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Housing Price Prediction by Divided Regression Analysis

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DOI: 10.12982/CMJS.2022.102

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 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6): 1669-1682
https://doi.org/10.12982/CMJS.2022.102
Journal homepage : http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/

Research Article
Housing Price Prediction by Divided Regression Analysis
Yann Ling Goh*[a], Yeh Huann Goh [b], Chun-Chieh Yip [a] and Kooi Huat Ng [a]
[a] Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long,
Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
[b] Faculty of Engineering, Kolej Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, 53300 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
*Author for correspondence; e-mail: gohyl@utar.edu.my
Received: 17 May 2022
Revised: 28 August 2022
Accepted: 23 September 2022
ABSTRACT
Regression analysis is a statistical methodology to investigate the relationship between the
dependent variable and the independent variables. In current era with the trend of big data, we
might face some problems when performing statistical analysis for the massive volume of data. For
example, the heavy burden of the computing load will cause the computation to be time consuming,
the accuracy of the results might be affected in view of the vast volume of data. Hence, divided
regression analysis is proposed to reduce the burden of the computing load. This approach performs
subdivision of the dataset into several unique subsets, then the multiple linear regression is fitted into
each subset. The results obtained from each subset are then combined to obtain a divided regression
model which is treated as the original overall dataset. The dataset used in this paper is KC Housesales
Data, obtained from the Kaggle website. The dataset contains statistics information about the housing
price, for example, size of lot, size of living area and selling price of the house. The goal of this paper
is to predict the selling price of a house from the given attributes. The dataset is partitioned into five
subsets. Consequently, multiple linear regression is fitted for each subset. Then, some model adequacy
checking will be applied on the models. The test in determining the existence of multicollinearity in
the models is rather important as well because the collinearity among the independent variables will
affect the overall results. Hence, the variance inflation factor (VIF) approach is used to determine the
existence of multicollinearity. Finally, the divided regression model is obtained by combining results
from all the subsets and the validity of divided regression model is verified.

Keywords: divided regression, multicollinearity, big data

1. INTRODUCTION
Statistics is a tool for modelling data collections,
interpreting, analysing and presentation of data.
Statistics has the ability to estimate a population
through the analysis of a sample extracted from
the population. Meanwhile, it is able to analyse
numerical data with huge data volume. Regression
analysis is a statistical methodology for modelling
and investigating the relationship between a
response variable and one or more independent
variables. Also, it measures the impact on the
response variable according to each independent
variable. Multiple linear regression will be more
1670 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6)

