Teori Pembangunan Week 1

Internasional Definisi dan sejarah

SEMESTER 5 pembangunan internasional

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Anggun Trisnanto HS, S.IP., Definition of Development

M.IDEA ● The Growth and Upgrading into

e.killian@ub.ac.id (Email)/@ErzaKillian (Telegram) better way.

○ Pertumbuhan dan Peningkatan
ke yang lebih baik.

Short Brief ● Something associates with economic

development & social development.
○ Sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi & Sosial.
● How to increase the standard of life
or a process for better life.
○ Bagaimana meningkatkan
standar kehidupan atau proses
menuju kehidupan yang lebih
baik.
Theory that consist 4 blocks that drive the ● Keywords 👉 Growth, Expansion, and
economic sector: Improvement.
○ Pertumbuhan, Ekspansi, dan
Peningkatan.
○ Tambahan1

1
Elemen penting lain adalah Change:
1. Internal management
2. External involvement
3. What happen before and after the
project
4. It can be process in reverse → facing
the difficult situation
5. What project for what kind of
situation? Why and How? Result?

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 ● How can we change the situation and
who can change the strategy and
resources to upgrade.
○ Bagaimana mengubah keadaan
dan siapa yang mampu
mengubah strategi dan sumber
daya agar menjadi lebih baik
(peningkatan).
Strategy of Development
● Strategi dalam Development
merupakan semacam metode atau
usaha untuk meningkatkan
sumber daya yang ada.
● “We try to go as fast and effective as
we can” – Mr. Anggun
● The Kind of Strategies / Jenis-jenis
Strategi
○ Capacity Building (Training, in &
out class)
○ Community Development
○ Advocacy
○ Participant & Empowerment
○ Assistantships or Facilitator
○ Market linkage about supply,
demand, and business.
Example of Influential
● Australian Aid2
2
Australian AID
- PROSPERA dan PRISMA
- For geopolitic sector
- Other reasons: to create something
that benefit to Australia (put money
2
● World Bank
● United Nations
Important Document
● Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers
● Country Partnership Strategy
● Comprehensive Development
Framework (Talking about actor &
Policy Making)
● Structural Adjustment Policies
● Country Strategic Planning Profile
(Technical Issues)
A series of Challenges
● Social & Political Context
● Political Regimes (Democracy,
Autocracy, Totalitarian)
● Limited Budget
● Human Resources
● National Commitment
How to measure the
effectiveness of the strategy
1. Timeline → is limited to certain
times
2. Audit → is connected to budgeting
3. Management → is to allocate the
resources
inside, modified, empowering people,
then they take benefit from it by import)

Week 2 : Gagasan-gagasan
pembangunan internasional
Theory
● “Theory is a tool to guidance as
scholars to more scientific. Also,
explaining a particular context the
way we use.” – Mr. Anggun
● Fungsi Teori: as perspectives, as
guidance, as explanations. Leading
to a more scientific way and
expanding more knowledge.
● Tambahan 3, 4, 5
● Why More Theories?
○ For Contradictory, so theory will
be able to upgrade, and have a
difference between realities and
perspectives, also more
different aspects to theory.
● The Size of Theory
○ Major6
○ Meso 👉 Relatively, from major 7
○ Minor
MAJOR: Modernization (Talcott
Parsons)
● The issue of modernization is from
progress and evolution and also
adaptation.
● Why do we need evolution? So we
could adapt.
● There are 4 elements:
1) Bureaucracy (political engine)
○ Hampir mustahil untuk
mengatur banyak orang tanpa
adanya birokrasi.
○ Jadi sistem itu memang
diperlukan (By rules,
regulation, and penalty)
2) Stratification (layoffs)
○ Merupakan layer dan
klasifikasi sosial

3
Theory is: The way we devine and use
something
4
Before designing a policy or making some
decision → first we need to know the theory
and how it applied to the society, moreover
how they react in reality.
5
Theory and reality → always, had a gab →
evolution of the theory → adjustable to the ○ They were additional layers
reality
6
The Example of Major Theory: because of change → ex: in a
Modernization, Economic growth,
crisis situation, there's a
Dependency
7
The Example of Meso Theory: Gejala Linier
proses globalisasi

