= 20 Logdb = 10 Log POUTV V XL = 2π fL I

R2 GAIN FROM = P IN VIN IN FigureVof

XLL Figure of Merit
OUTMerit (Tuned SCircuit)
R.
Q=
R of a Coil
Q=
B.W.
“A” TO OUTPUT
P V
GAIN
db = 10 Log R = 20Figure
QXL= RLog Q = R.
V OUT
OUT (dB)
OUT
OUT
I2R PINQ = R L of=Ra Coil
of V 1 = SR. 1B.W. 1
ofofaa1Merit
PCoil
Coil (Tuned Circuit)
db = 10 Log PPOUT = 20 Log VVOUT L 2=V12 IN 2 Q2C=.159
N, R2
Voltage Follower Noninverting Op Amp Inverting Op Amp V N, R1Op Amp I Noise for
N– Single-Pole
4kTR2
R2 System
NOISE GAIN =
GAIN FROM =
db = = 1020 I
LogLog ININ(dB) = 20 Closed-Loop
Log Voltages Frequency Response B.W. 2C Circuit)
(Tuned =2 2 2
B R1 “A” TO OUTPUT
R2
P
GAINOUT
(Gain)
Sinusoidal
for VoltageV
IN
IN
Feedback andAmplifiers
Currents S =4π SR 4π C Sor(Tuned
R C√LC
(Tuned SCircuit)
4π Hz L
Circuit) R 4π SR L
Design Equations—Commonly Used Amplifier Configurations RG RF
NG = 1 +
R1 = Transformers IN I IN IOUT R 2π√LC 1 .159
V I
4kTR1 R1 Op Amp Noise
N, R1 N– 4kTR2
for
NOISE GAIN
Single-Pole System R2 Decibel (dB) Formulas IOUT IN RMS = Root Mean Square = Effective
Closed-Loop
(Equal Impedances) Frequency Response =VI20 Log Q S(Gain)
& 1 √P .159
P Formulas S = or Hz
I RR Resonant Frequency Formulas
VIN V
B CLOSED- N
Decibel
(Step-Up or Step-Down = (dB) Formulas
Ratios)
20 Log
OUT
IOUT (Equal Impedances)
(Gain) Q &PIResonant
Reactance Formulas =1Frequency Impedance Formulas (Series) VoltageR and2π√LC
Impedance Formulas
√LC (Parallel)
LOOP BW
= fV
NG = 1 + V
R1
OUT
= 20
A(S),Log LOOP I (Gain)
for VVoltage
RMS = 0.707 VPEAK =Amplifiers
Feedback VEFF IN
SR = 1 R.159
2π√LC or
or
Hz
√LC
Hz
1
V N, R3
V
CLN, R2 IN
I
IN GAIN,
V = 0.637 V L =2π√LC
XL1 FigureXofL4π
Figure √LC CSR.=
of Merit Z =4π √R 2 +S X 2 (Series RL) RXL V
(RL) Z = 1A
VOUT A 4kTR1 CLOSED- R2 GAIN FROM = 6dB/OCTAVE Merit
VoltageVoltage
Follower
Follower Noninverting Op Amp
Noninverting Op Amp Inverting Op Amp
Inverting Op Amp VOUT R3 I N+
N
LOOP BW GAIN FROM =“A” R2
– TO V OUTPUT N EP IS OPEN-LOOP
GAINZPPOUT
INA𝛃GAIN AVE
V1.11
VOUT
PEAK
Q = 2S 2C
XC = V of aRCoil of a Coil
Q = V Q = Q =2 SR2R.L L Z= 1
VIN P
=
OUT
= = VEFF =
ROLL-OFF
OUT VAVE √PR R
L =√R2 + C = I 2
L = 1 2 1 2 (Tuned =1 2 12 B.W.
Voltage
Voltage Follower
Follower Noninverting
Noninverting OpAmp
Op Op
Amp Amp Inverting
Inverting Op Amp
OpAmp
Amp OUT R fC R B.W. 2
4π2 SRX2L C
“B” TO OUTPUT R1
Voltage
Voltage Follower
Voltage
Follower
Voltage Follower
Follower Noninverting
Noninverting
Noninverting Op Amp
Noninverting OpOp Amp
Amp Inverting
Inverting Inverting
RF Amp
Op
Inverting Op Amp
OpR Amp V
TOTAL =f CL dbdb= =1010 Log
Log Transformers
A(S), == 20
(dB)
20 Log
Log 2π I CCircuit) 4π2LINE
SR L
VoltageVoltage
Follower
Voltage
Voltage Follower
Follower
Voltage
Follower Follower NoninvertingNoninverting
Noninverting
Op Op
Noninverting Amp Op Op Amp Op Amp
Amp
Noninverting
Amp VIN VIN
RG G Inverting
R
Inverting
Inverting
RG R Op Op
InvertingAmp
AmpOp Amp
G Op Amp RF
Inverting
F
RF Op Amp A
N, R3
V
B 4kTR3 R3
N, R1
R1 I
I
N+
V 4kTR2
N–
R2
NOISE
N, R2
R2 FROM
GAIN FROM = – GAIN
GAIN =
NS ES IP(Step-Up Zor
S PIN
Transformers
OPEN-LOOP
LOOP
Step-Down
IN A𝛃
GAIN,
VPEAK V=INV1.57
Ratios) IN
6dB/OCTAVE
VROLL-OFF
AVE L= 4π 2 SR2 CC = Formulas
Reactance Z= (Tuned Circuit)
4π√2RSRR+
22 L X 2 (Series RC)
C
R2 = 2 2 4π2 SR2 Formulas
Voltage Follower Noninverting Op Amp V RR G GInverting
RG RG Op AmpR
RFF RF RF “B” TO OUTPUT “A”NG TO
R1=OUTPUT
GAIN GAIN
(Step-Up or Step-Down P X = 2π fL 4π SR C VR2 Reactance L RXC
IIOUT (dB) VRatios)
VIN 1+
AVE = 0.9 VEFF
VOUT = VIN IN R R TOTAL
VINVR
RGGVIN VIN
G
R F R1 1 .159
VIN
