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Additional Mathematics Form 4 Chapter 1: Functions

1.1 Functions
There are 4 different types of relations:
• One-to-One – each input value has one output value ( 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 )
• Many-to-One – Several input values share one output value ( 𝑥 2 )
• One-to-Many – An input value many have two or more output values
• Many-to-Many – For two or more input values, there are two or more output values
Out of the four relations above, only two can be considered as functions:
• One-to-One relation
• Many-to-One relation

A. Explaining functions using representations

Ways to explain functions:
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
• Ordered pairs
In mathematics notations, a function can be represented by a small letter such as 𝑓, 𝑔 and ℎ
a) Vertical Line Test
Purpose: to determine whether a graph of a relation is a function or not
▪ How to know:
If the vertical line cuts through a point on the graph, thus the relation is a function
If the vertical line cuts through more than one point, then the relation is not a function
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B. Absolute Value Function (Modulus)

i. Absolute value function, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is defined as

|𝑥 | = 𝑥 If 𝑥 ≥ 0

= −𝑥 If 𝑥 > 0

ii. The function 𝑓 (𝑥) = |𝑥| is a V-shaped graph

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Exercise:
1.
P = {1,2,3}
Q = {2,4,6,7,10}

A relation from P into Q is defined by the set of ordered pairs

{(1,4), (1,6), (2,6), (3,7)}
State:
a) Image for 1
b) Object of 4
c) Domain
d) Codomain
e) Range
f) The type of relation
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C. Determine the image of a function when object is given a vice versa

1. Given function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥. Find the image when the object is
a) 3

1
b) 𝑡
2

c) 𝑡 + 1

d) 0
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2. Given function 𝑔 (𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 1. Find the image when object is

a) 0

b) 3𝑥

c) 2𝑧 − 1

d) 5𝑥 2
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3. Given function ℎ (𝑡) = 5 − √𝑡. Find the object when the image is
a) 2

b) 4.5

c) 5 − 2𝑥

3
d)
2
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1.2 Composite Function

𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )]
𝒇𝒈

𝒈 𝒇
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝑓𝑔(𝑥) means function 𝑔 acts on 𝑥 first, and then function 𝑓 acts upon the result of function 𝑔
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𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥 )]
𝒈𝒇

𝒇 𝒈
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝑓𝑔(𝑥) means function 𝑔 acts on 𝑥 first, and then function 𝑓 acts upon the result of function 𝑔
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Questions
1. Find the composite functions and the images of the composite functions
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥. Find
a) 𝑓𝑔

b) 𝑔𝑓

c) 𝑓𝑔(2)

d) 𝑔𝑓(−1)
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2. Find the composite functions and the images of the composite functions
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥. Find
a) 𝑓𝑔

b) 𝑔𝑓

c) 𝑓𝑔(3)

d) 𝑔𝑓(−2)
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3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3. Find

a) 𝑓𝑔

Shortcut (Opening Bracket)

➢ (𝑥 + 5)2

b) 𝑔𝑓
➢ (2𝑥 + 3)2

c) 𝑓 2

d) 𝑔2
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Solving problems involving composite function

1
1. Function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
2 3 4
a) Express 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑓 (𝑥) in the simplest form
b) Hence, deduce 𝑓 41 (𝑥) and 𝑓 42 (𝑥)
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Determine a function when composite function and one of the functions is given
1. Given 𝑓𝑔 and 𝑓, find 𝑔
a) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 13 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1

Composite Function Notes!

Find inside function
➢ Substitute inside function
𝑓𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]

➢ Let y (outside function)

𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]
b) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3

c) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = |2𝑥 − 7| and 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1

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2. Given 𝑓𝑔 and 𝑔, find 𝑓

a) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5

1
b) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 + 3

c) 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥

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1.3 Inverse Function

Inverse function is written as 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
• Horizontal Line Test
Purpose: to determine whether the inverse function exists for each function
How to Know: If the horizontal line intersects the graph at a single point, then the inverse function exists

Questions
1. Determine the inverse function for each of the following function
𝑥
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 8

b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 7
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𝑥−1
c) ℎ(𝑥) = 5

2 3
d) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3, 𝑥 ≠ 3, find 𝑓 −1 (− 2)
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SPM Practice Questions

1. Given that the function 𝑔: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 − 9, find
a) 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
3𝑝
b) the value of p such that 𝑔2 ( 4 ) = 25

2. It is given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔: 𝑥 → 3 − 4𝑥. Find

a) 𝑔(3)
2
b) the value of m if 𝑓(𝑚 + 1) = 3 𝑔(3)
c) 𝑔𝑓(𝑥)
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𝑥
3. The inverse function 𝑃−1 is defined as 𝑃−1 : 𝑥 → 5−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 5. Find
a) 𝑃(𝑥)
1
b) the value of p such that 𝑃(𝑥) = 2

2𝑥
4. The function 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > −1 respectively
a) Find 𝑓𝑔(8)
𝑎𝑥
b) Write an expression for 𝑓 2 (𝑥). Give your answer in the form of 𝑏𝑥+𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants
c) Write an expression for 𝑔−1 (𝑥). Hence, state its domain and range
d) The following diagram shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).
On the same axes, sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔−1 (𝑥)