preferable in real life as it is rare that a response a lot of researchers are able to receive the results
variable depends on only one variable. of regression immediately by the statistical tools
Big data is defined as a massive dataset which from computer so that the use of regression
is relatively complex to be analysed. With the becomes prevalent [7-12].
extremely large datasets, we assume that the big Divide-and-Conquer which compatible with
data set is closed to the population and it may Divided Latent class regressionanalysis method
analysis is todivides
overcome a huge thedata burden of big data
be impossible to analyse the whole big data set data set into independent with
into 𝑛𝑛 sub-datasets subsets more of appropriate
equal size tosize which can
due to the massive amount of data. In addition, overcomes produce athe problemnumber
minimum of applying of subsetsstatistical analysis to the mas
[13-15].
computing such extremely large and complicated of computing limitations
In addition, Divide and Conquer to control huge data using statistical met
Dividedkernel regression ridgeanalysis is to o
Multicollinearity is a problem to be emphasized when the mo
data is very time consuming and it burdens the regression is to divide huge data data set into 𝑛𝑛 subsets sub-datasets with mo
variables. Multicollinearity is defined as the statistical phenome
computing load. Divided regression analysis is to immensely of equal size. Then, the overcomes the ridge
independent problem of applyin
correlated to each other in kernel a multiple regression mod
overcome the burden ofDivided big data analysis.analysis
The isvariables
regression of computing limitations to contro
regression to overcome areestimator
predictable
the burden of eachfrom
of bigsubset
the other
data is computed.
analysis. correlated
The approach variables is to
interpretation. This value
condition Multicollinearity is a problem
approach is to divide big data
data into 𝑛𝑛 sub-datasets
sub-datasets with Lastly,
more the average
appropriate sizeofwhichthemay leadbetoistreated
solutions
can the false
denoted as interpretation
samples. Thi
Variance inflation factor (VIF) variables. Multicollinearity is def
with more appropriate size overcomes
which can the be
problem
treatedof applying
as a globalstatistical
predictoranalysis [16].to the is used todata.
massive determine
This is the becauseexistenc the
the predictor or using
independent immensely
variables. The correlated to
presence of multico each othe
of computing
as samples. This approach overcomes the problemlimitations to control huge data
Machine learning methods statistical methodssuch are [1-5].
as linear
variance of emphasized
the estimatedwhen variables
coefficient andcontains
hence predictable
affecting from
the valu t
Multicollinearity is a problem to be the model
interpretation. This more than
condition one
may i
of applying statistical analysis to the massive implies regression, that ridge regression, lasso regression,
variables. Multicollinearity is defined asthere is a multicollinearity
the statistical phenomenon
Variance
problem
where
inflation
[6].
more than
factor (VIF) is one va
data. This is because there are a lot of
immensely computing
correlated to each decision
other in atree,
Multiple etc. are
regression
multiple used
analysis
regression for bighighly
is
model. data analysis.
useful intoexperimental
According the circums
the predictor or independent varia
limitations to control huge data using
variables statistical from
are predictable toThe
control
the advantages
the predictor
other of linear
correlated regression
variables.
variables method
Unfortunately,
and hence arethe economists
may cause the
variance of the estimated coefficie
methods [1-5]. interpretation. This conditionneed may tolead
regression waittoabout
the false
models 24 which
hours inare
interpretationorderbuilt to
of obtain
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upon the results
estimated
basic
implies that there is a multicollinea
of one rec
regression
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Multicollinearity is a problem be emphasized are
factor (VIF) able
is used
statistical to principles,
receive
to determine thesuchresults of regression
theasexistence
correlation of and immediately
possible by the st
least-multicollineari
Multiple
[7-12]. regression analysis i
the predictor or independentuse of regression
variables. The presencebecomesofprevalent multicollinearity will cause the infla
when the model contains more than one square error. Regression models to can controlinclude the all the
predictor variables.
variance of the estimated coefficient and hence affecting
Divide-and-Conquer which thecompatible
value of VIF. withALatentVIF ofclass value anal10
independent variables. Multicollinearity is defined variablesproblem that one[6]. need
wants to include in the model. to wait about 24 hours in ord
implies that there is a multicollinearity
𝑛𝑛 independent subsets of equal are sizeable to produce a minimum numbe
as the statistical phenomenon where regression
more thananalysis TheConquer to receive the results of re
Multiple and isdisadvantages
highly kerneluseful are in
ridgethatregression
the regression
experimentaluse ofsituationsis to models
regression dividewhere huge
becomes thedataexperim
prevale set
one variables are immensely correlated
to control to eachvariables.
the predictor workUnfortunately,
independent with datasets
kernel ridge containing
the economists
regression numeric whovalues
estimator are of atandold days
each subset (asisearco
Divide-and-Conquer which co
need tomodel.
other in a multiple regression wait about 24 hours in
According order
solutions
not toisobtain
with denoted
categoricalthe asresults of one
avariables.
global Itregression.
predictor [16]. Nowadays,
is sensitive to a lot of
by 𝑛𝑛 independent subsets of computer
equal siz
to the circumstances, theare able toare
variables receive the results of
predictable both regression
Machine immediately
outlierslearning
and methods
multicollinearity. the
such
and
statistical
Ifasthe
Conquer
linear tools
number from
regression,
kernel ridge
ridge re
regress
use of regression becomes prevalent etc. are [7-12].
used for big data analysis. The advantages of linear re
from the other correlated variables and hence of observations are less, it leads independent to overfittingkernel ridge regressio
Divide-and-Conquer which whichcompatible
are builtwith upon Latent
basicclass analysisprinciples,
statistical method divides such as a huge
correla da
may cause the misleading interpretation. This models and is considered noise. Divided solutions regressionis denoted is an to as a global pre
𝑛𝑛 independent subsets of equal size tocan includea all
produce the variables
minimum number that ofonesubsetswants include
[13-15]. in th
In addit
condition may lead to the false interpretation of regression
approximation
regression method of regression Machine
analysis learning
where methods su
and Conquer kernel ridge ismodels
to divide work huge with datadatasets
set into containing
𝑛𝑛 subsets numeric
of equal values
size
the estimated regression coefficients. Variance it assumes to all variables etc. are used for big data analysi
independent kernel sensitive
ridge regression estimator both each to
ofoutliers be
andmultivariate
subset ismulticollinearity.
computed. normal.
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numbev
overfitting and is considered which are built upon basic is anstatist
inflation factor (VIF) issolutions
used to isdetermine
denoted asthe a global predictorregression
Divided [16]. can benoise. applied
models
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to regression
financial
can includenormal. all the variable
appr
Machine learning
existence of possible multicollinearity between the where
methods such it assumes
as linear all variables
regression,
forecasting, sales and promotions to
ridge be multivariate
regression,
forecasting, lasso regression, Divide de
forecasting, sales and promotions regression
forecasting, models work withtestin
automobiles data
etc. are used for big
predictor or independent variables. The presence series data analysis.
automobiles The advantages
testing, weatherof linear
analysis regression
sensitive and prediction,
to method
both are
outliers and regress m
which are built upon basic statistical forecasting,
principles, etc.such
Jittawiriyanukoon
as correlation C.
and and Srisarkun
least-square (2018)
error.
of multicollinearity will cause the inflation of the analysis time series by one forecasting,
using divided etc. overfitting
Jittawiriyanukoon
regression and is considered
C. regression me noise
models can include all the variables that wants to include in theit[17].
where model.
assumes
Ridge
Thealldisadvantages
variablesistolo
variance of the estimated coefficient and hence and Srisarkun
overfitting but
regression models work with datasets containing numeric values (2018)
increases have
bias conducted
and the studies
model
and notsales on
interpretability
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shrinking coefficient forecasting, promotions
affecting the value of VIF. A VIF
sensitive to of
bothvalue 10 and
outliers themulticollinearity.
big data analysistowards
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divided
number
series
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observations
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etc. Jittawiriyan
Howe
less,
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is a multicollinearity noise. and can
Divided
[17]. Ridge be very method
regression
regression deviate for
is an analysis different
approximation
trades variance
by
bootstrapped
using method
fordivided data. T
of regressi
regress
where it assumes all variablesbias, ridge regression.
to beprevents
multivariate Decision
normal.buttree does
Divided not require
regression standardization
can be bias applied
problem [6]. work forecasting,
but doesn’t work overfitting when variables increases
overfitting bias
but and
increases
are uncorrelated, has high and
forecasting, sales and promotions automobiles testing,
shrinking weather
coefficient analysis and
towards pred
zero
Multiple regression analysis is highly useful in the model
become complex.
series forecasting, etc. Jittawiriyanukoon
interpretability
C. andBySrisarkun
is
considering low.
(2018)
Lasso
the have regression
pros and cons ofstudies
conducted these mac onfort
experimental situations where the experimenter ables regression
selects isfeatures
method foundRidge bybe
to shrinking biased
coefficient
more suitable and
in this can
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workvariance deviate
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analysis by using divided [17]. regression ridge method regression.trades Decision tree bia
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to control the predictor overfitting but increases biasand
variables. Unfortunately, andnothe
zero andmulticollinearity
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workis this
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study.
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selected
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work
regression
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varia
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avoids highly can be obtained
overfitting.
biased can[18-20].
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andbecome be very the deviate
complex. selected features wil
By considering
biased and can
1970) need to wait about 24 hours in order to be very deviate for different bootstrapped
for different bootstrapped data. data.
method The prediction
Theisprediction performance
found to be more suita is
ridge regression. Decision tree does not require standardization and and normalization,
no multicollinearity less data
effects in
obtain the results of onework regression.
but doesn’tNowadays, performance
work when variables is worse than
are uncorrelated, has highridge regression.
variance due to greedy strate
subsets in this work can be obtaine
become complex. By considering the pros and cons of these machine learning methods, linear
method is found to be more suitable in this work due to numerical dataset, no serious outlier
and no multicollinearity effects in this study. Divided regression model combining the result
subsets in this work can be obtained [18-20].
 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this 2. paper,
3 MATERIALS the multipleAND linearMETHODS regression and divided regression analy
analyse the large volume of data. The analysis is carried out by using the
3
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Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6)
dataset is partitioned into 𝑛𝑛 sub datasets with an appropriate size. The fitted multiple linear regression
the large volume of data. The analysis 0 1671 1 is carried
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√ 𝑐𝑐 towhich 𝑛𝑛 sub-dataset. justify the use Theof line
combining
parameters 𝑛𝑛 parameters
for each to
sub-dataset estimate the
are computed
𝛽𝛽. 𝛽𝛽 ̂ observations.
is formulated to obtain as 1 follow:
𝛽𝛽 , 𝛽𝛽 , … , 𝛽𝛽 . After that, 𝛽𝛽̂ is formed by
analysis,
ned function we which
extractcombines 𝑛𝑛 subsets combined
thefrom results afunction
large 1volume
from is sub-dataset
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 determined of 𝑐𝑐data. as 𝑛𝑛Then,
to the mean
𝑡𝑡ℎ thevalue,
sub-dataset. 𝑛𝑛linear relationship where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 isbetween a combined independent function variables which com a
∑The
0 1̂
combining 𝑛𝑛 parameters to𝑛𝑛 .estimate the 𝛽𝛽. 𝛽𝛽̂𝑐𝑐𝛽𝛽̂𝛽𝛽̂ is𝑓𝑓 formulated For ̂1 , 𝛽𝛽divided̂2𝛽𝛽̂,𝑐𝑐…=, 𝛽𝛽 ̂ regression 𝛽𝛽𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. analysis, we extract subsets from
𝑛𝑛distribution. a large volu
aset are computed
s determined as the to obtain
mean value, 𝛽𝛽0 , 𝛽𝛽1 , … , 𝛽𝛽 After that, =
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 is 𝑐𝑐 formed
(𝛽𝛽 by as𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 )follow: 1 normality combinedof the errorfunction is determined These as assumpti
the mea
 1672 Chiang Mai J.6Sci. 2022; 49(6)