IN
R
RG R
RFFF RRG
RF
V
RF R2
2
4kTR3 V4kTR1
NOISE GAIN =
= 20 Log OUT (Gain) I
L
SR = SP = or P1X = orHz 1 .159 Z= (RC) VA = VL = VC = VR
VOUT VOUT VVIN
IN
VIN
VIN G RG
VIN F
VOUT VOUT
VN + 4kTR3
R1
I N
N– + 4kTR1 CLOSED-
4kTR2
LOOP BW B
N, R1 2
N=P 20 LogEP NOISE IS(Gain) ZP
IIIN GAIN, IR 2π√LC R √LC Z = X1LHz – XC (Series LC) √R2 + XC2
VIN VIN
VOUT VOUT
VOUT
VOUT VVOUT
VIN
VOUT VOUT
VOUT VOUT VOUT RTI NOISE = VN,BW
VOUT ×
R1 + R2
= fCL 2 NG = 1 +
VOUT
R2 CLOSED-
= Transformers
= NLOOP = EEPS A(S),IN𝛃1 IIPS LOOP GAIN,ZZS P
C
I2 2π√LC 2πXCfC=√LC
V
VIN VIN
IN VV V VIN VOUTOUT VOUT
AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT A
R3 R2 2
R1
Sinusoidal Voltages and NP SCurrents
(Step-Up
GAIN = or =
Step-Down =
Ratios) 6dB/OCTAVE Reactance Formulas 2π fC
BUFFER INININ HIGH
OUT IMPEDANCE
VVOUT VOUT SOURCE
VOUT 4kTR1 V R32
N + 4kTR3N+
I + 4kTR1
VN R1CLOSED-
2
R2 OPEN-LOOP
Transformers 1 1 XL XC
VIN VOUT = VVINVTO LOW
VOUT
RESISTANCE
VOUT
LOAD
VVVOUT
VOUTOUT
OUT
VOUT VOUT
RTI NOISE = BW ×
2 R32 + I 2
+ IN+TOTAL N–
× R2
R1
LOOP + R2
BW
GAIN FROM
+ 4kTR2
“B” TO OUTPUT
R1
= – V
R1OUT
RMS = Root Mean Square N S
CLOSED-Transformers
= Effective E S GAIN
Transformers
NOISE I P
GAIN,
A𝛃
Ohm’s Z Law
S (DC
ROLL-OFF
Circuits) L= 1CX= = 2π 2 SfL2 L
Z = √R12 + (XL – XC)2 (Series RLC) Z = Reactance
X
VA = ILINEZ
(LC) Formulas
L – XC
N VIN
N VIN IN
OUT =V V V
=V =V
IN OUT OUT
VIN=V
IN IN
VIN= VIN V4kTR3
R1 + R2
= fCL
R1 + R2
(Step-Up
LOOP
GAIN or Step-Down
A(S),
1
Ratios) (Step-Up
Impedance or Step-Down
Formulas 4π L
2S 2C
= Ratios)
R(Series)Reactance L 4π 1R
FormulasC =
VOUTV=VOUT
VOUT =
=VOUT
V IN A
N, R3
R3 IN+
2
R
2
VRMS = 0.707 VPEAK =PVEFF OPEN-LOOP N
(Step-Up E
or Step-Down I 𝛃LOOP GAIN,
Ratios) Z 6dB/OCTAVE Reactance 4π 2 S X Formulas
2 C = XL =Z 2π 4π 2
fL RS 2 L
R1 × R2 R2
= P GAIN = S =A𝛃BANDWITH P RC
OUT IN 1
IN+2 R32 + IN–2
RTO NOISE = NG × RTI+NOISE +BW = GAIN
4kTR2 FROM
1.57 fCL = – CLOSED-LOOP ROLL-OFF 2π1 fC = VA 1
VVOUT
OUT = = VVVINOUT =
IN
V =
VIN
V VVOUT
OUT = = VVININ RTI = REFER TO INPUT TOTAL R1 + R2 “B” TO 2OUTPUT
R1 + R2 R1 V AVE = 0.637 V PEAK
N N N EEEPP I I
ISand
LOG FREQUENCY
Z Z
ZPP V
(HZ) Z N
= √
Resistors
P R 2 +E
inX 2 (Series I
PSeries/Capacitors
S RL) Z Pin 1 Parallel Z = RX XC =(RLC)
BUFFER
OUT
HIGH IMPEDANCE
BUFFER BUFFER
HIGH
IN
BUFFER HIGHHIGH
IMPEDANCE SOURCE
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE
SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE AMPLIFY AND
AMPLIFYINVERT
AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY
ANDAND
AND
AND
INPUT
INVERTINVERT
INVERT
INVERT
INPUTINPUT
INPUT
INPUT RTO = 4kTR3
REFER TO OUTPUT V 2 + 4kTR3 + 4kTR1
R2
VEFF = 1.11 VAVE
Sinusoidal
P
PP
S
==CLOSED-
Voltages
P S
== CLOSED-LOOP
S S
P Currents
= GAIN,
P S 2 V = L
= =XC = C X C = I
√R2 + X2 2π fC
TO LOW
BUFFER
TORESISTANCE
LOW
BUFFER
TO
BUFFER
BUFFER
RESISTANCE
BUFFER
HIGH
TOHIGH
LOW HIGH
LOW
RESISTANCE
LOAD
HIGH
HIGH
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE
RESISTANCE
IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE
LOAD
IMPEDANCE SOURCE
LOAD LOAD
SOURCE
SOURCE
SOURCE
SOURCE AMPLIFY AND AND
AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY AMPLIFY
INVERT
AND INVERT AND
INPUT
INVERT
INPUT
INPUT
INVERT INPUT RTO NOISE = NG × RTI NOISE
N
R1BW +=
R21.57 fCL
RMS N N = Root EMean
E Square I I
NOISE
= Effective
Z
Z
BANDWITH
R R RTOTAL = RN1S+ R2 +ERS3 + … I/PCTOTAL = ZC2π SX1 L+ fC
= C2π2+
2π fC
fL C3 + …
TO LOW
TO
TO LOW
TOLOW LOW
TO LOW
RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
IMPEDANCELOAD
RESISTANCE
LOADLOAD
LOAD
LOAD
AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT
RTI NOISE = BW ×
RTI = REFER TO INPUT 2 VPEAK = 1.57 VAVE Sinusoidal S
SS Voltages
LOOP S
SS
Transformers PPandLOG
P Currents
1 S
SS
FREQUENCY (HZ) P Z = √R2 + XC2 (Series Impedance RC) Formulas (Series)
FER
FFER BUFFER
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
HIGHBUFFER
IMPEDANCE
BUFFER
IMPEDANCE SOURCE
SOURCE
HIGH
SOURCE
HIGHRESISTANCE IMPEDANCE
SOURCE
SOURCE AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY AND INVERT
AMPLIFY AND
ANDAMPLIFY
INVERT INVERT
INPUT
INPUT INPUTAND INVERT INPUT RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT R2 2
R1
2
RMS = VRootRMS =Mean
GAIN 0.707Square VPEAK = = VI2EFF
R𝛃
Effective X = 2π
X fL
= 2π fL XL = 2π fL
BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE TO LOW SOURCE LOAD AND INVERT INPUT VN2 + 4kTR3
2 2
+ IN+ R3 + IN–
+ 4kTR1
2
R1 × R2
R1 + R2 4kTR2
+ V AVE = 0.9 V EFF (Step-Up or Step-Down
Transformers Ratios) V Resistors in Parallel/Capacitors Reactance L Formulas L
Lin Series
TO
TO LOW
LOW TORESISTANCE
LOW RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE TO LOAD
LOAD
LOWLOAD LOAD
RESISTANCE LOAD VAVECLOSED- =LOOP 0.637 VPEAK NOISE1GAIN, Common Z = √ R 2Impedance
+ X 2 (Series Formulas
RL) (Series)
Z = XL –11% Resistor LC) Values
TO LOW RESISTANCE RTI NOISE = BW × R1 + R2 R1 + R2
VRMS =GAIN
Sinusoidal
(Step-Up 0.707
Voltages V and=Currents V𝛃EFF XC (Series Reactance L
Formulas
2
N VP EFF = or 1.11
E Step-Down
VAVEPEAK I VI Ratios)Z √P
PR 1
Voltage
1
X = 2 and Impedance Formulas (Parallel)
2
R1 × R2 R1
RMS V = Root
== Mean
0.637 P
= Square
V S
= = Effective
CLOSED-LOOP P P BANDWITH I =
TOTAL 1%Sinusoidal Voltages /
and C C
Currents = √ R 2+
1 L (Series
X 10.0 Ω RL)
BW = 1.57 f
RTO NOISE = NG × RTI NOISE + IN+2 R32 + IN–2 + 4kTR2 CL
Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal AVE
VS PEAK =E1.57 Voltages
Voltages PEAK
VAVEIP and
and Currents
Currents R standard
1 1 values1 decade
Zmultiples
Impedance
=
TOTAL
√ R Z 2π=are
2 + X1 fC available
Formulas
2 (Series from 1(Series)
RC) through 1.00 MΩ (also 1.10 MΩ, 1.20 MΩ, 1.30 MΩ, 1.50 MΩ, 1.60 MΩ, 1.80 MΩ,
RTI = REFER TO INPUT R1 + R2 R1 + R2
N N V = E
0.707 V I = V Z Z LOG FREQUENCY (HZ)
+ + + … X C
= + + + RX… VA
RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT Ohm’s Law (DC Circuits) RMS RMS V=P =
VAVE
EFF Root
RMS =
Root
====0.637 1.11
Mean
MeanP
0.9 V=
S
V Square
Square
AVE PEAK S =
= Effective
EFF S
Effective P RMS
2.00 MΩ,= Root
and
2 Mean
2.20 MΩ).Square
ZR=1 √RR2 + R(X3L – XC) (Series RLC) C1 C2Z = C3
2 = Effective C L
(RL) Z =
Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Adder Low-Pass Filter/Integrator RTO NOISE = NG ×Resistor V EFF
V √PR V R V Impedance
Z Impedance
=X √ = R Formulas
22π + fL X Formulas2π
2 (Series fC2 RL)
(Series) (Series) Impedance Formulas (Series)
RTI = REFER TO INPUT
RTI NOISE
Johnson Noise Formula BW = 1.57 fCL
NVSPEAK
V VAVE
RMS
RMS RMS= E= 0.707
0.707
1.57 S VV PEAK
PEAK
PEAK
AVE
PEAK IP EFF
= V EFF ZS
CLOSED-LOOP
EFF
BANDWITH
LOG FREQUENCY (HZ) I
Standard V base
RMS = 0.707
resistor V
values
PEAK
Z
are
=
L V
X EFFZ–=XC√(Series
given in RL + XLC)
the 2 following √R + RC)
table
C (Series
2 for the
XL 2 most commonly I LINE tolerance (1%), along with typically available resistance ranges.
used
Difference Amplifier VVVAVE ===0.6371.11 VVAVE
VEFF 0.637 VPEAK L
R1 RF AVE= 0.9 VEFF Z = VVAVE
To determine A = Two 0.637
values ZV=PEAK
other
Resistors √ZR=2 in
than +
the Xbase,
√RParallel 22L2+ Xmultiply
(Series 2 RL)the base value by 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000.