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 switch of between mid to low,
and vice versa.
3) Organization
4) Money & markets
○ Discovery of money is part of
modernization → simplifikasi
proses dagang dan barter
● Tambahan8, 9
MAJOR: Economic Growth
(Popularized by Rostow)
Phase of economic growth:
a. Traditional (tribalism)
b. Pre-condition
c. Take off
d. Maturity
e. High mass consumption
(+) it's not a linear process, it can go back
and forth.
(+) Proses pembangunan memerlukan
stabilitas
(+) Jika tahapannya bisa urut, berarti
sudah ‘well planned’
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Phase of modernization
- Post-mod → usually happen in
developed country
- Semakin modern, semakin banyak
kemudahan, setimbang dengan
semakin tingginya tingkat stress
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Problem di indonesia adalah, we don't have
any problem, because our country is in
ecuador. Basically lazy because everything is
easy to get.
4
The Critics of Economic Growth
(Modern & Eco – Growth)
● Asymmetric between countries
● Economic Growth design for
certain Circumstances
○ Asumsinya, semua ideal tanpa
gejolak. Mengabaikan
ketidakstabilan dan perbedaan
kondisi
○ Standar Global tidak selalu
relevan
○ Thats why “Development can be
reverse”
● Those theory neglecting colonialism
impact (inferior mentality)
○ Mental block that construct
during colonialism
● The role of big countries creates a
Cold war influence way to develop
countries.
MAJOR: Dependency
(Neo-Marxism)
Neo-Marxism characteristic:
● Capital Accumulation
○ Penumpukan aset di satu
titik atau negara (maju)
● Exploitation
○ Semakin cepat sejak era
revolusi industri
Why are we always dependent on Week 3 : Development State
each other?
(DS)
● Cause always has an intervention
The function of state on the
from the west. (mindset)
economic side
● It’s all about Global Development
standard ● to control and regulate market
and society.
2 Scholars thinking about
● The state can control and regulate
dependency:
the process of production,
1) Reformist (kiri) distribution, and allocation.
● Even we are in the dependent ● Market on the social market is all
system, but we have internal of us.
progress ● The problem : Sometimes the state
● (internal progress → is not professional.
Perkembangan teknologi)
Characteristic of Professional state
● Contribution of internal actor
● internal actor to create ● One of the most prominent
something → Technology, Market, characteristics is clean and
Knowledge professional bureaucracy,
2) Marxism (kiri banget) because bureaucracy is an
● More or less about development engine.
of underdevelopment ● Korea selatan, Jepang, Taiwan,
● Means they are trapped Singapura are Clean Bureaucracy
● Exploitation: Physic and mindset
● unequal traits → Bcs of standard
→ So, some decided to disconnect
to the standard
● Free competition → No room for
smaller entity, monopoly

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The critics to developmental state Theory that Matter

1) Marx 1) Neoliberalism
● State is a parasite. Almost ➢ is a term used to signify the
impossible that state is political reappearance of
clean. 19th-century ideas associated
2) Elite Capture with free-market capitalism
➢ State masih penting, hanya
How to produce the good
untuk memuat regulasi bukan
development plan !
untuk masuk di pasar

★ Solely (semata-mata) planned by ➢ Firstly, there was the spread of

agency neoliberalism from around 1979,

★ Must triggered the economic state which lasted for roughly a

and economic growth decade leading up to the fall of

★ Tambahan10 the Berlin Wall, led by

neoconservative parties of the
EVOLUTION: Market System right, and notably by Reagan and
Thatcher (even if Carter and
● Cold War: Karena terdapat banyak
Callaghan had delivered the first
masalah pada planning sebelumnya
blows). Secondly, there was the
(birokrasi dan gab theory-reality),
application of neoliberalism
state rusak
which lasted nearly two decades,
● Moving into market system, directing
between the demise of state
by Two Key Actors:
socialism and the global financial
1) Margareth Thatcher
crisis
2) Ronald Reygan
2) New Neoliberal
● They say, state could not control the
➢ Concepts such as ‘human
market (Neoliberalism11)
capital’ offered a new lens
10
In the past, when the state was the only through which to analyze and
actor in economic development, they didn't
calculate decision-making in
like the Market.
non-market contexts.
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Neoliberalism
- State masih penting, hanya untuk ➢ The virtue of markets was their
memuat regulasi bukan untuk masuk competitive quality, which
di pasar