kc-housesales-data) on 23th June 2022 is used the dependent variable for 4 all subsets. For every
as the population. There are 21597 instances in subset, the residuals drift apart which violates
AND DISCUSSION the dataset and four attributes are chosen to be the assumption of linearity. The residual plots
analysed. The independent variables are X1 (size do not indicate a linear regression function but a
of lot), X2 (size of living area), X3 (condition)
esales Data obtained from Kaggle website (https://www.kaggle.com/swathiachath/kc- curvilinear regression function. Furthermore, the
) on 23th Juneand 2022 theisresponse
used as the variable is Y (selling
population. There price
are 21597 of instancesresidualin plots
the appear
dataset to and be a funnel shape which
re chosen to be theanalysed.
house). The The equation
independent variables
of the multiple arelinear
X1 (size opensof lot),to (size
X2the indicating that Figure
of living
right 8. q-q Plot of Subse
the residuals
ition) and the response
8. q-q Plot of regression variable
Subset 3 is stated as below: is Y (selling price
Figure 9. of
Figurethe
q-q Plot house).
8. q-q The
Plotapart
ofdrift
Subset equation
of 4Subset
from left of the
3 to right instead of showing Figure 9. q-q Plot o
egression is stated as below: a regular spread centred around 0. This implies
𝑌𝑌̂ = 𝛽𝛽̂0 + 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝛽𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑋2 + 𝛽𝛽̂3 𝑋𝑋3 . the inconsistent variances of error.
Then, the assumption of normality of errors
cal Analysis of Subsets
3.1 Statistical Analysis of Subsets is checked by quantile-quantile (q-q) plot for all
is partitioned intoThe fivedataset
subsets.is Consequently,
partitioned intomultiplefive subsets. linear regression
the subsets. is fitted for each
According to Figures 2 (a-e), the q-q
rall dataset (21597 instances). The statistical summaries
Consequently, multiple linear regression is fitted for are shown in Table 1. Table
plots illustrate that the normality 1 of errors does
e is only slighteachdifference between the mean values
subset and overall dataset (21597 instances). of regression coefficients and values of
not exist in all the subsets as the plots do not
icients obtained from the overall dataset. This shows that the divided regression method
The statistical summaries are shown in Table 1. show a linear behaviour.
Table 1 shows that there is only slight difference Figures 1 (a-e) and Figures 2 (a-e) indicate that
between
Table the mean values
1. Values of regression
of Regression coefficients
Coefficients the model obtained is not appropriate as it violates
and values of regression coefficients obtained the assumptions of linearity. Hence, transformations Figure 10. q-q Plot of Su
e 10. q-q𝛽𝛽Plot of Subset
0 from 5 𝛽𝛽1 dataset. This shows
the overall 𝛽𝛽2 that Figure
the 10. on q-q𝛽𝛽these
3
Plot of Subset
data 5
by Box-Cox method are used to
-2.148e5divided regression 297.7 method works-0.1683 well. 4.12e4the skewness of the distribution Figures
amend of errors,1-10 indicate
-2.392e5
ures 1-10 indicateTable 297.5
that 2the showsmodel thatobtained is-0.2059
all the variance inflation
not appropriate 4.82e4
Figuresasinconsistent
1-10 indicatevariance
it violates that
the of model
the
assumptions errors ofandlinearity. Hence,
non-linearity
obtained is not transform
appropriate as
-1.567e5 factor (VIF) 271.7
values are small -0.5864
enough linearity.
and close
. Hence, transformations on these data by Box-Cox method are used to amend the skewness of Hence,
3.904e4
of transformations
regression model. on
The these datathe
transformed by distribution
Box-Cox
multiple of
method errors,
are
ribution to 1.00.
of errors,
-2.099e5 Hence,
inconsistent
286.5 the variance
problem of -0.3673the and distribution
of multicollinearity
errors non-linearitylinear
4.708e4of oferrors,
regression inconsistent
regression model model. variance
of each transformed
The subset givenmultiple
of iserrors linea
and non-line
1
med multiple
-1.825e5can linear regression
be excluded
273.4in the model modelsof each thetransformed
allsubset
of-0.2584 multiple
by 𝑌𝑌̂ = (𝛽𝛽
is 1given 4.813e4
subsets. linear
̂0 + 𝛽𝛽regression
̂1 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝛽𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑋2model+ 𝛽𝛽̂3of each
𝑋𝑋3) subset
̅ .. The
𝜆𝜆 The is given
estimated valu
. The -2.006e5
estimated values Figures 𝜆𝜆1̅ of
of285.4 (a-e)
each show
subsetthatobtained
there isfrom
-0.3173 nô linear
𝛽𝛽3 𝑋𝑋3) ̅
R 𝜆𝜆are. The estimated
estimated
4.473e4
stated in Table values
3. of
values ̅
of 𝜆𝜆 of ofeach
eachsubset
subsetobtained
obtainedfrom R are sta
-1.986e5 relationship between
285.0 the independent variables
-0.2926 and from
4.411e4 R are stated in Table 3.
Table 3. Estimated Values of 𝜆𝜆 ̅ Table 3. Estimated Values of 𝜆𝜆̅
that all the variance inflation factor (VIF) values̅ are small enough and close to 1.00.
Subset 𝜆𝜆̅
Subset 𝜆𝜆
lem of multicollinearity can be excluded in the models of all the subsets.
1 0.16 1 0.16
22. Variance Inflation Factor -0.02 2 -0.02
Table Table1. Values of regression coefficients. 3 0.28
3 0.28
VIF β0 β1 β2 4 β3 -0.06
Dataset4 -0.06
X1 X2 X3
Subset51 -2.148e5 0.01 297.7 -0.16835 4.12e4 0.01
1.019535 1.018988 1.000746 The statistical summaries of
Subset 2 -2.392e5 297.5 -0.2059 4.82e4
1.043432
istical summaries of Subset
the transformed 1.038224
model for each The
subset1.005702
statistical
are shown summaries
in Table of
4. the transformed model for each subset are sho
1.058573 3 -1.567e5
1.057413 271.7
1.003035 -0.5864 3.904e4

1.034384Subset Table
4 4. Values 1.031992 of Regression Coefficients
-2.099e5 1.002394
286.5 Table 4. Values of4.708e4
-0.3673 Regression Coefficients
Dataset 𝛽𝛽0
1.030604Subset 5 1.025867
-1.825e5 1.006500
273.4
Dataset 𝛽𝛽 -0.2584 𝛽𝛽 4.813e4
Subset 1 𝛽𝛽 6637
aset 𝛽𝛽0 𝛽𝛽1 𝛽𝛽2 𝛽𝛽30 1 2
set 1 66370 Mean 5.45 -2.006e5 Subset
-0.000557 285.4 1 66370
935.3 -0.3173 5.45 Subset
4.473e4 2 -0.000557 7868
5 show that there isOverall no linear relationship between the independent
Subset
285.0 2
variables and
7868 -0.2926 the -0.0622 4.411e4 Subset 3 0.00001215 26740
set
able2 for all subsets.
7868 For every -0.0622 -1.986e5
subset, the residuals 0.00001215 drift apart which -10.09 violates the
set 3 Subset 3 267400 46.26 -0.08218
inearity. The 267400
residual plots do not 46.26 indicate a linear -0.08218 regression function but 7856a curvilinear
ion. Furthermore, the residual plots appear to be a funnel shape which opens to the right
the residuals drift apart from left to right instead of showing a regular spread centred
mplies the inconsistent variances of error.
Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6) 1673

Table 2. Variance inflation factor.

VIF
Subset
X1 X2 X3
1 1.019535 1.018988 1.000746
2 1.043432 1.038224 1.005702
3 1.058573 1.057413 1.003035
4 1.034384 1.031992 1.002394
5 1.030604 1.025867 1.006500

Figure 1. Residual Plot ofFigure

Subset1.1 Residual Plot of Subset
Figure
1 2. Residual Plot ofFigure
Subset2.2 Residual Plot of Subset 2

(a) Subset
Figure 1. Residual Plot of1.Subset 1 (b) Subset
Figure 2. Residual Plot of2.Subset 2

(c) Subset
Figure 3. Residual Plot of3.
Subset3.3 Residual Plot of Subset
Figure (d) Subset
3 4. Residual
Figure 4.Subset4.4 Residual Plot of Subset 4
Plot ofFigure

Figure 3. Residual Plot of Subset 3 Figure 4. Residual Plot of Subset 4

Subset5.5 Residual(e)Plot
Figure 5. Residual Plot ofFigure Subset 5. 5
of Subset
Then, the assumption of Then, normality of errors is of
the assumption checked by quantile-quantile
normality (q-q)byplot
of errors is checked for all the
quantile-quantile (q-q)
FigureAccording
subsets. 5. ResidualtoPlot of Subset
Figures 6-10, 5the q-q plots illustrate that the normality of errors does not exist in all
subsets. According
Figure 1. Residual plot of subset (a-e). to Figures 6-10, the q-q plots illustrate that the normality of errors does
Then, as
the subsets thethe
assumption
plots dothe ofsubsets
not normality
show aas theofplots
linear errors
doisnotchecked
behaviour. show a by quantile-quantile
linear behaviour. (q-q) plot for all the
subsets. According to Figures 6-10, the q-q plots illustrate that the normality of errors does not exist in all
the subsets as the plots do not show a linear behaviour.
 Figure 5. Residual Plot of Subset 5
1674 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6)
Then, the assumption of normality of errors is checked by quantile-quantile (q-q) plot for all the
subsets. According to Figures 6-10, the q-q plots illustrate that the normality of errors does not exist in all
the subsets as the plots do not show a linear behaviour.

