Unit Name of Topic Hours. GINNING AND BLOWROOM: Ginning: Objects ~ types of gins and their suitability. Blending = Objects and their effects on yarn quality - Fibre properties to be considered for blending - Homogeneous Mixing ~ Definition and importance ~ Typical mixing for coarse, medium and fine counts ~ Comparision between mixing and blending — Mixing and blending equipments ~ Working of multi mixer, Aero mix and unifloc. Blow room: Objectives of blow room process ~ Principles of opening and cleaning ~ Description and working of Hopper bale breaker, Flexi cleaner, step cleaner, Aero dynamic cleaner, Mono Cleaner and ERM Cleaner ~ Study of scutcher ~ Krischner beater — Piano feed regulating motion, Automatic Lap formatting and doffing device. | 14, MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN BLOW ROOM: Salient features of modern blow room ~ Study of pneumatic conveyers, condensers, filters, Automatic Waste Evacution Systems (AWES) and Automatic waste baling system, metal detectors, Fire detectors and diverters - Study of Contamination and machine used for contamination clearers Blow room sequences employed using latest openers and beaters suitable for fine, medium and coarse cotton (flow chart only) ~ Defects in blow room laps, causes and remeical machines ~ Popular manufacturers of modern blow room machines - Caculation pertaining to production of scutcher and cleaning efficiency of beaters. 14, CARDING: Objects and principles of carding ~ carding and stripping actions ~ passage of material through HP card. Study of different parts of a carding machine and their functions. Card settings recommended for long stable cotton and manmade fibers. Brief Study about grinding of crd cylinder and remedies. Study of chute feed system, advantages and disadvantages. Calculating pertaining to Draft and production. 14,Unit Name of Topic Hours MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDING: Modern development in different regious — licker — in, flats cylinder, Brief study of metallic wire specifications for cotton process in Licker ~in, Cylinder and doffer (PPI. Angle of wire point, Hight and Width). Study of web doffing device ~ India roll. Brief Study of auto levelller - Open and closed loop systems — Dust extraction system in card —Automatic Waste Evacution System (AMES)- Slient features of modern Carding Machine Popular manufacturers of modern Carding machines. 13. DRAW FRAME: Objectives of drawing ~ principles of doubling and drafting at draw frame — Study of fibre arrangements in the carded and drawframe silvers ~ study of breaker finisher drawing . Functions of different parts of draw frame draft and its distribution . Roller weighting systems — spring and pnumetic weighting systems. Roller settings and its importance — Working of Polar drafting and RSB drafting systems — Stop motions and their advantages — Salient features of modern draw frames — Brief study of silver quality monitoring device, stop motions & can changing systems ~ Silver defects in draw frame their casues and remedies - Popular manufacturers of modern Draw Frames Calculation pertaining to Draft and production. 13.26032 YARN MANUFACTURE | UNIT | : GINNING AND BLOW ROOM Types of gins and their suitabilities : Objects : The main obect of ginning is to separate the cotton fibres and seeds from the jout injuries to both. The different types of ginning machines are three and they cotton are as follows: 1) KNIFE ROLLER GIN : This type of ginning machine is used for Indian variety of cottons. Their staple length vary from % “to %”. 2) SAW GIN: This type of ginning machine is used for American cottons. Their _ staple length vary from %” to 1%” 3) MECARTHY GIN : This type of ginning machine is used for Sea Island and Egyptian cottons. Their staple length vary from 1%” to 1%". BLENDING Blending Objects: The several objects aimed at the blending of cottons are: 1. To ensure a thorough mixing of the fibres 2. To distribute the waste among the better fibres 3. To obtain uniformity in colour and sometimes a certain desired lint or shade, 4, To increase the strength of the yarn by mixing with a better cotton 5. To obtain a cheaper yarn by mixing the lower grade to a better grade and vice versa. Fibre properties consider for blending : Fibre length, fibre strength, finess, maturity flexibility and short fibre content Definition of perfect blending: Perfect blending may be defined as a condition in which every fibre characteristic