L2 (Series Z = √R2 + XL2 (Series RL)
VA C RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT
V
AVE
AVE
= 1.57 V
PEAK
PEAK
P V2 2 + XXLL = 2π fL RL) RX
Voltage Voltage Subtractor/ Subtractor/
R2
Resistor Johnson Noise Formula V 2 VSinusoidalV VPEAK
EFF = = 1.11
1.11
Voltages V V AVEAVEand Currents V
10.0EFF I = 1.11 V
10.2 AVE Z =
10.5 √ R 2 (Series
C10.7 RC) C
Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Voltage
R2 Adder Adder Low-Pass Low-Pass Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator EFF
EFF AVE
AVE
P =R+1√RXRZ 222= +X(X L22L––X XCC(Series= 11.0LC)
)Z2 (Series RLC) 11.3 (RC) VA =11.5 VL = VC = 11.8
VR 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Subtractor/ Voltage
Subtractor/
Voltage Subtractor/Subtractor/
Subtractor/ Voltage Voltage
Adder
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage AdderAdder Adder
AdderAdder Low-Pass
Low-Pass
Low-Pass
Low-Pass
Low-Pass Low-Pass Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator R RRMS V VOhm’s
= VAVE Root
PEAK ===0.9 Law
1.57
Mean1.57 VEFF V(DC AVE Circuits)
VAVE
Square = I
Effective P 13.3 V = R
1.57
13.7 = =√ZZ
ZVAVE R=214.0√ R 22C+(Series X 14.3 RC)
(Series RC) √ R
14.7 2 + X 2 15.0 15.4 15.8 Z = √
16.2 R 2 + X 2 (Series RC)
16.5 16.9 17.4
Difference
VA Difference Difference
Voltage R
Difference Amplifier
Subtractor/ Amplifier
Amplifier VOUT
V B R R
R111 Voltage
R R
Adder Low-Pass C Filter/Integrator
PEAK
PEAK
P =0.9 AVE
IR PEAK TOTAL
Impedance R=1X+R Formulas C
C (Series) C C
Difference Amplifier Difference
Voltage
Difference
1
Amplifier
Subtractor/Amplifier
Amplifier VA VA R1
1
R
R1 Voltage Adder
F
RF R R
F
Low-Pass
C
Filter/Integrator
10,000
I 2R
Sinusoidal V VRMS
V AVE== 0.9
0.707
Voltages V VEFF V and = V Currents I2 V = 0.9 V Z – 2 X (Series LC)
Difference Amplifier VOUT
FF EFF
R2 R2 V R V V R R R R RF CC R1C R AVE
AVE EFF PEAK EFF 17.8 AVE 18.2 EFF 18.7 L C 19.1 19.6 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.1 22.6 23.2
Difference
Difference Amplifier
R2
Amplifier
R R2 VA VA
AV 1 A A 1
VC RRR21 R
F
RR1
3 F
RF CVIN
C C F
VRoot V = 0.637 V Z√=R2XZZ L+
=XXC2V(Series
–24.9 AZ = √R
(Series LC)2 + (X – X )2 (Series RLC)
X X
VB R2 R2 R2 2 A
V R222 RF C RMS Ohm’s
= AVE Law
Mean (DC
Square
PEAK Circuits)
= Effective 23.7 Equal Z
24.3 =
Resistors = XinL L Parallel
– X C RL)
25.5
(Series LC) L 26.1C L C 26.7 27.4 28.0 Z X
28.7
= – X (Series
29.4 LC) 30.1 30.9
Voltage Voltage
VCM Subtractor/
Voltage VASubtractor/
VA Voltage
VA Subtractor/ RA1 1 R1 Subtractor/
RR1 R1
R1
R
R2 2 VOUT VOUT VR
VVB VBA
Voltage
2A VV BB Voltage
R2 Adder
Voltage
2
R2
Adder Adder
RN Voltage Adder Low-Pass
Low-Pass Low-Pass C
Filter/Integrator
Filter/Integrator Filter/Integrator
Low-Pass Filter/Integrator VOUT 10,000 1000 Resistor Johnson Noise Formula VEFF = 1.11
√P V2 VAVE V 31.6 32.4 Impedance
33.2
L
I 2 C 34.0 Formulas Z2 = (Series)
X
34.8 –X
(LC)
35.7
VA = ILINEZ
36.5 37.4 38.3
L C
39.2 40.2 41.2
VA V R V V VOUT B V R VOUT VOUT R R R R
VI VOhm’s = 0.707
P
Law V = V Voltage and Impedance R Where RFormulas Z
is the = √ R
value(Parallel)+ (X
of one – X
L2 of the ) (Series L RLC)
C
P I R V(DC Circuits)
R OUTVOUTVB OUT VB B R R 2 VOUT RMS PEAK EFF C
V R3R3R R
2 1 1
Difference Difference
VA R1 Amplifier R1VA
Amplifier
F F
1 VOUT VOUT R
BDifference Amplifier 2 R3 RR1 R1 VOhm’s
PEAK = R 1.57
R R
VA
Difference VBV VAmplifier
VOUT VOUT RR11VVC VVCR R3
R3RFF 3RF RF1 RVFOUT VIN VIN F
R 42.2 = Z =Z√=R2√Z+
43.2 R 2 X+2 (X
44.2 (Series
Z =– X V RC)
)
45.3 (Series RLC)46.4 47.5 48.7 49.9
Z = √R + (XL – XC) (Series RLC) 54.9
51.1 52.3 53.6
R B 1N R11 F
R F
Law (DCAVE Circuits)
R 1 V R VOUT VOUT R V RCC C t = RC = RFC V = 0.637 V P TOTAL equal
(DC Z
resistors, √ CR and 22L+
= √R + XLLL (Series
= 2 N (X
is C 2
the
A – X
number) 2 (Series
2 RL) RLC) 2 2
RXNL Law
V VR B V V V R F
R C
VV VA Ohm’s RAVE = Law (DC Circuits)
IN
VCM VCMVB VVAB A VOUT CV3 VCC RV3A
1
I2VAVE PEAK C
Ohm’s Circuits)
1 OUT
VOUT V IN1 IN 1
CFR1 R F VOUT VOUT
V VCM VCM RR
V2B2
RR2 R1 R1
B1
R2 AA
VCVA VC RRN RR VOUT VIN VIN R1 RF VOUT
Resistor Johnson Noise Formula 0.92 VEFF 56.2 57.6 59.0 VA I 60.4
C