(a) Subset 1. 1 (b) Plot

Subset 2. 6
Figure 6. q-q Plot of Subset Figure 7. q-q of Subset 2

bset 3 Figure 9. q-q Plot of Subset 4

Figure 8. q-q Plot of Subset 3 Figure 9. q-q Plot of Subset 4

Figure 8. q-q Plot of Subset 3 Figure 9. q-q Plot of Subset 4

(c) Subset
Figure 8. q-q Plot 3. 3
of Subset (d)Plot
Figure 9. q-q Subset 4.
of Subset 4

Subset 5

Figure 10. q-q Plot of Subset 5

te that the model obtained is not appropriate as it violates the assumptions of
rmations on these data by Box-Cox method are used to amend the skewness of
s, inconsistent varianceFigures of errors
1-10and non-linearity
indicate
Figurethat 10. the
q-q(e)ofmodel
regression5. model.
of obtained
Subset
Plot Subset 5 is notThe appropriate as it violates the assumptions o
near regression model linearity.
Figure of10. Hence,
each
q-q Plottransformations
subset given5 by 𝑌𝑌̂on=these
ofisSubset (𝛽𝛽̂0 + 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑋𝑋1
data by + 𝛽𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑋2 +method are used to amend the skewness o
Box-Cox
Figurethe2. distribution
q-q plot of subset (a-e). inconsistent variance of errors and non-linearity of regression model. Th
of errors,
values of 𝜆𝜆̅ of each subset obtained from R are stated in Table 3.
transformed multiple linear Figures regression
1-10 indicate modelthat of each
the modelsubsetobtained = (𝛽𝛽̂0 + 𝛽𝛽̂1 as
is givenisbynot𝑌𝑌̂ appropriate 𝛽𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑋2 +
𝑋𝑋1it+violates
Figures 1 1-10 indicate that the model obtained is not appropriate as it violates the assumptions of
linearity. Hence,
̂3Estimated
̅ . The estimated values ̅ oftransformations
of 𝜆𝜆these each
on these data by Box-Cox method are used to am
Table
Table 𝛽𝛽3.
3.
linearity. 𝑋𝑋3)
Estimated
Hence,
𝜆𝜆
Values
values of
transformations
the
̅.
of 𝜆𝜆distribution
on datasubset
of errors,
obtainedmethod
byinconsistent
Box-Cox from Rare are used
variance of
statedtoinamend
Table the
3. skewness of
errors and non-linearity of reg
the distribution of errors, inconsistent
transformed multiple variancelinear ofregression
errors andmodel non-linearity
of each of regression
subset is given model.
by ̂
𝑌𝑌 The
= (𝛽𝛽̂
Subset
transformed multiple 𝜆𝜆̅ Subset
linear regression
1 Table 3.
model ofEstimated
each subset Values of 𝜆𝜆̅ by 𝑌𝑌̂ = (𝛽𝛽̂0 + 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝛽𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑋2 +
is given
1 1 0.16 𝛽𝛽̂3 𝑋𝑋3)𝜆𝜆̅ . The̅ estimated values of 𝜆𝜆̅ of each subset obtained from R are stated in Table
𝛽𝛽̂3 𝑋𝑋3)𝜆𝜆̅ . The estimated1values of 𝜆𝜆Subset of each subset obtained from 𝜆𝜆̅ R are0.16
stated in Table 3.
2 -0.02
2 1 0.16 -0.02
3 0.28 Table 3. Estimated Values of 𝜆𝜆̅
3 Table 3. Estimated Values of 𝜆𝜆̅ 0.28
4 -0.06 2 -0.02
Subset 𝜆𝜆̅
5 0.01
4 Subset3 𝜆𝜆̅ 0.28 -0.06
1 0.16
5
1 4 0.16-0.06 0.01
2 -0.02
s of the transformed model for each subset are shown 2 5in Table 4. -0.020.01
3 0.28
3 0.28
4 -0.06
Table 4. Values The of Regression
statistical Coefficients
summaries of the
4 transformed model for -0.06each subset are shown in Table 4.
5 0.01
 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6) 1675