is found in the same proportion as in the original blend within every unit cross section of the yarn. Fibre blending has been practised since the beginning of the cotton textile industry due tothe variation in the physical properties of cotton like staple length, fines, strength and cleanliness. These variations quality result from differences in variable soils, isrigation insects damage, practice, fertilisers, temperatures,jengih of growing season, exposer of opened cotlon volis before harvests pad-harvests and ginning methods. DEFINITION OF MIXIN szard proportions Mixing is combining together in some what naph: of coltons whose: physical properties are only partielly known, so that the resultant mixturehas only generally known “average” physical, property. characteristies which are not easily reproducible MIXING DETAILS Cotton Mixing for 608, DCH -32 75% MCU-S 25% TYPICAL MIXING FOR COARSE, MEDIUM AND FINE COUNTS Typical Mixing Fwir Desi, waged, Imjadhan, Kalgin 14'to26" —--V777, y1, vinar, I-34, Gaorni, Ak-255 28't034° ——_Digvijay, Co2, 1607 laxmi, sankar 4(B) 3610.44" Sankar 4(a), Meu - 5(6)., HyBridy, 1007 Laxmi 50'to 60" =“ MCUS(A), Varalakshmi (B), Vishnu sankar 4(A) Jott 100! Varalakshmi A, MCU-S(al, sujeta CBS-156 100" to 140% Varalakshmi (A), Suvin COMPARISON BETWEEN MIXING AND BLENDING: Blending 'based'on the. measurement of the, important fibre Properties, length; fikeness, strength, grade ete;/and: quantitalively Propertioning and combining tha compatible properties under controiied conditions and in.such way Jhal the physicel properties of the resultint Blend can be predicted sid are reproducible. Blending is based on the principles of measurement and propértion, while mixing Is not. TRUTZSCHLER MULTHAIXER MPM: Though the tuft blending Instatietion, helps to eehleve homogeneous blend the representation of all the-beles cannot be achieved due to the centiiueus transport of meterials, But the Multimixer MPM mee(s the requirements for producing of stich a homogensous blend. It is els seminently suitable for the further homogenization of coloured and man-made fibre blends produced on a tufl blending Instellation with weighing nopper, feeders. CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION: The salient features of Multimixét having six’ hoppers ts showin In Fig. The’ Multimixer MPM is constructed with 6.4.10 oF 12 hoppers each $09 mim long, depencing upon the requirements for blending and gepacity. The height of the hoppers Is deduced from the ever-sll height of thenhene ree y Machines minus the 1500 mm height of the base unit which contains the delivery rollers, opening rollers and the blending channel. The minimum overall height is 3250mm. With this overall height the hoppers height Is 1750mm ‘The hoppers can be increased in stages of 250mm upto an overall height of 4000mm and beyond.this in stages of 500mm upte an overall height. of 500mm. The Multimixer is available with a hopper wicth of 1400: mm'or 2OCOrG Tite Bales are r ‘by hand openers. Weighing Mopper feeders, are recommended for the production’ of sttietty proporticned blends: : gS This blend Is blown from the preceding maching.by the materiel Trarispert Fan and conveyed into the ‘food due above the hoppers. Thes Conveyor air Is ducted through pefforated plates in.the Upper part of tt hoppers into exhaust ducts on the side and from there into the blending channel below the opening rollérs. The hoppers ate closed agains} the feed duct by pneumstically operated flaps, apart frorn the first hopper in the direetion counter to the material flow. ‘ : OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE: : 2 mixer at the beginning of a blend tot The charging, of the Mull starts with-thé first hopper at the end of the feed duct. It is filled'afly to just, below the photocell situated in the adjacent hopper, which governs the hen ‘the closing Nap of Ininimum charging level during automatis operation. the second hopper Is opened by push button operation. The second hopper is-cherged to a rather higher then the second. “The chafging level of the hoppers rises uniformly upte the last hopper which Is fully ‘ctierged ‘Whilst the last hopper is being charged thera’ Is # change over to aulomatic operation and the material transport is switched of. The sotumns of material in the hoppers start to drop. When the last hopper'is full the closing flsp shuts autometicelly and charging restarts with the first hopper 23 soot 2s the