61.9 RX 63.4 64.9 66.5 68.1 69.8 71.5 73.2
VOUT VOUT
V Resistors V in Series/Capacitors in Parallel
RR C 1000
1 2 RRR
VB VBCM VCM R2 N3 F en at 25°C 100
V = 1.11 V V Z= of equal Z =
resistors V Z = (RLC)
Z(RL)
=ZX=L –VZXA =
12 R IN
VCM R1 RV1BVB R1
2 R R2
R2 RR22VVN VVNR
R VC 2
R N
3 R
RN N
N R2 VIN V IN
RFCV
V OUT
RFC VOUT –RF √PR V R EFF V AVE
(Series A
LC) 80.6 2 + X2 84.5
VCM VR C
NVN 2VNN R
t = RC t == RC =OUT 1
+ + + + + + 75.0
√ R 2 + X 276.8 Z C78.7
= V I √ R
82.5 86.6 88.7 90.9 93.1 95.3 97.6
RIVRVTOTAL = R VR1 R R … / C = C C C …
VOUT
VA 11R
R VRCM R2
R11 VA
R 2
RR
R1 VV
11
2
OUT V VOUT
VV B
B VB V
VNOUT
V B N V
N B R RN tt == RC
RC
t = RC = RFCF
t == RR
RC
F C C= R V VCOUT
F OUT = VIN  nV
10,000 VPEAK = 1.57 2
2 VAVEV 2 √P
3 TOTAL 1 2 3 L I
ZI = √AAR + XC (Series RC)
LINE 2 2
Z = VA
A VA ROUT
R V N R1 RFCS + 1
VII2RVAVE2= 0.9 P P
V2Z Voltage and I Impedance Formulas (Parallel)
VV V 2PV
AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE
22 OUT N
RR33 VN VR
R3 3
N R3 OUT
OUTVOUT OUT V OUT R
R11
R
R1 Rt = RC =tR
R
RFFF t = RC
R=R C = RFC
FFRC
1 R–R CFt =–R RC F 1= RFC
RF1 Hz 100
en at 25°C 10
V
VR 2
IVRR R = √R2V+ I
VB V BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, VVCC VC VC VVIN
IN
V
VIN 1 VINVVOUT=V =OUT
V
V= IN–R
–R
=FFV
–R IN –RF1 1
F 1
1 P I 2 ROhm’s Law
R
R EFF (DC Circuits)
Resistors
R PP V
in Parallel/Capacitors in Series
Common RX CCapacitor Values
(XL – XC)2 (Series RLC)
B VB R
R11 VCM R1
B
R
V C IN V OUT
OUT =V V
OUT
VOUT = VIN RR11 RR
IN
IN = FR
V 1
IN
R
RR
CS 1
F
V
V
CS
CS

+ R
R
1
+
+F
1
CS
1
CS V
+
+
1
1
VnV
I I 2 R P PV Z = R (RC) R
ZV = = X V RX – = LX V (Series
= V LC) V A
Z = A LLP CC (RL) R
M AMPLIFY AMPLIFY THE1 THE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE –RF BANDWIDTH 1F CS
F F1 OUT 10,000
SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES R1 –RR F V1OUT
OUT 1F OFOUT Z=
R22 RREJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT SIGNAL P I22R
OUT 1000
1VV V√P
RRNN R + 1–R
CM
R 1 RBETWEEN
AMPLIFY AMPLIFY
R22 AMPLIFYBETWEEN
AMPLIFY
THE TWO DIFFERENCE
THERTWO
THE
DIFFERENCE
VOLTAGES,
DIFFERENCE
VOLTAGES, VV RN N RN VOUT = VV
VOUT IN =V
OUT = V –R
IN F  = F 1 Hz
IR √PR V R P 1 RI22R+ XC2 ZpF
√pF = VA √R2pF+ X 2 pF I Formulas
THE
VI
2DIFFERENCE RIN1 RVROUT +VR
VOLTAGES, NN V VN VN FRCS 1+FCS +1R CS + 1 10 1 µF µF µF µF µF µF µF
Voltage and L Impedance LINE (Parallel)
BETWEEN TWO IN
AMPLIFY THE
AMPLIFY REJECTBETWEEN
REJECT
DIFFERENCE
THE
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
TWO
COMMON-MODE
COMMON-MODE
DIFFERENCE TWO
VOLTAGES,
TWO VOLTAGES,
VOLTAGES,VOLTAGE VOLTAGE SUM SUM
MULTIPLEMULTIPLE VOLTAGES
VOLTAGES LIMIT LIMIT
BANDWIDTH tt == RC
BANDWIDTH RC ==OF tRR=FFCRC
C
1 OF
SIGNAL
R
1 FCS
=SIGNAL 1R
RFC 1 t = RC F = R C I2 R TOTAL P = I √P I / C TOTAL = V
AMPLIFY
REJECT
AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE
COMMON-MODE
THE DIFFERENCE VOLTAGE
N
SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES LIMIT BANDWIDTH t = RC =OF RFSIGNAL
C F
VI VI VP 2
1 V 1 1 √PP PR 1 1 1 VoltageI Z Impedance
and √ R 2Impedance
+ (X – X )Formulas
2 (Series 0.01 (Parallel)
RLC)
REJECT REJECT COMMON-MODE
COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE SUMSUM MULTIPLE MULTIPLE VOLTAGES
VOLTAGES LIMIT BANDWIDTH
LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL
OF SIGNAL
Ohm’s Law P (DCIRCircuits) I 1.0
XL XC Voltage10 and = 100 1000
Formulas (Parallel) 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10,000
IR1+ R2P+ RP+ + + +…
SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES
V2R√P
REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL
BETWEEN TWO
BETWEEN BETWEEN VOLTAGES,
TWO
BETWEEN VOLTAGES, TWO
TWO VOLTAGES, VOLTAGES,
1000
en at 25°C 100
VI P PR R … RX Z √P
L
RXL1100
C
V
REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE SUM MULTIPLE SUM SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES VOLTAGES LIMIT LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL C1 C2 CZ3=VI X1.1– X (LC)PVoltage 11 VAand = I110 Impedance
= LC PR (RC)
Formulas (Parallel)
Z V=C = VRA Voltage and Impedance Formulas (Parallel)
REJECT COMMON-MODE
REJECTCOMMON-MODE
REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGEVOLTAGE VOLTAGE MULTIPLE
SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES VOLTAGES LIMITBANDWIDTHBANDWIDTH
LIMIT
VVOUT == BANDWIDTH
VV V
OF –R
–R
–R OF
=FF SIGNAL
SIGNAL
V
–R
1
1OF
1F SIGNAL 1 –RF 1 1 0
I 2 R V R P
3R
V L C ZI =RX LZ RX
LINE
A = VV
VVA(RL) L A=
OUT = V IN
VOUT IN OUT  IN F 
  V OUT = V IN  nV 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
√PR I P V 1.2 Z12= Z =Z = V120 (RL) (RL)
Z =
1200 Z = I
IRV RRVI2
IN R R11 R RFFCSR1 ++ 11
CS RFCS + 1 R1 RFCS + 1 RESISTANCE (𝛀)
√PR √PR V V √ R RX2 L√RC2 + XL IZ
2A+ L X 2 2 V A LINE
IA RXL VA
II
R1 RFCS + 1
√R=2 +√RX22130 L + XL (RL)
AMPLIFY
AMPLIFY AMPLIFY
THE
THE DIFFERENCE
THE AMPLIFY
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE en at Hz
25°C 100
AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE 10
VR = 4kTRB
√PR VV2 Two VIResistors in Parallel 1.3 RX 13 Z 2 I+ XL22V
1300LINE= I LINE Z= (RL) Z =
BETWEEN
BETWEEN BETWEENTWO
TWO VOLTAGES,
TWO
VOLTAGES, VOLTAGES,
BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, 0 Resistors in Series/Capacitors VI P in Parallel √PP Z√PR= 1.5 Voltage V
(RLC) R √ R LINE
LINE
1500 ILINE
V2V2 I and Impedance XC LFormulas (Parallel)
BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, nV 10
P I R 2 15 √R2 + X150 2
√R2 + X2 15 Z =RXCXL150 I RXC1500 V = I 0.015 0.15 1.5
where: 1k
PP C1 + CR2 + C3 + R R
100 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
… VVP22 RRTOTAL = 1 2
JECT
JECT REJECT
COMMON-MODE
COMMON-MODE COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE SUM
SUMSUM MULTIPLE
SUM MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE VOLTAGES
VOLTAGES VOLTAGES LIMIT
LIMIT BANDWIDTH
LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL OF SIGNAL OF SIGNAL L
REJECT COMMON-MODEREJECT COMMON-MODE
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE MULTIPLE SUM
VOLTAGES MULTIPLE VOLTAGES LIMIT BANDWIDTH
BANDWIDTH OF OF LIMIT SIGNAL
SIGNAL BANDWIDTH Hz RESISTANCE
VR = resistor Johnson (𝛀)
Noise spectral RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 + … / CTOTAL 2=
density
1.6 16 Z 160
RX
= C(RC)(LC) V 1600 V (RC)
V V VZ = V = V = V
101
IIPRI I PPP R1+R2
Z = ZRX=L X RX – X2CC = = A
A VA LVA =C VL =R V
(RC) = LINE A = VL C R
Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 × 10–23 J/K)
VR k== 4kTRB
V R PPP PV V 1.8P Z =18 Z √R=2 +√2RXL2180 2V C Z
C(RL)+ √XRC222 =+ (RC) XC2 VAA = VLL = VCCC= VRRR RXC
where:
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin √PR I IR
IRIR PIII22
2
I I √ R 2+ X√ L R2 +
2
P XCC2
1800
I LINE Z= (RC) VA = VL = VC = VR
V R= = resistance
resistor in
Johnson OhmsNoise spectral density Resistors in Parallel/Capacitors
Resistors in
in IRSeries
Series/Capacitors I22 Equal in √P Resistors in Parallel
Parallel
P
2.0 20 P=X RX 200 2000 √R + XC2
2
Differential Amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier Amplifier
10 R
1 VI P P 1I V 2
2.2 IR Voltage
Z22= XRX=
ZX and
IC2 √XXZ
L C
2X+
L220 Impedance
X
C 2L CVA2200 X (RLC) Formulas
= ILINE Z (Parallel)
0.022 0.22 2.2 22 220 2200
RLL(LC)
–23
High-Pass
High-PassHigh-Pass Filter/Differentiator
Filter/Differentiator
Filter/Differentiator Differential
Differential AmplifierAmplifier Instrumentation
Instrumentation Amplifier 10k B= =Boltzmann’s
bandwidth
100 inconstant
1k Hz (1.38 ×100k
10k 10 J/K)1M 10M 100M
RC2 +R Cis3the =XCC XX(LC)
High-Pass High-Pass High-Pass
Filter/Differentiator Filter/Differentiator
Filter/Differentiator DifferentialDifferential
Differential
Differential Amplifier Amplifier
Amplifier
Amplifier
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Amplifier
Amplifier Amplifier At 25°C,T4kT = absolute
= 1.65 × 10 RESISTANCE
–20 W/Hz,
temperature in KelvinVR(𝛀)
therefore, =RTOTAL
1.65 × =10 –20RB RTOTAL =/ RC + R2I=+ R3 + … / CTOTAL =R
1 TOTAL R = P C1 + Where +… value of one of the Z =24 Z L – XCX X(RC) V–AX= V2400 = VVC A==VRILINEVZA = ILINEZ
L(LC)
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator
RF RFRF 1 1 1 1 IR 1 P1 TOTAL 2.4 Z =
√R + XXC L –– XCL
2 2 L 240
–RX C (LC)
L C V A = I V
LINE Z X X
R F R F RF
+–V 100M + –V+ … 10k𝛀 10k𝛀 + –VIN+R