The statistical summaries of the transformed 3 are row 839, 1796 and 4125. Hence, we decide
model for each subset are shown in Table 4. to remove these outliers from subsets 1 and 3 to
After transformations made on the dependent improve the result. 10
variables, the residual plots in Figures 3 (a-e) The residuals and q-q plots obtained after
show that the residuals lie within an area centred removing the three potential outliers from subsets
Figures 23-26 show
at around 0 which implies that model obeys the the range of the residuals and 1 and sample 3 arequantiles shown inofFigures subsets61(a-d). and 3 are improved
10
after removing outliers. Meanwhile, new values of ̅ for subsets 1 and 3 are given and 0.02 10
assumption of linearity. However, there are a few 𝜆𝜆 Figures 6 (a-d) show the range ofbythe 0.01 residuals 10
respectively. The new statistical summaries of subsets 1 and 3 are shown in Table 5.
outliers which drift apart from 0, for example the and sample quantiles of subsets 1 and 3 are improved
gures 23-26 show outlierstheFigures
range
in subset of23-26
the
3 are residuals
far apart
show theand from
range sample 0.
ofAnyway,the quantiles
Figures
residuals ofafter
23-26 subsets
and showremoving
sample 1the and range3 areofimproved
outliers.
quantiles the
of residuals
Meanwhile,
subsets 110 and and
new 3samplevalues
are improvedquantiles of s
moving outliers. Meanwhile,
Figures 23-26 new
show values
the rangeof Table
𝜆𝜆
of ̅ for
the 5. Values
subsets
residuals 1of Regression
and
and 3
sample are givenCoefficients
quantiles by 0.01
of and
subsets 0.021 and 3 are ̅
improved
theafter removing outliers.
transformations do improve Meanwhile,
the linearity after new removing
of the Figuresof
values outliers.
of23-26 ̅
𝜆𝜆 forshow Meanwhile,
subsets the range 1 and of new 33 are thevaluesresiduals
are givengivenby of 𝜆𝜆
by0.01 and for
0.01sample subsets
and and 0.02 1 and 3
quantiles
vely. The new statistical summaries of subsets 1 and 3 are shown in ̅ Table 5. 10
after removing outliers. Meanwhile, new respectively.
values
after of
removing The
𝜆𝜆 for new subsets statistical 1 and summaries
3 are given of subsets
by 0.01 of 𝜆𝜆 for subsets 1inand
1 and ̅ 30.02 are shown T
model Dataset
respectively.
in a largeThe extent.newIn 𝛽𝛽statistical
0addition,summaries the residuals 𝛽𝛽1 of subsets 0.021outliers. and 3𝛽𝛽are
respectively. 2 Meanwhile,
shown The in new new
Table values
𝛽𝛽5.
statistical3 summaries
respectively. The new statistical summaries of subsets
respectively. 1 and 3 are shown in Table 5.
Figures 23-26 become showstructureless
Subset the
1 range ofinstead
Table 5. Values
the residuals
11270 of
ofvalues forming
Regression
and0.04637 sample
funnelquantiles
aCoefficients ofThe ofnew subsets
-0.000001981
subsets statistical
1 and1 3and are summaries
3shownare improved inof
8.151 subsets
Table 5. 1 and 3 are shown i
ter removing
igures 23-26 show outliers.the Meanwhile,
range of the new
residuals and of
Table sample𝜆𝜆 ̅ 5.for subsets
Values
quantiles of 1 and
Regression
of subsets 3 are 1 given
Coefficients
and Table
3 by
are 5.
0.01 Values
improved and of
0.02 Regression Coefficients
shape Subset
which 3 implies that 12700 the Table
transformed 0.106model -0.000146 18.63
spectively.outliers.
removing The new statistical summaries
Meanwhile, new values ofof subsets 5.
𝜆𝜆̅ forValues
1 subsets
and 3ofare Regression
1 shown
and 3 in
are Coefficients
Table given 5.by 0.01 Table and 5. 0.02Values of Regression Coefficients
taset 𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽
Dataset 3.2 Check30for 𝛽𝛽
ctively.
satisfies the assumption
0 Dataset 1 of 𝛽𝛽constant variance 2 of
are𝛽𝛽1shown in Table8.151 𝛽𝛽2Outliers 𝛽𝛽1 𝛽𝛽3 𝛽𝛽2
set 1 The new statistical summaries 𝛽𝛽0of subsets 1 and 𝛽𝛽31 Subset 𝛽𝛽5.
0
Dataset
11270
errors. 3.2 Check for 0.04637
Outliers -0.000001981 Dataset1 First, 11270 the outlying
𝛽𝛽 Y 0.04637
observations 𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽 are determined -0.000001981 𝛽𝛽2
Subset 1 Table 5. Values 11270 of Regression 0.04637 Coefficients -0.000001981 2 0 3 8.151
1
set 3 Subset
12700
First, The 1 q-q
the plots 11270
0.106
inYFigures 0.04637
4 (a-e)areshow-0.000146 Subset a 3 1by
Subset -0.000001981
byusing 18.63
12700the11270 standardized0.106
standardized 8.151
residuals,
0.04637
𝑒𝑒
-0.000146
-0.000001981
Subset 3outlying
Table 5. Values observations
12700 of Regression determined
0.106
Coefficients using the
-0.000146 residuals, 18.63𝑑𝑑 = √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 . The
Dataset ideal Subset
linear 3
𝛽𝛽
behaviour. 12700
Hence, 𝛽𝛽
we
range for the standardized residuals are Subset
0 1 can conclude0.106 that 𝛽𝛽 The -0.000146
from -33to 3. The standardized
2 ideal range
12700 𝛽𝛽 3 for the 18.63
standardized
residuals residuals
0.106are obtained for-0.000146 all
2ataset
Subsetfor
Check 1 Outliers
the model
subsets 𝛽𝛽011270
to holds
check the
whether
3.2 Check for Outliers
𝛽𝛽10.04637
assumption
they fall of
in thenormality -0.000001981
𝛽𝛽2 Check
3.2
expected range. arefor from
Outliers
Moreover, -3𝛽𝛽3to8.151 3.
the The rule standardized
of thumb on residuals
ℎ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is applied are in
𝑒𝑒
ubset the1 outlying
st,Subset ofY 11270
3 identifying
3.2errors12700
Check
observations the
after forapplying 0.04637
Outliers
outlying
are 0.106
X observations
determined
transformations by using-0.000001981the
on -0.000146
where
First, standardized
the
3.2theℎ Check is the
obtained
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 outlying
𝑡𝑡ℎ8.151
residuals,
forusing 𝑖𝑖 diagonal
for
Outliers
Y observations 18.63
all 𝑑𝑑subsets
= element to . Theof
check
are determined the hat
whether matrix. they The
residuals, by using the standardiz
𝑒𝑒
First, the outlying Y observations are determined by the standardized √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒= . The
ubset
nge for 3 the standardized12700the
First,
dependent
outlying outlying However,
variable.
X residuals
observations 0.106
Y
are observations
having
from -3 the are
ℎto𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖q-q
value
3. plots
The -0.000146
determined
moreand
standardized than by
2(𝑘𝑘+1)
fallusing in
residuals thethe
will 18.63standardized
expected
indicate
are obtained range.
that residuals,
ℎfor Moreover,
is
all large. 𝑑𝑑 = Tables the .
√The
rule
6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
and 7
ideal range for the standardized residuals ideal range areFirst, forthe
from -3𝑛𝑛outlying
the to 3. TheYstandardized
standardized observations
residuals 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖residuals are from
are determined -3 toobtained
are 3.byThe
√𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 using fortheall standar
standardized
3.2 Check
to check whether
idealforrange
residual
depict Outliers
they fall
plots
thatfor in
there
the of the expected
subsets
exists
standardized 1 and
outlying range. 3
residualsX Moreover,
show
and Y
are
subsetsthat the the
observations
from to -3
checkrule
to of 3. ofthumb
in
The
whether thumb
each on on
subset.
standardized
they ℎ
fall isis
Hence,
in applied
applied
residuals
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important
are obtained
range. to the
find
for
Moreover, all out the rule o
subsets to check whether they fall in the ideal range for the
𝑡𝑡ℎ expected range. Moreover, the rule of 𝑒𝑒
standardized 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 residuals are from
thumb on ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is applied in-3 to 3. The standardiz
ingCheck
.2 the outlying
First, for
the Outliers
whether
subsets
outlying
range X toofobservations
Y the
check potential
whether
observations
the residuals where
identifying the outlying X observations outliers
they
are
and ℎ
fall
determined
sample
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is
are
in the
the 𝑖𝑖
influential
expected
by
quantiles
identifying diagonal
using
subsets are to
range.
theto the
the element regression
Moreover,
standardized
where ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is 𝑡𝑡ℎ outlying
check outlying whetherof X Xthe
𝑡𝑡ℎ model.
the
residuals, hat
observationsrule
observations
the 𝑖𝑖 diagonal element they matrix.
fall The
of𝑑𝑑 in thumb
= The
plots
where
the where on of
.
expected The
ℎℎ residuals
isis applied
of the hat matrix. The the
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
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the against
𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎin
diagonal
Moreover, elem
ru
leverage are used to determine the 2(𝑘𝑘+1)influential cases. 𝑒𝑒 √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
girst,
X identifying
observations
the outlying rather having
Y the
observations
big compared
ℎ outlying
value areto X
more observations
than
determined
the other by
subsets. where
will
using indicate
the
Hence,
identifying ℎ is
standardizedthat the
diagonal ℎ 𝑖𝑖
the outlying diagonal
is large.
residuals,
element X ofelement
Tables
𝑑𝑑 the
=
observations 6
hat of
and . the
The
matrix. 7 hat
The matrix.
2(𝑘𝑘+1) The𝑡𝑡ℎ
outlying X
eal range for theoutlying standardized residuals are from𝑛𝑛ℎ-3 outlying to 3. TheX𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖standardized
observations 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 residuals
having ℎare obtained
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 value 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀more ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 where
for
is than all ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖Tables is the will𝑖𝑖 indicatediagonal thate
2(𝑘𝑘+1)
X𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 observations having 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 value more 2(𝑘𝑘+1) than will indicate √that large. 𝑛𝑛2(𝑘𝑘+1)6 and 7
ubsets
hat there
range to check
for exists
the we whether
outlying decide
outlying
standardized they
X observations fall Y
toXresiduals
remove
and in observations
the
having
some
are expected
from ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖-3 value
potential to range.
in 3.each more
outliers
The Moreover,than
for
subset.
standardized
outlying Hence, the rule
observations
X 𝑛𝑛observations
𝑛𝑛 of
will
it
residuals is thumb
indicate
important having
are
having on
that
obtained toℎ ℎ find is is
value
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 value
applied
for large.
out more
all in
Tables
than 6 and 7
depict that there exists outlying Table X and depict 6. YThe that there
observations
𝑡𝑡ℎ Determined
exists inYeach outlying
Outliers subset. X and ℎHence,
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
it more
Y observations is important thanin each to find
𝑛𝑛
will indicate
subset.
out Henc
rsentifying
the
to check the
potential
depictoutlying
whether outliers
subsets they
that
whether of X are
fall
there1theobservations
and influential
inpotential
the outlying
3.
exists expected towherethe
outliers X range. regression
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Y
and is
are Moreover,
whether the
observations
depict
influential
diagonal
𝑖𝑖model.
thethe
thatto The
rule
will
potential
in each
there
the ofelement
plots
indicate thumb
exists
regression ofthat
outliers
subset. of
outlying the
residuals
on ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is
are
Hence,
model.
hat
X large.
influential
it
and
The
matrix.
against
applied is Tables in
important
Y
plots
The
to 6the
observations
of and residuals7find
depict
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each model.
againstsubset. Th
H
e
fyingare used
the to
utlying X observationsdetermine
outlying
whether
leverage Xthe the
Subset
Figures having influential
observations
potential
are5used (a-b) value
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 to cases.
where
outliers
are more
determine are
ℎ is
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 than
enlargement the the
influential
Number
2(𝑘𝑘+1)
leverage𝑖𝑖
influential
𝑡𝑡ℎ
diagonal
ofwill
from
whether are
toObservation
the used
indicate
cases.the element
regression
that tothere
potential determine
that of
ℎmodel.
exists the
is large.
outliers hat
the The
outlying matrix.
influential
areNo. plots
Tables Xof and
influential The
6ofcases.
Potential
and residuals
Y 7to the against
observations regression model.
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
leverage are3outlying
used 2(𝑘𝑘+1) 𝑛𝑛 cases.
ng X that
epict observations
there Figures
existshaving ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖to
(a,c). From
Xdetermine
value and more
Figures the
than 5𝑑𝑑influential
Y observations > 𝑛𝑛3 wewill
(a-b), inleverage
notice
each indicate areinthat
subset. used <ℎto
𝑑𝑑each
Hence, determine
is itlarge.
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖subset.
−3 is Hence, Tables
important is6Outliers
the itinfluential to and
important
find 7 out cases. to find out
Table 6. The Determined Y Outliers
Table 6. The Determined Y Outliers Table 6. The Determined Y Outliers
hether the exists
that there potential
thatoutlying
thereoutliers
1areXthree are obvious
and influential
Y outliers
observations to12the in each
in regression
subsets 1 model.
subset. whether
Hence, 3Theit the is plots potential
important of residuals outliers
to find15 against
are
out influential to the
Table 6. The Determined Y Outliers Table 6. residuals
The Determined
verage
er the are
Subset used
potential and tooutliers
3determine 2 are
respectively.
Subset
the
Number influential
influential
The to cases.
of Observation
outliers thesubset
in 5regression 1 are row
Number
model.regression
Subset
of Observation
Theof
No. 7 plots Potential of residuals
model. The Number plots against
No. 12 of
of Observation
Potential against Y Outliers No
ge are used to1281, determine 40103𝑑𝑑the
Subset > influential
and 34021 whilecases. the outliers Number of Observation Outliersused to No. of Potential
Table 6. The Determined
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑<>−3
29 3in subset Y OutliersSubset leverage 𝑑𝑑2 <are −3 𝑑𝑑 determine
> 3 Number theof
31
Outliers influential
Observation 𝑑𝑑 <cases. −3
1 12
4 1 Table 6. The Determined 𝑑𝑑 > 3 3
5 12 Y Outliers 1 𝑑𝑑 < −3 2 3 15 12𝑑𝑑 > 3 7 15Outliers 3𝑑𝑑 < −3
2 Subset 1 5 5
2
Number of 12 Observation
5 57 2 1 3 3 No.
127
of Potential 5 12 15 8 12 7 3
Subset
3 2 29 Number
𝑑𝑑 > 3 of Observation 5 2 𝑑𝑑 < −3 No.
7 of31 Outliers
Potential 12
3 29 3 2 2 29 5 31 2 7
4 1 3 𝑑𝑑5> 312 29 Table 𝑑𝑑 2< −3 7.3The Determined 2 Outliers
X 7 Outliers 15 31
4 5 4 3 2 5 29 7 2 2
51 2 4 5 12 5
5 n of regression2(𝑘𝑘
5
53 3 7 5 4 2
38 15 12 5 5 7 3 2
Subset4. Values
Table + 1) 8 No. of observation such that ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 >8 𝐻𝐻
2 3 5 5 29 𝐻𝐻 = coefficients. 5 7= 2 5 3 12 31 5 8 3
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
3 4 DatasetTable 29 57. The Determined β0 2X Outliers
2 β
Table 7. The Determined X Outliers 31 7 β Table 7. The Determined β X Outliers
1 4320 0.00185185 1
208 2 3