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 provided a normative procedure
through which value and
knowledge could be
ascertained.
➢ all spheres of human activity
should therefore be
reconstructed around the
standards of competition, so as
to ensure that valuable products,
services, artefacts, ideas and
people were discoverable.
➢ reforms of public-sector
bureaucracies sought to inject a
spirit of enterprise into
government itself
3) New Institutional Economic
(Doughless north)
➢ North's approach to
economic growth and
development goes well
beyond the factors studied
by neoclassical economists
to encompass technology,
population, ideology,
politics and institutions. He
has thus provided a new
framework for
understanding the
long-run success and
failure of societies.
7
➢ analyzes broader
institutional environments
and the role of the state.
➢ transaction costs,
property rights and
contracts. These concepts
became the “golden
triangle” of NIE and,
combined with NIE’s
increasingly radical
behavioral assumptions
(e.g., North 2005)
➢ North highlighted the trade
off between the high cost of
private protection of
property using private
police, private armies and
the like, versus the risk of
state protection of
property, which might
reduce private costs but
invite state
encroachment
(pelanggaran batas) on
rights
➢ North answers his
persistent question about
wealth and poverty as
follows: “Third World
countries are poor
because the institutional
 constraints define a set of
payoffs to
political/economic
activity that do not
encourage productive
activity”
➢ “Societies that get ‘stuck’
embody belief systems and
institutions that fail to
confront and solve new
problems of societal
complexity” (North 1994, p.
● Insulation (dipisahkan urusan
publik dan privat)
● Weak Society & Weak Media
Kritik
1. Tergantung kapasitas negara
2. Terlalu bergantung pada analisis
historis
3. Terlalu banyak Intervensi
Benefit
1. Good governance is a:

6) a. Process
b. Balancing, between giving
➢ Douglas memberikan space and protection
pemerintah sebuah c. Negotiate and make a
measures, dan poticy together
merekomendasikan
society reform terlebih
dahulu dalam jangka
waktu tertentu
ketimbnag merubah
hukum atau konstitusi.

➢ Douglas north merupakan

seorang Ekonomis asal
amerika

Component of D.S

● Determined by the elit

● Pemimpin nya sedikit diktator tapi
negara nya mampu maju (Jokowi)
● Autonomy

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Week 4 : Neo Patrimonial (NP)
The Neo Patrimonial Theory
● This theory is from 1950s in Africa
● Economic Development was not
positive
● Presidentialism, bossism, strong
man. One of them are the biggest
actor that drive the growth.
The Pattern of Patrimonial
● Patron (The Strong man) 👉 Gives
Resources👉 Client 👉 Give
Support 👉 Patron (The Strong
man)
● When we talk about patrimonial,
we talk about:
1. Type of relations is vertical
2. Type of state resources
Clientelism
● Who? Brokerage things of
patrimonial pattern
● In the middle of relations between
Patron & Client
● Dipengaruhi oleh professional
bureaucracy.
Rent-Seeking
● Individual receives resources from
another person or person as the
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result of a favourable decision in
some public policy.
What is the meaning of “Neo” in
“Neo-Patrimonialism” ?
● Neo means new.
● It means there are new or modern
version of the patrimonialism
practice that we cant even
diffrentiate formal and informal
things.
4 Basic elements of Neo
Patrimonialism
● Hybridity
● Little distinction exists between
the public and private spheres.
● The formalized state grants
legitimacy and recognition from
the international state rhythm
● Unpredictability
We can't predict uncertain things.
We can’t invest.
Dualism is the practice of economic
development.
 memiliki flaws dan kurang lebih
Week 5 : Neoliberal menyebabkan market failure. Neo
disini menyempurnakan teori
Kondisi persoalan sosial
dengan menambahkan institusi
masyarakat
dengan perannya “to make rules