level of the second hopper hes dropped below the photocélt, The multimixer is glso available with automatic a. preliminary ciarging.w 1s The graduated charging levels of the hoppers are thus maintéined during eutomatle operation. The last charged ‘hopper Is slways suiteted dajacent to the hopper with the lowest charge. As ell the hoppers ere emplisd simultensously fibres come together in the blending chennel which have come from the preceding maching at different times. When the charging leveLrises, ore end more of the holes in the perforated plate of the uppar part of he hopper are blocked with material. This increases the pressure of he conveyor. air. Once a preselected pressure ‘is redched, which corresponds to a particuler charging level, an electronic witch closes the flap of this hopper and opens up the flap of the next hopper. ‘The pressure thet Is set for the change-over is displayed on a manometer. Tho copecity of the hoppers flay bs varied by: alleria therehangeover pressure. Since the material the hoppers is condensed By the stolle pressure exerted by the Material Transport Fen NTV $00 the capacity of the hopper is substantially higher than with loose fil. The base of each hopper is closed by a pair of delivery rollers which {rensfer thé material gradually and uniformly, but without applying pressure which milght damage the fibres, fo an opening roller with six toothed strips. The delivery rollers of ail the hoppers ere driven by two varleble speed moters With @ control range upto 1:6. In this way it is. possible to edjust the output of the Multimixer to the feed requirements of the subsequent machines, The opening rollers geiitly loosen the material into tuffs and Geiiver.them into the blending channel from which they are sucked by the subsequent condenser, the suction, power of which must be atleist S¢00ma/ 1. The opening raiters ofall the: hoppers are driven by two S-phase motors, the power af whieh conforms to.thé umber ‘and the which of hoppers. When the blend fot Is changed the multimixed MPM mast be ‘emptied. The machine is re-set to menual contro! before the énire betch hes been evaluated in-order 18 be asle to take meterial from all the hoppers night6 “plo the and of the betch. Operation is then switched fo the next hopper when the charging level of the prece:AERO MIX Unimix is the combined bleriding and cleaning machine for universal application cotton, man made fibres or synthetics and their blends. This new blending machine unimix is manufactured by M/S.Lakshmi Rieter. Quality standards for yarn ate always getting increasingly important in spinning profits. Beyond that the spinning process shouid be ruri most ecchomically and the raw materials exploited to its limits. Imperatives are homogeneous blending with respect to fibre fength, maturity, fineness and colour. This also results in a low number of ends down in spinning in addition to consistent quality and levet of production. The combination of the automatic bale opener and the biender results in ‘extremely good homogeneous and consistent blend of material. Intensive three point blending through simultaneous feeding of ail the vertical fibre depositing chutes by means of a turbulent air stream (instantaneous blending) deflection of the fibre layers by 90° and applying of pathvtime differential to the diferent components ( blending by doubling) and the return of overflow into the blending chamber (intensive blending). The combined blending and cleaning in one machine effects considerable savings in the power and vatume of air handied. The unimix consists. of three sections, namely the storage section, the intermediate and the delivery section. The fibres are fed. pneumatically from the preceding blow-room machines into the six vertical depositing chutes of the storage section. From there, the fibre columns are deposited horizontally onto a conveyor belt by means of which they pass through the intermediate’ section to the delivery section. The transport air is led through a series of perforated side sheets into lateral air chambers ‘and from there into the filter instatlation. Overfting of the storing s a pressure switch In the intermediate section, the horizontal layers are driven to the upright lattice. ‘The fibres are opened up into individual tufts by means of an upright lattice. Sy means of 2 regulating rollet or evener roller which can be set in its position in relation to the upright, lattice, excessive amounts