other theropods, or meat-eating dinosaurs,
scientists measured metrics such as relative limb size, posture and body mass in 93 individual dinosaurs
from 71 theropod species, in order to calculate how those factors may have affected the animals' maximum
speeds.

They found that while long-leggedness made some theropods fast runners, that wasn't always the case.
In very large dinosaurs, such as T. rex, long limbs came with a different advantage, allowing the predator to
keep up a slower but steady pace long after a speedier animal would have grown tired and given up the
chase. "The assumption tends to be that animals with adaptations for running, such as long legs, are adapted
for a higher maximum speed, but this paper shows that there's more to running than top speed," said study
co-author Thomas Holtz, a principal lecturer in the University of Maryland's Department of Geology.

Theropods were a highly successful group of terrestrial dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic era (252
million to around 66 million years ago), and bipedalism — walking on two legs — is thought to have played
a big part in their success, the scientists wrote. In the study, they looked at theropods in a range of sizes:
from pipsqueaks that weighed less than 11 lbs. (5 kilograms) to T.rex behemoths that weighed more than
20,000 lbs. (9,000 kg).

6. The sentence “They found that while long- E. Theropods’ leg adapted more to
leggedness made some theropods fast running than top speed
runners, that wasn't always the case” in
the second paragraph can best be restated 8. The main reason for author to write the
as… passage is…
A. Theropods always run fast because of A. Explaining the factors why and how
their long-legged feet. tyrannosaurus unique feet can make
B. Long-legged theropods sometimes them run faster
make them fast runner. B. Distinct the various type of
C. If theropods were long-legged they tyrannosaurus feet
would run fast C. Explaining the research from
D. Before theropods long-legged feet University of Maryland's Department
were formed, this was the reason why of Geology
they could run fast. D. Distinct the domination terrestrial
E. The theropods’ long-leggedness dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era
wouldn’t always be the factors to be E. Assuming that Tyrannosaurus
fast runner. adaptations for running is to get a
higher maximum speed
7. Paragraph 3 implies that …
A. Long leg is not the only factor that 9. The next paragraph most likely will
makes theropod run fast discuss about…
B. Theropods’ legs adapted for a higher A. Kinds of theropods which can run fast
maximum speed B. Evolution of theropods
C. Long leg can chase the speedier C. Advantages of having long legs to
animal better theropods
D. Long leg is an advantage for D. Running capability from theropod
theropods

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 E. Theropods ability make them a great factors may have affected the
predator animals' maximum speeds

10. Which of the following is the best
summary of the passage …
A. Tyrannosaurus Rex bipedalism —
walking on two legs — is thought to
have played a big part in their success
B. Tyrannosaurus Rex is a ferocious
animal dominated Mesozoic era
C. New discovery by scientist about
physical features from theropods like
Tyrannosaurus Rex to dominate
Mesozoic era
D. Very large dinosaurs, such as T. rex,
long limbs came with a different
advantage, allowing the predator to
keep up a slower but steady pace long
after a speedier animal
E. Scientists measured metrics such as
relative limb size of Tyrannosaurus
Rex in order to calculate how those

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