N equal resistors, and N is the number A LINEA
Z = L– C (LC) VA = ILINEZ
I2C + … ofV10k𝛀
R R VR = 4kTRB
0 R = resistance
27 Z =RX L 2270C 2 (RL) 2700Z =
RF in Ohms
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator RF F F Differential Amplifier RF R RFF Op Amp Noise for Single-Pole Instrumentation
+ +
System
R2' Amplifier
R2' R3'
+ R3'
10BClosed-Loop Frequency Response
R R R –V 10k𝛀 √PR10k𝛀 10k𝛀C V C
–V
equal resistors 2.7
I X L XC
Differential Amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier
R2' R3' IN IN
Differential Amplifier
Differential RF
Amplifier Instrumentation
++
Instrumentation Amplifier A1 Amplifier
100 1kHz 10k 100k 1M 10M
√ R + X
+ +
where:
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator
+ = bandwidth in Resistors
Resistors in
in Series/Capacitors
Parallel/Capacitors in Parallel
in Series
+
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator + +V + +
R2'
R2'
A1 A1 R2' R3'
R3' R3'
for Voltage
IN
1 IN2 IN –V
3 1 2 3
I Z = RX (RLC) L LINE
10–20Feedback Amplifiers 30X √ZXRC=
–V
=+ X22 2VRX
V SIG
Resistors inSeries/Capacitors 3.0 300 3000
RSeries/Capacitors ininParallel
Parallel
R R2'
A1 R3' RESISTANCE (𝛀) IN 10k𝛀 10k𝛀 10k𝛀 2RX
CCININ CCIN CIN
~ ~ V
(RLC)
SIG

=+
+
2
Resistors R12in Parallel10k𝛀 ZX22330
A1 ~ A1 V R =×resistor Johnson Noise spectral density–20RB
Z = LZ
SIG
V SIG2V SIG V SIG
R = 1.65 × 10 = ILINEZ (RLC)
F RF At 25°C, 4kT = 1.65 W/Hz, therefore, V
VIN V CIN RF IN R RF VOUT VOUT
VOUT VIN– VIN–RGR RR
RG R G
R OpR Amp VNoise for Single-Pole
V SIG
2 2
2
~ ~
+ System
~ A1
2
Closed-Loop VRk=
Frequency
4kTRB Response –V RTOTAL Resistors
= R110k𝛀 + 10k𝛀 +
in Series/Capacitors
3 + … / CTOTAL = C1in
10k𝛀 10k𝛀
2 + C2 + C31+ … X – XC √R2
(LC) A(RLC)
IN C
VOUT VVOUT
~
VVININ VIN R VIN RGF G
2 R2' R3'
constant (1.38 × 10–23 J/K) 10k𝛀
+ + + V + + + 3.3 33 + 3300 0.033 0.33 3.3 33 RX 330(RLC) 3300
C√R
F RF = Boltzmann’s
X2
IN
V R = R R R … / C = C C C …
OUT
V
G F OUT+VOUT+2 +
Two
V
Resistors
RRV24.7k𝛀 IN = =–V R1IN11+in Parallel
P2+10k𝛀 CTOTAL =C=11C1+ Resistors in Series/Capacitors L √ R +
RXin X 2 Parallel
22 + 133 + 11+ 21+
V +3 + Z=
IN R V R R
R= 24.7k𝛀
R24.7k𝛀 1+ R1IN210k𝛀 R V3+ C222C+
OUT… / C
VIN RIN
RINCININ RIN
IN
RIN
VOUT VIN– VIN–IN–
VIN–
IN– G
V V
V
VOUT+OUT+
VV SIG
VOUT+ OUT+
V CM V CM OUT+
+ + ~
+
R1' + R1'
A1
+
R2'
+
R2' R3' R2'R3'
V OUT V OUT R3'
for Voltage T = Feedback
where: Amplifiers
absolute temperature CM
in Kelvin
CM
V
CM G
R V
G
RR TOTAL
TOTAL–V
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
–VR
24.7k𝛀 CM 10k𝛀 … R/10k𝛀 CTOTALTOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
OUT =OUT
24.7k𝛀 C333C …… 3.6 36 Z = 360 (RC)3600 VA = VL = VC = VR
1 1
CM CM G
G
V G 24.7k𝛀 G
P OUT
√ R 2 + X2
VIN C
RIN V RG V OCMVVOCM
OCM OCM
OCM V OCM
V2
V CM CM V CM
V
RG
V
RGRSIG
CM
R1'
VN, R2VA1 V
RG R1' R1' A1 A1 V OUT
R1' V OUT
A3 V OUT
A3 OUT V
V = resistor Johnson Noise
CM
spectral densityG R 24.7k𝛀
R+1 R210k𝛀
Resistors I + in in +…
Parallel/Capacitors
OUT
10k𝛀
OUT OUT
P10k𝛀 10k𝛀in in + + +…
Series RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 + … / RX C √R= 2+ C +2C + C3 + …
3901 XC 2 3900
CIN CIN OUT V VIN–VIN+ V SIG V CMSIG
OUT–VOUT–
VVOUT+
~ G ~
RG R1'R1 ~ R1G R GAIN FROM
V OUT
A3 R
R = resistance in Ohms
Z =39 TOTAL
A3 A3
2R2 = A3 Resistors Series/Capacitors Parallel
IR 3.9
IN RG V IN+ RVG VVIN+RG RRGGOCM 2
R10k𝛀 (RLC)
1 R10k𝛀 R10k𝛀 C110k𝛀 C 2 C3
RG 2 ~ V
Differential Differential Amplifier Amplifier VOUT–
Instrumentation Instrumentation Amplifier Amplifier RTOTAL =Resistors
R1 + + A3R1 GAIN R
RIN ~
Differential Amplifier
VOUT– V
Instrumentation Amplifier (1.38 × 10–23 J/K)
Resistors in 3Parallel/Capacitors in Series
R1
VOUT VOUT V VOUT– R1 “A” TO OUTPUT k
B == Boltzmann’s
bandwidth inconstant
CM 24.7k𝛀10k𝛀
High-Pass
VIN High-Pass
VINFilter/Differentiator
Filter/Differentiator
VIN
High-Pass Filter/Differentiator IN+VIN+VIN+
IN– Differential RG Amplifier
G
2 1in
VIN, R2Instrumentation Amplifier
VOUT– OUT– 10k𝛀 OUT
Hz
Parallel/Capacitors 2 in Series
IN+ ++
VIN– OUT R ~ ~
I 1
R1
√ R 2 + X 2
R1' + V OUT
V ~
High-Pass RINFilter/Differentiator
R V
V CM
V R V ~ + (dB)
CM Resistors in Parallel/Capacitors + Cin +Series