at fibre are thrown back into the blending chamber (intensive blending). The blending chamber is monitored by reans of @ photo electric switch which ‘operates the. horizontal conveyor beit. After passing ihe evener roiler, the fibres from Upright lattice are stripped by stripper roller and delivered to a pair of feed rollers whi are situated below the filing trunk. An opening roller which can be of the disc beater or the eaw tooth beater type, as well as an adjustable grid, compiete the extremely effective and gentle, opening and. cleaning point. The cleaned fibre tufts are sucked off Pneumatically and passed onto the next machine. Produetion rate - upto 400 kg / hour. Capacity-active blending capacity 250 kg. Both blending and clesning machine: are thus provided by a single piece of equipment. / fon is prevented byUnifloc of Rieter / Retoratio bale opening inachine Unifloo A10 suiideasively opens the raw material bales into militants. The machine consists essentially of the Take-off unit, suction duct and control cabinet. Take- off tower: ‘The take off tower traverses on rails along the bales resting on the floor. The swelling tower contains the lifting motor for the Take-off unit, the fan for removing the tufts, the vertical duct and the easily accessible control panel. The tower swivels 190 degrees. The Take off unit: “The Take off unit is mounted on the tower with vertical movement. The take-off roll wth its individually replaceable-toothed disks reverses Its rotation at the end of each traverse, ensuring that the stock Is always opened into mini tufts. Two adjustable retaining rolls provide complete bale work-off. Controt: ‘The Rieter microprocessor programs the fully automatic bale work off. The Derived production rate and the entries lay down weight are put in manually on'the numerical key. board, The machine then calculates all data for fully automatic operation . Including the downward advance of the work. unit during two traverses on the strength of the automatically registered bale heights . The bale may’ be laid down In groups With up to four different heights . The control eystem may be programmed for operating with one or sirfiitaneously two assortmerits . tracing faults is facilitated by a digital fault display. Easy Operation: “The Rieter Unifloc enables processing of up to 100 bales arranged es four components ( diferent bale types) per blend over a maximum layout length of 47.5 meter per side. The Machine can process one blend or two blends simultaneously “The production rate Is normally up to 1000kg/ hour. The Unifice providing uniform stock removal controlled by the take-off unit accommodates the different bale heights automatically, providing uniform stock removal controlled by the in built micro processor. All bales of up to four groups of dilférent: heights in a lot are thus worked off completely at the same time ; the next lay down is made ready at the other side of the machine. n operation: a ver (6 a new letdown is a matter ofa few seconds, the tower is swiveled 180 degree. The long intervals between loading cut the labour demand, significantly. Depending on production and bale lay down the intervals go up to 190 hours. “bBLOW ROOM INTRODUCTION AND OBJECT: lis well known-fact thal even the very best and most up-to-date ‘Sin“afie being effective in removing seed, leaves much of the broken leat. stalk, seed coal, sand ete the case of staple fibres the material sny hot contain any foreign materials but they are in @ matted condition., There-fore there must-be-some method of opening the mass of fibres into small tufts before further processing! This process of opening and cleaning is known as “BLOW ROOM PROCESS", ‘ The objects of any process will go on changing as per ihe technological developments and the Blow room process Is no exception Therefore the conventional objects of the Blow Room Process has been modified and expanded. 1. “To open the compressed layer of nale of cotton or ony staple fibres with minimum damage to the fibres. 2. To remove the Impurities like sand, seed bits, neps and short fibres Present in the cotton with minimum loss of lint by opening and beating. ° 3. “To effect a through blending with'minimum nep formetion. 4. . To convert the mass of cotton fibres into a uniform thick shee! of cotton both longitudinally and transversély end fed as it Is in the case of chute feed system orwound in the form of a compactly built lep with minimum lap rejection. 