WHAT IS SOFTWARE?

Software is a collection of instructions and data that tell the computer how to
work.

OR

“Instructions that tell a computer what to do”.

Software comprise the entire set of programs, procedures and rout lines
associated with the operation of a computer system.

EXAMPLE OF SOFTWARE?

MSWord, Excel, Power point, spread sheets, library management system,

Microsoft office, AutoCAD etc...

WHAT IS SOFTWARE ENGINEERING?

“Software engineering is a detailed study of Engineering to the design,

development and maintenance of software”.

Software engineering was introduced to addresses the issues of low-quality

software project.

WHAT IS DOMAIN? (Unique area or Unique name)

It is a subject area in which a project belongs to.

OR

A business unit or an area which generate or support revenue to the organization

with one or more subjects.

Eg: Education, Hospital, Business, Telecom, Travel, Sports, Politics etc….

HOSPITAL(Domain) :- HealthCare, Medical shop, Laboratory etc..

EDUCATION(Domain) :- University details,College,School.

Assignment: find few domains commonly available in the big companies. Learn
about that from net and speaking to your friends. Look at the domains that you
have worked or been earlier.

QUALITY (Expectation Actual and deviation denote quality)

Quality refers to how good something is compared to other similar things.

OR

“Quality is the degree of excellence”

 Quality is the degree to which a commodity meets the requirements of the

customer at start of its life (ISO 9000). {ISO-International organization for
standardization}.

 Software quality is the degree of conformance to explicit or implicit

requirements and expectations. It’s the degree of tolerance. For example,
if a scale reads 10 cm as 10.1 cm, the quality is deviated by 0.1 cm / 10 cm.

 If there are 100 requirements and 98 are working fine, then the % of quality
is 98%.

ISTQB?

ISTQB (International Software Testing Qualifications Board)

ISTQB is the world’s leading organisation for software Testing certification.

(www.istqb.org).
  Quality’ is generally referred to a parameter which decides the inferiority
or superiority of a product or service. It is a measure of goodness to
understand how a product meets its specifications. Usually, when the
expression “quality” is used, we think in the terms of an excellent product
or service that meets or even exceeds our expectations. These expectations
are based on the price and the intended use of the goods or services. In
simple words, when a product or service exceeds our expectations, we
consider it to be of good quality. Therefore, it is somewhat of an intangible
expression based upon perception.

QUALITY IN BUSINESS

Aspects of product quality

 Quality of design

 Quality of conformance

 Reliability

 Safety

 Proper storage

Eg:-Suppose comparing 2 products based on above aspects. Expectation and

actual deviation denote quality.

ISO accreditation is ISO 9001 is the internationally recognized QMS(Quality

management system).

{ISO 9000-9001} -Best quality

{ISO 9001:2015}-Customer satisfaction

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(QMS)

A quality management system (QMS) is defined as a formalized system that
documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality
policies and objectives. A QMS helps coordinate and direct an organization’s
activities to meet customer and regulatory requirements and improve its
effectiveness and efficiency on a continuous basis.

ISO 9001:2015, the international standard specifying requirements for quality

management systems, is the most prominent approach to quality management
systems. While some use the term "QMS" to describe the ISO 9001 standard or
the group of documents detailing the QMS, it actually refers to the entirety of the
system. The documents only serve to describe the system.

Benefits of QMS

 ISO 9001:2015 and other QMS standards

 Elements and requirements of a QMS

 Establishing and implementing a QMS

 Industrial influence on quality and standardization

 QMS resources

Benefits of a documented quality management system include:

o Meeting the customer’s requirements, which helps to instil confidence in

the organization, in turn leading to more customers, more sales, and more
repeat business

o Meeting the organization's requirements, which ensures compliance with

regulations and provision of products and services in the most cost- and
resource-efficient manner, creating room for expansion, growth, and profit.

These benefits offer additional advantages, including:

 Defining, improving, and controlling processes

 Reducing waste
  Preventing mistakes

 Lowering costs

 Facilitating and identifying training opportunities

 Engaging staff

 Setting organization-wide direction

 Communicating a readiness to produce consistent results.