4 n5 5 5 Table 7. 2 The 3 Determined X Outliers 7 8 Table 7. The Determined X Outliers

2 =Subset2(𝑘𝑘 43201+ 1) 8 No.
0.00185185
66370 of + observation
Subset such
5.45 n No. thatof ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖observation
> 𝐻𝐻-0.000557 2(𝑘𝑘
228 +such 1) that8 ℎ > 935.3 No. of observation such th
5 Subset
𝐻𝐻 5 n = 2(𝑘𝑘 1) 8 𝐻𝐻
Subset 3 Subsetn𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻 2(𝑘𝑘 = + 1) 3 8 = No. of observation 8 = such that ℎ= > 𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
4320
2
Table
𝐻𝐻 =7. The 0.00185185
7868Determined 𝑛𝑛= Subset -0.0622 n
X𝑛𝑛 Outliers 𝐻𝐻
2192(𝑘𝑘
0.00001215
=
𝑛𝑛 + 1) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 8
= -10.09No. of observation suc
4320 0.00185185
4 1Subset 4319 𝑛𝑛
0.00185228 𝑛𝑛 1 208 4320 246
0.00185185 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 208
4320 7. The267400
3 Table 0.00185185
Determined X Outliers 46.26 -0.08218208 7856
Subset4320 n 1 5 0.00185185 4320 2(𝑘𝑘 + 1) 8
0.00185185 No. of observation
228 such that ℎ 208 > 𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻 =4318
2Subset 4 4320 = 0.00185271 0.001851852 1 -0.1157 4320 4320 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 375
0.00185185
0.00185185
228 228208
et 4320 n 2 2(𝑘𝑘
4320+ 1)𝑛𝑛 8 0.00185185
0.00185185 𝑛𝑛4876No. of observation 3 2 219 such4320
4320 that ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 >228 0.00008332
𝐻𝐻 0.00185185
0.00185185
-18.34
219228
𝐻𝐻3Subset
= 4320=
50.00185185 0.00185185 219
1 4319 4320 3 4320
0.00185228
Figures4 27-31 show 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 0.00185185
11280 0.04376
246 208 219
-0.00004821 6.685
4319the data for0.00185228 all subsets4 fall 3 inside 4319 the
4320 Cook’s distance 0.00185228 246which implies that there are no 246219
0.00185185
2 4318 43204320 influential
4 0.00185185
cases
4319
0.00185271 in the model.
0.00185185 0.00185228 5 375 208 4318 228 2460.00185271 375246
5 4318 0.00185271 4 4319 0.00185228
375
3 43204320 5 0.00185185
4318 0.00185185 0.00185271 5 228 219 4318 375 0.00185271 375
4 4320
27-31 show4319 the Figures
data for 0.00185185
all 0.00185228
subsets fall inside the Cook’s distance 219 246
which implies that there are no
27-31 show the data for all Figures subsets fall 27-31 inside showthetheCook’s data for all subsets
distance which fallimpliesinside that the Cook’s
there aredistance no wh
ial5cases inFigures
4319 the model.
4318 27-31 0.001852280.00185271
show the data for all subsets influential
fall
Figures inside 246
cases
27-31the 375 in the model.
Cook’s
show distance
the data for which all subsets impliesfall that therethe
inside areCook’s no distance
 Subset 4 4876 -0.1157 0.00008332 -18.34
After
Subset 5transformations
11280made on the dependent
0.04376 variables, the residual
-0.00004821 plots in Figures
6.685 11-15 show that
the
1676 residuals lie within an area centred
Subset 4 at around 0
4876which implies that
-0.1157 model obeys
Chiang Mai J. Sci. the assumption
0.00008332
2022; 49(6) of -18.34
linearity. However, there are a few outliers which drift apart from 0, for example the outliers in subset 3
After transformations made Subset
on the5 dependent11280 0.04376plots in Figures
variables, the residual -0.00004821
11-15 show that 6.685
are far apart from 0. Anyway, the transformations do improve the linearity of the model in a large extent.
the residuals lie within an area centred at around 0 which implies that model obeys the assumption of
In addition, the residuals become structureless instead of forming a funnel shape which implies that the
linearity. However, there are a few outliers which drift aparton from 0, for example the outliers in subset
plots3in Figure
transformed model satisfies the After transformations
assumption of constantmade
variance the
of dependent
errors. variables, the residual
are far apart from 0. Anyway, the transformations do improve the linearity of the model in a large
the residuals lie within an area centred at around 0 which implies that model obeys extent.
In addition, the residuals become
linearity.structureless instead
However, there are of forming
a few a funnel
outliers whichshape whichfrom
drift apart implies that
0, for the the o
example
transformed model satisfiesarethefarassumption of constant variance of errors.
apart from 0. Anyway, the transformations do improve the linearity of the mode
In addition, the residuals become structureless instead of forming a funnel shape whic
transformed model satisfies the assumption of constant variance of errors.

(a) Subset
Figure 11. Residual Plot1.of Subset 1 (b) Subset
Figure 12. Residual Plot2.of Subset 2
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 11. Residual Plot of Subset 1 Figure 12. Residual Plot of Subset 2
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 11. Residual Plot of Subset 1 Figure 12. Residual Plot of Sub
after Transformation after Transformation

Figure 13. Residual Plot of Subset 3 Figure 14. Residual Plot of Subset 4
after Transformation after Transformation
(c) Subset
Figure 13. Residual Plot3.of Subset 3 (d) Subset
Figure 14. Residual Plot4.of Subset 4
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 13. Residual Plot of Subset 3 Figure 14. Residual Plot of Sub
after Transformation after Transformation

Figure 15. Residual Plot of Subset 5

after Transformation
Figure 15. Residual Plot of Subset 5
after Transformation
(e) Subset
Figure 15. Residual 5. Subset 5
Plot of
after Transformation

Figure 3. Residual plot of subset after transformation (a-e).

 8
The q-q plots in Figures 16-20 show a linear behaviour. Hence, we can conclude that the model
Chiang
holds Mai J. Sci. 2022; of
the assumption 49(6)
normality of errors after applying transformations on the dependent 1677 variable.
However, the q-q plots and residual plots of subsets 1 and 3 show that the range of the residuals
The q-q plots in Figures 16-20 show a linear behaviour. Hence, we can conclude that the model and
sample quantiles are rather big compared to the other subsets. Hence, we decide to remove some
holds the assumption of normality of errors after applying transformations on the dependent variable. potential
outliers
However,for the
subsets
q-q of 1 and
plots and3.residual plots of subsets 1 and 3 show that the range of the residuals and
The q-q plots
sample quantiles are rather big compared to theinother
Figures 16-20
subsets. showwea decide
Hence, linear behaviour. Hence,
to remove some we can conclu
potential
outliers for subsets of 1 andholds
3. the assumption of normality of errors after applying transformations on the de
However, the q-q plots and residual plots of subsets 1 and 3 show that the range of
sample quantiles are rather big compared to the other subsets. Hence, we decide to remo
outliers for subsets of 1 and 3.