5. Intensive dudusting- of cotton fibres to extract microdust in order to improve the working of OPENED SPINNING MACHINE. 6. Fibre recovery from the waste produced by the Various processes during the conversion of fibre to yarn in order to reduce the consumption of raw material. PRINCIPLE OF OPENING & CLEANING SECTION: The principle object of this section is to extract mejor pertion of the heavy and light impurities by the opening and besting action of the various openers end becters ond further. helps in blending of fibres. with minimumloss of good fibres fibre damage, nep formation, and fibre entanglement A thorough knowiedge of the openers and beaters with their capability of extracting the type of impurities is @ pre-requisite in the selection of the right type of machine and sequence to achieve the above objectives. The Impurities that are present in the cotton can be classified into heavy impurities like broken seeds, husks, loaves and lighter impurities like short fibres, Immature fibres and dust. The selection of cleaning machines and their sequence mainly depends upon the quality of cotton, quantily end type of impurities. Alling openers and elesning machines ean be broadly cassireg into tio types based on “FEEDING TECHNIQUES” and three iypes besed on “BEATER ELEMENTS”. FEEDING TECHNIQUES: Loosé feeding end beating technique. Semi-fast gripped feeding and beating technique. BEATER ELEMENTS: é ' Pin openers. 2. | “Bladed Beaters: 3., Saw tooth openers. Loose beating techniques is employed in the Initlal cleaning tine 0 that heavy Impurities ore removed, otherwise, they will be crushed Into fragments white fed into the semil-fast-feeding and beating machines through pals of feed rollets and it Is very diffleult to remove crushed impurities. ‘Therefore, the loase beating openers or beaters must be employed in the Initiat stage and semi fast gripped feed and beating technique at the final Stage Furthar ell.the openiiig and elecning machines can be studied under three. groups according fe their developments. |." Conventional openers and Beaters. Ml, Improved openers and Beaters. Ul, ‘Recent developments of beaters and openers.fo B10 CONVENTIONAL OPENERS AND BEATERS: 1. Vertical opener 2. Porcupine opener 3. Three Bleded Beater 4. Kirschner Beater IMPROVED OPENERS AND BEATERS: Twin opener Step Cleaner S.R.R.L. Opener Air Jet Cleaner Shirley Opener RECENT DEVELOPMENTS I BEATERS AND OPENER: 10. Percupine Beater 11. Axi Fle Cleaner 12: Mono Cylinder 13. ERM. Cleaner 14. Cleaner RK. HOPPER FEEDER: The function of the Hopper feeder Is to regulate the feeding and also certain extent as an opener. During this: process the fibre damage also reduced to minimum, : The Fig. shows the Hopper feeder, AL*A* we have the tsi connésted vith he ming room, and down which the coon ithrewn, Passing theough the unk and W enters the chamber 8", bottom feed lle "cates forward unt comes into eoftact wit en altost vereay eked traveling latlee*. The Inclined spiked ofthis lice enter the eaten, end ary upwards past the evener roller E’, The function of this roller is fo preventany surplus getin pessing forward. This is ulek rate, Thue the curplus colton is thrown back info the enamber" Thus the oven distibuted cotton is ned acted upon by a stipner'”, whieh clesg the cotton fon the spikes ofthe lates and agen It await ageinst a svies of grid bars ‘G*, through which any loose ditt will fall. The cotton is now directed fo the pedal roller ‘H’ and passes forward between ft and a numb: of pedals K, whieh serve the purpace of regulating the amount af ello delivered. For fected by revolving the roller at ahit instance, if too much is going through the pedels are depressed, and by their Sonnection with @ cone-drum driving errangement cause the rollers “H’ to revolve ota slow rate. if two lltie is going through, the roller is automatically speeded. We can now appreciate the advantage of the hopper feeder passes, especially when we realise that the ection es it is delivered by the rollers J hes been doubly regulated. 