TQM (TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT)

Total Quality Management is defined as a customer-oriented process and aims

for continuous improvement of business operations. It ensures that all allied works
(particularly work of employees) are toward the common goals of improving
product quality or service quality, as well as enhancing the production process or
process of rendering of services. However, the emphasis is put on fact-based
decision making, with the use of performance metrics to monitor progress.

The key principles of Total Quality Management

 Plan (drive, direct)

 Do (deploy, support, and participate).

 Check(review)

 Act (recognize, communicate, revise).

1.COQ (Cost of quality)

Cost of quality is a method for calculating the costs companies incur ensuring that
products meet quality standards, as well as the costs of producing goods that fail
to meet quality standards.
  The goal of calculating cost of quality is to create an understanding of how
quality impacts the bottom line. Whether it’s the cost of scrap and rework
associated with poor quality, or the expense of audits and maintenance
associated with good quality, both count. Cost of quality gives
manufacturers an opportunity to analyze, and thus improve their quality
operations.

 This two-pronged approach to quality can be categorized as “control”

(good quality) vs. “failure of control” (bad quality).

2.CTQ (Critical to Quality)

Critical to Quality is the conversion of Critical to Customers factors into certain
measurable and controllable manufacturing and/or delivery processes.

 These processes are internal to the management and due to their

quantitative nature, the management can easily control them, measure
deviations, if any and rectify these deviations to improve the customer
experience.

 Originally developed by Motorola in the 1980s, Six Sigma is a renowned set

of management techniques that is very well received and implemented
worldwide. It is a management approach that is based on data and
statistics to ensure continuous improvement in manufacturing and
business processes, products and services through eliminating errors.
Critical to Quality is one such important parameter under Six Sigma.

Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a term used to define various techniques and management tools
designed to make business processes more efficient and effective. It provides
statistical tools to eliminate defects, identify the cause of the error, and reduce
the possibilities of error. Thus, Six Sigma creates an environment of continuous
process improvement, enabling businesses to provide better products and
services to customers.
  Six Sigma can be applied to any process in any industry to establish a
management system for identifying errors and eliminating them. It
provides methods to improve the efficiency of business structure and
quality of processes, enhancing the profitability of the business.

 Six Sigma is used to identify and reduce errors and increase the efficiency
of business processes.

 The primary objective of Six Sigma is customer satisfaction, and to achieve

the objective, various methods are followed to improve the performance of
a product or business process.

 DMAIC and DMADV are the main methodologies of Six Sigma that apply to
different business environments.

Six Sigma Principles

There are five main principles of Six Sigma:

1. Customer focus

The main objective is to maximize the benefits for customers. Hence, a business
must understand the needs of their customers and the drivers of sales. It requires
establishing quality standards according to the market or customer demands.

2. Assess the value chain and find the problem

Outline the steps of a process to find out unwanted areas and gather related data.
Define goals for data collection, purposes for data gathering, and expected
insights. Verify that the data is assisting in achieving the objectives, whether more
information is needed to be collected, or if data cleansing is required. Find out the
problem and its root cause.

3. Eliminate defects and outliers

After the identification of the problem, make appropriate modifications in the
process to eliminate defects. Eliminate any activity in the given process that does
not contribute to the customer value. If the value chain is unable to reveal the
problem area, various tools are used to find out the problem areas and outliers.
Eliminating the outliers and defects removes the bottlenecks in a given process.

4. Involve stakeholders

A structured process should be adopted where all stakeholders collaborate and

contribute to finding solutions to complex issues. The team needs to achieve
proficiency in the methodologies and principles applied. Hence, specialized
knowledge and training are required to lower project failure risks and ensure
optimal performance of the processes.

5. Flexible and responsive system

Whenever an inefficient or faulty process is eliminated, the employee approach

and work practices need to be changed. A flexible and responsive environment to
the changes in processes can lead to the efficient implementation of the projects.
Six Sigma Methodology

The following are the two main methodologies of Six Sigma, which are used in
different business environments:
DMAIC
DMAIC is a data-driven approach used for optimizing and improving the existing
business designs and processes. It is an effective method of controlled change
management. The five phases of DMAIC are listed below, and each phase involves
tools and tasks to help find the final solution.

o Define the problem and the goals of the project

o Measure the different aspects of the existing process in detail

o Analyze data to find the main flaw in a process

o Improve the given process

o Control the way the process is implemented in the future.