Figure 16. q-q (a)

PlotSubset 1. 1
of Subset Figure 17. q-q(b) Subset
Plot 2. 2
of Subset
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 16. q-q Plot of Subset 1 Figure 17. q-q Plot of Subset 2
after Transformation after Transformation

Figure 16. q-q Plot of Subset 1 Figure 17. q-q Plot of Subset 2
after Transformation after Transformation

Figure 18. q-q Plot of Subset 3 Figure 19. q-q Plot of Subset 4
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 18. q-q(c)Plot
Subset 3. 3
of Subset Figure 19. q-q(d) Subset
Plot 4. 4
of Subset
after Transformation after Transformation
Figure 18. q-q Plot of Subset 3 Figure 19. q-q Plot of Subset 4
after Transformation after Transformation

Figure 20. q-q Plot of Subset 5

after Transformation
Figure 20. q-q Plot of Subset 5
after Transformation
Figures 21 and 22 are enlargement from Figures 11 and 13. From Figures 21 and 22, we notice that
there are three obvious outliers in subsets 1 and 3 respectively. The outliers in subset 1 are row 1281,
Figure 20. from
Figures 21 and 22 are enlargement
(e)
q-q Plot Subset 5. 5 13. From Figures 21 and 22, we notice that
of Subset
Figures 11 and
after Transformation
there are three obvious outliers in subsets 1 and 3 respectively. The outliers in subset 1 are row 1281,

Figures 21 and 22 are enlargement from Figures 11 and 13. From Figures 21 and
there are three obvious outliers in subsets 1 and 3 respectively. The outliers in subse
Figure 4. q-q plot of subset after transformation (a-e).
 99
1678 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6)
9
4010 and
4010 and 4021
4021 while
while the
the outliers
outliers in
in subset
subset 33 are
are row
row 839,
839, 1796
1796 and
and 4125.
4125. Hence,
Hence, we
we decide
decide to
to remove
remove
these outliers
these outliers from
fromsubsets
subsets 11 and
and 33 to
to improve
improve the
the result.
result.
4010 and 4021 while the outliers in subset 3 are row 839, 1796 and 4125. Hence, we decide to remove
these outliers from subsets 1 and 3 to improve the result.

Figure 21.
Figure 21. Residual
Residual Plot1.
(a) Subset
Plot of Subset
of Subset 11 Figure 22.
Figure (b) Subset
22. Residual
Residual of3.
Plot of
Plot Subset 33
Subset
after Transformation
after Transformation afterTransformation
after Transformation
Figure
Figure 21. Residual
5. Residual plotPlot of Subset
of subset 1 transformation (a,b).
after Figure 22. Residual Plot of Subset 3
Theafter Transformation
The residuals
residuals and
and q-q
q-q plots
plots obtained
obtained after
after removing
removing the
the three
three potential
after potential outliers
outliers from
Transformation fromsubsets
subsets 11 and
and 33 are
are
shown in
shown in Figures
Figures 23-26.
23-26.
The residuals and q-q plots obtained after removing the three potential outliers from subsets 1 and 3 are
shown in Figures 23-26.

Figure 23.
Figure 23. Residual
Residual Plot of
(a) Subset
Plot of Subset
1. Subset 11 Figure (b)q-q
Figure 24.
24. Subset
q-q Plot1.
Plot of Subset
of Subset 11
after Removing
after Removing Outliers
Outliers after Removing Outliers
after Removing Outliers
Figure 23. Residual Plot of Subset 1 Figure 24. q-q Plot of Subset 1
after Removing Outliers after Removing Outliers

Figure 25.
Figure 25. Residual
Residual Plot
Plot of
of Subset
Subset 33 Figure 26.
Figure 26. q-q
q-q Plot
Plot of
of Subset
Subset 33
after Removing
after Removing Outliers
Outliers after Removing
after Removing Outliers
Outliers
Figure 25. Residual Plot of
(c) Subset 3. Subset 3 Figure 26.
(d)q-q Plot 3.
Subset of Subset 3
after Removing Outliers after Removing Outliers

Figure 6. Residual plot of subset (a,c) and q-q plot of subset (b,d) after removing outliers.
 10

Figures 23-26 show the range of the residuals and sample quantiles of subsets 1 and 3 are improved
after removing
Figures 23-26 showoutliers. Meanwhile,
the range new values
of the residuals and sample ̅ for subsets
of 𝜆𝜆quantiles 1 and13and
of subsets are3given by 0.01 and 0.02
are improved
Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022;
respectively.
after removing 49(6)
The new
outliers. statistical
Meanwhile, newsummaries
values ofof 𝜆𝜆subsets
̅ 1 and13and
for subsets are shown in Table
3 are given 1679
5. and 0.02
by 0.01
respectively. The new statistical summaries of subsets 1 and 3 are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Values of Regression Coefficients
Table 5. Values of Regression Coefficients
Dataset 𝛽𝛽0 𝛽𝛽1 𝛽𝛽2 𝛽𝛽3
Table 5. Values of regression
Dataset
Subset 1 𝛽𝛽0coefficients.
11270 𝛽𝛽1 0.04637 𝛽𝛽2 -0.000001981 𝛽𝛽3 8.151
Subset 1 11270 12700 0.04637 0.106 -0.000001981 8.151
Dataset Subset 3 β0 β1 -0.000146
β2 18.63
β3
Subset 3 12700 0.106 -0.000146 18.63
Subset 1 11270 0.04637 -0.000001981 8.151
3.2 Check for Outliers
Subset3.2
3 Check for Outliers12700 0.106 -0.000146 18.63 𝑒𝑒
First, the outlying Y observations are determined by using the standardized residuals, 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑 = . The
First, the outlying Y observations are determined by using the standardized residuals, 𝑑𝑑 = . The √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
ideal range for the standardized residuals are from -3 to 3. The standardized residuals√𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 are obtained for all
ideal range for the standardized residuals are from -3 to 3. The standardized residuals are obtained for all
subsets to check whether they fall in the expected range. Moreover, the rule of thumb on ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is applied in
subsets to check whether they fall in the expected range. Moreover, the rule of thumb on ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is applied in
identifying
identifying the outlying
the outlying X observations
X observations where ℎwhere is the the 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ diagonal
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎisdiagonal element of element
the hatofmatrix.
the hat matrix. The
The
Table 6. Theoutlying
determined Y outliers.
X observations
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 2(𝑘𝑘+1)
having having valuethan
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖more more thanwill indicate will thatindicate
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 isthat is large.
ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖Tables Tables
7 6 and 7
2(𝑘𝑘+1)
outlying X observations ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 value 𝑛𝑛 large. 6 and
𝑛𝑛
depict that there exists outlying
depict that there exists outlying X and X and Y
Y observations
Number observations
of Observation in each subset. Hence, it is important to find out to find out
in each subset. Hence, it is important
whether
Subset
whether the potential
the potential outliersoutliers are influential
are influential to the regression
to the regression model. The model.
No. The
plots plots ofOutliers
ofofPotential
residuals residuals against
against
leverage
leverage aretoused
are used d >influential
to determine
determine the 3 the influential
cases. cases.d < −3
1 12 3 15
Table 6.Table 6. The Determined
The Determined Y Outliers Y Outliers
2 5 7 12
3 SubsetSubset 29NumberNumber of Observation
of Observation 2 No. of31
No. of Potential Potential
𝑑𝑑 > 3 𝑑𝑑 > 3 𝑑𝑑 < −3 𝑑𝑑 < −3 Outliers Outliers
4 5 2 7
1 1 12 12 3 3 15 15
5 2 55 7 3 7 12 8
2 5 12
3 3 29 29 2 2 31 31
4 4 5 5 2 2 7 7
5 5 3 8
5 5 3 8
Table 7. The determined X outliers.
Table 7. The Determined X Outliers
Table 7. The Determined X Outliers
Subset n 2(𝑘𝑘 + 1) 8 No. of observation such that ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 𝐻𝐻
Subset n
Subset n 𝐻𝐻 = 2(𝑘𝑘
= + 1) 8 No.ofofobservation
No. observationsuch
suchthat
that ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻 𝑛𝑛= 𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1 43204320 0.00185185
0.00185185 208 208
2 1 4320 4320 0.00185185
0.00185185 228 208
2 4320
2 4320 4320 0.00185185
0.00185185 228
228
3 0.00185185 219
3 4 3 4319
4320 4320 0.00185185
0.00185185
0.00185228 Table 8. Values of Regression 246 219
219
Coefficients
4 5 4 4318
4319 4319 0.00185228
0.00185271
0.00185228 375 246
246
Dataset
5 4318 0 𝛽𝛽 0.00185271 1 𝛽𝛽 375𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽
5 4318 0.00185271 375 2 3
Figures Subset 1
27-31 show the data 11270
for all subsets fall 0.04637
inside the Cook’s distance-0.000001981
which implies that there are 8.151
no
influential cases
Figures in theshow
27-31 model.
the data for all subsets fall inside the Cook’s distance which implies that there are no
Subset 2 7868 -0.0622 0.00001215 -10.09
influential cases in the model.
Subset 3 12700 0.106 -0.000146 18.63
Subset 4 4876 -0.1157 0.00008332 -18.34
Subset
Figures 7 (a-e) 5 the data for
show 11280
all subsets 0.04376
Table 8 shows -0.00004821
that the mean values of 6.685 the
Mean
fall inside the Cook’s 9598.8
distance which implies that 0.003646 -0.0000201442
regression coefficients are comparable with1.0072the
there are no influential
Overallcases in the9084.3
model. values of regression -0.000014855
0.00394 coefficients obtained from1.598the
entire dataset. As a conclusion, the implementation
3.3 Divided Regression Model
Table 8 shows that the mean values of theofdivided regression
the regression model is validated
coefficients and
are comparable with the
The values of regression
of regression coefficients
coefficients in each from
obtained thethe
divided regression
entire dataset. model
As a isconclusion,
obtained bythe
taking
implementation
divided regression
subset are computed model
to implement theisdivided
validated and
the the
meandivided
values regression
of regression model is obtained
coefficients and by taking th
values of regression coefficients
regression model. Then, the mean values are and the average
the average value of
of 𝜆𝜆̅ of all
of all the subsets. The divided reg
subsets. The
compared tomodel for forecasting
the values thecoefficients
of regression housing price divided
is stated regression
as below: model for forecasting the
1
obtained from the overall dataset. The results
𝑌𝑌 = (9598.8 housing price
+ 0.003646𝑋𝑋1 is stated as below:
− 0.000020144X2 + 1.0072𝑋𝑋3)−0.008
obtained are shown in Table 8.
4. CONCLUSIONS