● Korupsi and regulate”

● Market failure
INSTITUSI DALAM NEOLIBERAL
● Kurangnya kapasitas negara untuk
menyelamatkan market ● Pentingnya institusi, dalam upaya
untuk memerangi kemiskinan
Kemunculan Neoliberal
● Institusi merupakan kata kunci yang

● Kemunculan seiring dengan upaya dipopulerkan oleh salah satu

memperbaiki liberalisme economist historian namanya

● Muncul ketika AS dituntut Reagan douglass north.

and Thatcher
New Institutional Economic
● Diasosiasikan dengan:
(douglass north)
1) Deregulasi
2) Privatisasi, tidak boleh ● New institutional economic
dimiliki diluar individu (ekonomi yang berbasis pada
3) Paket ekonomi yang institusi)
sifatnya memperkuat pasar ● North percaya bahwa market akan
berfungsi apabila ditunjang oleh
Neoliberal beriringan dengan
institusi yang memadai, yang
asumsi bahwa “institution working
menjadi enabling environment
for market” bagi berjalannya pasar
● Dalam pengertian Douglas north.
● Permasalahan atas market failure
Institusi terbagi menjadi 2:
ternyata muncul karena belum
1) Formal bisa berarti aturan main
adanya institusi untuk
(rules dan regulation), peraturan
penyempurnaan
pemerintah, aturan pasar saham,
● Neoliberal makes institution
dll.
rights. Karena institusi asumsi
utama liberal soal free market ini

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 2) Informal untuk menjelaskan keuntungan khususnya
faktor diluar legal. Jadi informal secara finansial
setting merujuk pada perilaku
Persoalan serius Neolib
sosial, tatanan sosial yang
berlaku di masyarakat yang itu Karena faktor non formal
tidak terinstitusionalisasikan
1. Tidak bisa diprediksi
dalam kelembagaan yang resmi
2. Ada potensi kegagalan dari sebuah
tapi itu ada dan mempengaruhi
institusi karena internal problem.
proses berjalannya market
3. Neolib bukan pendekatan yang
OTHER SCHOLARS bener2 ampuh buat menangani
persoalan pembangunan
● Informal. Beberapa scholar mencoba
khususnya soal property. Contoh
mengaitkan institusi non formal
program yang berbasis institusi
dengan social capital (tatanan
dikritik karena ga signifikan pada
masyarakat berisi trust, network,
penurunan tingkat kemiskinan
dan value yang terkonstruksi
secara historis). Apa yang dilakukan: insulasi
● Robert Putnam
- Pentingnya social capital dalam Conclusion
mempromote economic growth
Bahwa pada akhirnya pendekatan yang
- Dengan eksistensi social capital
dimiliki pada pembangunan harus
beriringan dengan pertumbuhan
berhubungan dengan sosial
ekonomi. Jadi sc ini sering
masyarakat yang sifatnya fluid dan
dikaitkan dengan ec.
sulit diprediksi (Sulit menilai apakah
- Namun dalam social capital ada
kondisi enambling atau disabling
masalah:
environment for development)
1) elite capture memperkuat
posisinya dalam kegiatan Analisa, dalam tpi, pendekatan market
ekonomi di masyarakat tidak selalu berarti bahwa asumsinya
2) free rider ada kelompok selalu berhasil. Faktor: kapasitas
yang memanfaatkan negara, struktur birokrasi yang
instansi memberikan kompleks, kultur korupsi, dan elite
capture, free rider.

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Soal UTS

1. Jelaskan market driven

development di konsep negara
berkembang
2. Masalah2 dalam state driven
development dan korelasinya
dengan sejarah liberal
3. Kenapa ekonomi penting bagi
pembangunan inter
4. Siapa itu douglas dan apa
kontribusinya terhadap
pembangunan inter

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