DMADV
DMADV focuses on the development of an entirely new process, product, or
service. It is used when existing processes, even after improvement, do not satisfy
the customer’s needs, and new methods are required to be developed. It
comprises five phases:

 Define the purpose of the project, product, or service

 Measure the crucial components of a process and product capabilities

 Analyze data and develop design alternatives, ultimately selecting the best
design

 Design the selected best alternative and test the prototype

 Verify the effectiveness of the design through several simulations and

a pilot program.

CMMI (Capability maturity model integration)

Capability maturity model integration (CMMI) is an approach or methodology for
improving and refining the software development process within an organization.
It is based on a process model or a structured collection of practices. CMMI is used
to guide the improvement process across a project, division or even an entire
organizational structure.

Quality Assurance
 Prevention is better than cure

 Prepare and Prevent than repair and repent

 More late you find a defect higher is the cost to fix it.

Quality Assurance (QA) is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes
by which products are developed.

 QA aims at prevention of defects with a focus on the process used to make

the product. It is a proactive quality process.

 If QA is followed, we can reduce the number of defects.

 Everyone in the team involved in developing the product is responsible for

quality assurance.

 Verification is an example of QA.

The quality management system under which the software system is created is
normally based on one or more of the following models/standards:

CMMI

ISO 9001 - 2000

Six Sigma
QA Activities:

 Process Definition and Implementation

 If process is there do process audit and find gaps

 Audits - identify nonconformity

 Training

 Review

 Inspection

 Walk thru

Quality Control
Quality Control (QC) is a set of activities for ensuring quality in products. The
activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced.

 QC aims to identify (and correct) defects in the finished product. Quality

control, therefore, is a reactive process.

 The goal of QC is to identify defects after a product is developed and before

it's released.

 The activities or techniques used to achieve and maintain the product

quality, process and service.

 Quality control is usually the responsibility of a specific team that tests the
product for defects.

 Validation/Software Testing is an example of QC.

QC Activities:

Testing (all types)

Verification
Verification is a static practice of verifying documents, design, code and program.

 Simple generic example is police verification of passport documents.

 It does not involve executing the code. Its static.

 It is human based checking of documents and files.

 Verification is done by QA team to ensure that the software is as per the

specifications in the SRS document.

 It generally comes first-done before validation.

 It focus more to the internals / logics

Validation
Validation is a dynamic mechanism of validating and testing the actual product.

 It always involves executing the code.

 It is computer based execution of program.

 Validation uses methods like black box (functional) testing, gray box testing
and white box (structural) testing.

 Validation is to check whether software meets the customer expectations

and requirements.

 It focus more on results than how its got

Testing
 What is testing?

 Anyone who has not done a blood test?

Software testing is the process used to help identify the correctness,
completeness, performance, security and quality of developed computer
software.

 In simple words, software testing is an activity to check whether the actual

results match the expected results and to ensure that the software system
is defect free.

 Software testing is also ensure whether it meets customer requirements or

not.

 It exposes the potential deviation from expectations while working as a

finished product.

Why testing is important?

o To find defects and avoid user detecting problems.

o It is very important to ensure the Quality of the product.

o Testing is important because software bugs could be expensive or even

dangerous.

Example: due to lack of proper testing, in a recent flight landing, we lost many a
life.

Product VS Project

Product
 Custom of the Shelf (COTS)

 Company designs and develops product.

 Company with own views (based on market) and domain strength develops
products.

 End users are more than one.

  Product specific process.

 Customization is possible to an extend.

Project
 Specifications are given by Client.

 Client views/ requirements / changes will be considered.

 End user is one.

 Once developed it will be finished and goes to maintenance and

enhancement mode,

 Activities before Software Development

Concept generation: Sales / marketing team gets a lead from potential customers
(road show for eg)

Product capability demonstration

RFP /RFQ / Request For Bid: Customer comes with request for a solution

Demonstrate capability: Vendor does a project or product demo

Proposal / quote - vendor works on cost, time approach etc based on RFP

Contract - agreement is signed between customer and vendor

Kick start- First internal activity of development, to let stake holders know and
plan (infrastructure, resources, schedule)
Conclusion

 What is Quality?

 Difference between QA & QC

 Difference between Verification & Validation

 What is Testing?

 Difference between Product & Project

 What is domain?

 What is software engineering?