V
R R11+R
R24.7k𝛀
G
RIN RIN IN– G G OCM
G OUT+ OUT+ OUT++ R+~ +
A3 T = absolute temperature in Kelvin V CM +V V
+VRTOTAL
R
R+V V
= =R10k𝛀
CM
+ R10k𝛀R224.7k𝛀 + + … / C C = C=OUT
R24.7k𝛀 3+ …
COUT 4.3 43 430 4300
1210k𝛀1 3 +VIN/ TOTAL
V SIG + V SIG G NOISE GAIN =V IN G IN G 10k𝛀
VN, R1 R2 R2 R3 R3
At 25°C, 4kT = 1.65 × 10–20 W/Hz, therefore, VR = 1.65 × 10+V +VTOTAL
G
TOTAL 1 2OUT
10k𝛀1 11 1
+ + –20RB
RRFF R
RFF RF VVOCM
IN+ VOCM VOCM B CM VOUT– 2V
CMV SIG
R1
V
+SIG V SIG N– V
2 CM ~ 4kTR2
R2 ~ ~ R ~
R1
V ~R1'
V RA2
+R1'
R2
GAINA2FROMA3
R2 R2
R1'
R3
R3 OUT R3 OUT VOUT V IN IN
+V IN 10k𝛀
1
10k𝛀
11 1 Resistors in Parallel/Capacitors XL470 XC in Series
RG R RFF RF R = resistance in Ohms
Two Resistors in Parallel
+
= 4.7 47 (LC) 4700 VA = ILINE 0.047 0.47 4.7 47 470 4700
~ R 10k𝛀
R
RRTOTAL == 24.7k𝛀 //10k𝛀 CCTOTAL = + 10k𝛀
A3 IN
1–V+ + 1+…
V SIG 2 R2A3 R2 R3
Z
SIG G
R R GAIN Z=
G
2 R2A2 ~ A2 R3
+ Parallel IN 10k𝛀+ …
2 G
VIN+V = RF= RVR R1 “A” TO OUTPUT TOTAL=
F F F ~ ++ A2
+ V V
–RF –RFRINCIN RS INCINS VIN+ TOTAL
VOUT– ++ R2' NG = 1 +R3'
Equal Resistors INin
ROUT– 2 R1 + –V
–V
VIN+ F VR
2
VOUT V =OUT
VIN –R = VFIN
VIN =VOUT
–RR
= V
–R
CIN FR SINCRININSCINS R V
VOUT
R V VOUT
diff
=
RFR= RRFIN
diff
R =
R V R
FF V R
F V IN R
RV
FF V
RFOUT– ~
V SIG
+
~+
+ ~
++
+ + V
+ OUT
+ VV OUT == R2
A2 R1 R2'
= VV = R3
V
SIG R3 SIG1 2R1
OUT+ R2'
SIG = R3
VVSIG
R2
2R1
R3
+ R 1+ R
2R1
R3
R3 +
R2G
2R1
R2'
 R3'A1
2R1G
A2
R3'+
R1 R3' + R2' R3' (dB) B = bandwidth in Hz IN +V
R V
TOTAL
TOTAL
=V 1=
–V+IN=2 ×
REF
+21
21×
10k𝛀
124.7k𝛀
VIN
R
REF
Resistors
REF
REF
VV11R
24.7k𝛀
REF + 2VV 10k𝛀 +in
V
1 1
R V 10k𝛀 10k𝛀
10k𝛀
V 3Parallel/Capacitors /
–VIN
C 10k𝛀
TOTAL
TOTAL =in C1 1
Series C 1 1 C 11 5.1 1 51 XL 510 – XC 1
5100
+ +VIN V++1V + +… + + + 10k𝛀 +…
F IN F V 11+2R1 1 1 2 3
VOUT =VOUT RIN
V –R
–RFF R R C RR S
RININ CC
+C SS
1INCS+S1 G OUTdiff G IN ~ A1
A1 A1 
+ RRG 1 + R 2 × 24.7k𝛀
V+
RV + V+ … 10k𝛀2R×110k𝛀 R2 10k𝛀 V
… RTOTAL = / CTOTAL =
C1+11+VREF +
G VNOISE GAIN = + 2 ×
 IN  OUT OUT G F IN G IN 4kTR1 I V R3R2 OUT OUT IN ×
IN
REF REF 24.7k𝛀
REF
VOUT
diff V = =RVGGIN F VN,
OUT OUT
R21SIG
V1 R 1
C1C2221 + CC333 1 + …
IN IN IN
IN RININ diff
RG R VIN 2 VV NV + CLOSED- R2
 R3
2R1
At 25°C, 4kT = 1.65 × 10–20 W/Hz, therefore, VR = 1.65 ×V 10V–20 = 1RB+ V 2= + V= 1+ + VR REF
C CIN VOUT = =VINVRIN CR SININ 4kTR2 SIG V OUT = VSIG
A1 A2 1+V
×V24.7k𝛀 10k𝛀
G
V + ~~ + ~
+ 2R1 G V = V
CIN VOUT IN RRIN RIN +C1ININS +IN1 + 1 R
R1 SIG
SIG SIG + OUT OUT IN REF
C R
~ 1+ R G GIN
= 1 + R Where IN RR is+V the value of
RR33one of the
diff OUT 24.7k𝛀
R+R+
11 RR222+
N– R 2R1
OUT SIG OUT REF
IN REF
RB
GR2
IN CIN IN
R–R F R
RININ
RC CINCINSINS+S+1 1 RGG R VOUT VOUT =VR
diff
R F =V
G RG RF R1 SIG V22 ~V 2SIG LOOP V BW IF R2 = R3,IF R2
2 = R3,
R2
1+2R1G =G 1 +
R2 R3 VOUT R2 R3 G R3R2 OUT G IN
G REF
G IN V 110k𝛀 3+ RTOTAL …
V10k𝛀 10k𝛀 ==1 + VC
+ 1 15.6 1 56 560 1 156001
R =
SIG RG RG
VIN VOUT = VV VOUT IN
VVIN VOUT RG G VVOUT =OUT OCM VOCM
G SIG 2 ~ + ~
IFIFR2
R2
= ==VR3,
R3, G= =R3 ++ 2R1
=11R3, G2R1R2 2R1 R REF OUT IN
V IN IN cmV cm =V ~ 2 G
IF R2 = 1+ G
R = 1 / C RG = 1 + 6.2+ + …62 Z = RX +(RLC) + +…
RTwo Resistors RinTOTAL Parallel
= f
V OUT A2 
V+R
OUT R
OUT V =V =V 2 1+
2R1
VR + VV Rand N
2 × 24.7k𝛀
R C C C
OUTdiff IN
VIN IN
CINS +V IN– V VIN–
VIN– Vcm OCM
VVOUT+ V
VN,
2 A2
CL NG
SIG
A2 = 1 + RGGR RG A(S), TOTAL V = 1 + equal resistors, is31Series/Capacitors
the Vnumber
TOTAL
Resistors in in Parallel
IN IF R2 = R3, G = 1R2 + 2R1
VOUT OUT=V Rcm
OCM OCM
AVRF VOUT+ LOOP GAIN,
N
G
RIN ROUT cm
ROCM R3 RG VVCM 620 6200
R
RIN RIN –RF BLOCK R BLOCK
RVINFINCIN=SR DC, –R
DC,
AMPLIFY INR
AMPLIFY C
AC 1
S AC IN– R R
IN–cmVOUT
G R
F =V R OUT+ OUT+
R3 I R1 R2
IF R2 = R3, G = 1 +
R OPEN-LOOP 6dB/OCTAVE OUT
V
IN
R
REF
CM 1 RR 1 CM 2
1 24.7k𝛀
24.7k𝛀 V 24.7k𝛀
CM R 1 2 1
24.7k𝛀 1
1 12 3 R R R C C C3
VDRIVE
IN –R INCINS F DRIVEVA F AV DIFFERENTIAL
VDIFFERENTIAL = cm F F
VININPUT INPUT
ADCADC
OUT+ FROM FROM
A V VVA VAMPLIFY AMPLIFY +LOW R1'LOW
LEVEL LEVEL
V DIFFERENTIALDIFFERENTIAL  VV SIGNAL,
SIGNAL, 2R1
RGG G V REF
OCM A𝛃
+ + + OUT + +
OUT
+ OUT
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