Divided regression analysis is proposed to predict housing price based on the size of lot,
1680 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6)

11

11

(a) Subsetvs
Figure 27. Residuals 1. Leverage Plot (b) Subset
Figure 28. Residuals 2.
vs Leverage Plot
of Subset 1 of Subset 2
Figure 27. Residuals vs Leverage Plot Figure 28. Residuals vs Leverage Plot
of Subset 1 of Subset 2
Figure 27. Residuals vs Leverage Plot Figure 28. Residuals vs Leverage Plot
of Subset 1 of Subset 2

Figure 29. Residuals vs Leverage Plot Figure 30. Residuals vs Leverage Plot
of Subset 3 of Subset 4
Figure 29. (c) Subset vs
Residuals 3. Leverage Plot (d) Subset
Figure 30. Residuals vs 4.
Leverage Plot
of Subset 3 of Subset 4
Figure 29. Residuals vs Leverage Plot Figure 30. Residuals vs Leverage Plot
of Subset 3 of Subset 4

Figure 31. Residuals vs Leverage Plot

of Subset 5
Figure 31. Residuals vs Leverage Plot
of3.3 Divided
Subset 5 Regression Model (e) Subset 5.
The values of regression
Figurecoefficients
31. Residualsin each subset are
vs Leverage computed to implement the divided regression
Plot
model. Then, the mean values
of Subset
3.3 Divided Regression Modelare5 compared to the values of regression coefficients obtained from the
overall dataset. The results obtained are shown in Table 8.
The values of regression coefficients in each subset are computed to implement the divided regression
Figure 7.
model.Residulas vs mean
Then, the leverage
3.3 plot of subset
Divided
values are (a-e).
Regression
compared Model
to the values of regression coefficients obtained from the
overall dataset. The results
Theobtained
values ofareregression
shown in coefficients
Table 8. in each subset are computed to implement the divi
model. Then, the mean values are compared to the values of regression coefficients obta
overall dataset. The results obtained are shown in Table 8.
 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2022; 49(6) 1681
12

12
Table 8. Values of 8.regression
Table Values of coefficients.
Regression Coefficients
ofDataset 𝛽𝛽Dataset
Regression Coefficients 0 𝛽𝛽1 β0 𝛽𝛽2 β1 𝛽𝛽3 β2 β3
Subset 1 11270
Subset 1 0.0463711270 -0.000001981
0.04637 8.151-0.000001981 8.151
𝛽𝛽2 𝛽𝛽3
Subset 2 7868
Subset 2 -0.0622 0.00001215 -10.09
-0.000001981 8.151 7868 -0.0622 0.00001215 -10.09
Subset 3 12700 0.106 -0.000146 18.63
0.00001215Subset 3 -10.09 12700 0.106 -0.000146 18.63
Subset 4 4876 -0.1157 0.00008332 -18.34
-0.000146Subset 4 18.63 4876 -0.1157
Subset 5 11280 0.04376 -0.00004821 6.6850.00008332 -18.34
0.00008332 -18.34
Mean 9598.8
Subset 5 0.003646 11280 -0.0000201442
0.04376 1.0072-0.00004821 6.685
-0.00004821 6.685
Overall 9084.3
Mean 0.00394 -0.000014855 1.598
-0.0000201442 1.0072 9598.8 0.003646 -0.0000201442 1.0072
-0.000014855 Overall 1.598 9084.3 0.00394 -0.000014855 1.598
Table 8 shows that the mean values of the regression coefficients are comparable with the values
egression coefficients obtained from the entire dataset. As a conclusion, the implementation of the
he
dedregression
regressioncoefficients are comparable
model is validated and thewith the values
divided regression model is obtained by taking the mean
tire dataset. As a conclusion, the implementation
ues of regression coefficients and the average value of of
the𝜆𝜆̅ of all the subsets. The divided regression
ivided regression model is obtained by taking
del for forecasting the housing price is stated as below:the mean
ge value of 𝜆𝜆̅ of all the subsets. The divided regression 1
as below: 𝑌𝑌 = (9598.8 + 0.003646𝑋𝑋1 − 0.000020144X2 + 1.0072𝑋𝑋3) regression model for the entire data set is built by
−0.008
1 taking mean value on the regression coefficients
− 0.000020144X2 + 1.0072𝑋𝑋3)−0.008 of each subset. There is only small difference
CONCLUSIONS
in the values of regression coefficients between
Divided regression4. CONCLUSIONS
analysis is proposed to predict housing price based dividedonregression
the size ofmodel lot, size
andofthe model built by
ng area and condition of
Divided the house. This methodology of the study promotes the subdivisions of the data set, assum-
repredict
datasethousing
into a price basedregression
few unique on the size
subsets.
analysis
of lot,
Then,
issize
multiple
proposed
of to regression analysis on the entire
linear regression analysis is applied on each
thodology
set.
predict
studyhousing
Finally,ofthethedivided promotes
regression
price
the
model
based on the size
subdivisions
is obtainedofby
of lot, theing
thecombining that it
results ofisallable
the to find the actual model of the
subsets.
, Consequently,
multiple linear size regression
some modelanalysis
of living area andiscondition
adequacy applied
checking on each
ofaretheapplied
house. on the entire data set.
datasets. Hence,
During thethe performance of the
model
btainedchecking,
quacy by combining
This the results
themethodology
datasets areoffound
ofall the
thefail
subsets.
study promotes
to satisfy the
the assumptionsdivided regression
of linear modelmodel.
regression is verified.
cking are applied on by the
nce, transformations
subdivisions ofdatasets.
Box-Cox method
the entire During are the
dataset intomodel
applieda few onunique
the datasets to satisfy the assumptions of
to satisfy the
ar regression model. assumptions
Next, theof linear
standardized regression
residuals model.
e applied on thesubsets. Then,
datasets to multiple
satisfy linear
the regressionofanalysisis applied
assumptions
approach to check for the existence of
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