1, Through the spiked lattice being charged with cotton as it passes through the partially filled chamber 8", the surplus cotton being removed by the roller ‘E* and 2. By the purely regulating arrangement at 'H' and ‘K* So far 95 our description has. gone wa have’ presumed that the chamber ‘B" Is kept from about half to three quarters full of cotton. AS this depends upon anattendant, who Is liable to allow it to contain elther to-little or too much @ device has been arranged to keep tha cotton In the chamber at constant, To effect this, three or four feeler bars 'G' hang inside the chamber from aod". A lover on the rods connected by other levers to a catch Box. T om the shaft 'V", As the chamber fills, the pressure of cotton forces the bers ‘Q' backwards, and these, acting through the levers, put the catch box T out of gear just at the moment when @ crank “on the end of the shaft V-has lowered vibrating. truik door "Y' so as to stop the entrence for the cotton. This door "Y" remains clesed until the bors'‘0" are permitted to fall by gravity ‘ito thelr, norma ‘position. This,.of course..puts.the clutch box in to gear #galn, and the doér “Y* opens thus allowing more cotton to enter, ‘Thus. hopper feeder is to regulate the feeding.KIRSCHNER BEATER: Although the Kirschner beater has been available fer many years, it Is only comparatively recently that this type of beater has been commonly used. With improvements in trash extraction/at-earlier stages of processing, the extraction of irash af the:sculcher has been of less importance thai the making of uniform, well-textured lap. The Kirschner beater illustrated in Figs Consists of three-armed ‘spiders’ mounted on a'shafi, with wooden lags firmly fixed to the arms. Exch log carries a large number of hardened,-well pointed, steet pins srranged in staggered formation to ensure adequate combing of the colton across the whole width of the machine, Will be observed trom Fi int taper in the ‘wooden legs mounted, the leading’ edge being thinner tan the tralling edge. In other words, the jadius from the -beeter centre to the points at the leading edge of each I KG Is tess than the radius at the trelling edge. This hes the effect of @ graduated penetration of the cotton fringe at each blow of the that there is a. si beater, minimizing any tendency there might be to pluck uncombed tuts from the fringe. Three types of ‘pining ‘ are availeble, coerse, medium, and fine, the coarse having fewer end stronger pine, and the fine having mére and pinner pins. The mediumis most commonly used and Is suitable for cottons: rariging from 25.4mm to 34.Smm (1 In to 1.3/8 tn) kin staple length: Its usuat to run this type of beater at speeds around 700 to 750 rev/min but éven lawer speeds may b2 used with pinning. Which Is suitable for the finer arid longar=— stapled cottons. As has been already stated, this type of beater is not considered to be a good cleaning beater, its chief advantage being the Production of a smooth, welkopened sheet of cotton for the card. * STEP CLEANER INTRODUCTION: ‘The use of mechanical means for harvesting cotton crops has resulted In increase in the emount of grass, stalk and leaf-In the cotton. In order to clean the cotton from these tresh end direct, machines with improved cleaning efficiency have been developed. One of ths machine which has gained popularity is the step or ultra cleaner, By the Introduction of.this machine In the blow room, the number of cleaning units. may be ectualiy feduced. Position of step cleaner if usually Introduced into the blow room tineis immediately fottowing the Hopper baie breaker or blending bale openers, which. have already performed sonie preliminary opening. PRINCIPLES OF WORKING: 'n conventional beaters, air currents are required as part of the opening and cleening elements. The air current Is also used to cerry the cotton from one mechine to the other. But the “step clearier” does not use air Current 25 part of cleaning or cotton imoving element: The principle of this machine is to opert the cotton by 8 Serious OF horizontal beaters that drag the cotton aver the grid bers: Here the catton held by strikers of one bester, is being siruck by the spike of another beater, ‘The effect is similar to the one ini the Hopper bale breaker and Hopper feeders, where there is a comibinalion of striker and beater actions. Hence the cotton js intensively opened end trash is also very readily liberated from the cotton. PASSAGE OF MATERIAL THROUGH THE MACHINE: Cotton is usually fed to the machine by @ condenser or 6 Hopper rst beater"S, The feeder. {tt immediately comes under the action of the * machine is commonly equipped with 6 beblers, arrariged at en angie of 45 degree." Each beater consists of a tubulat drum.” 4’tows of spikes or beating ‘arms of eliptical cross-section are mounted around the drum surfece. Under ech beater, a “grid ber” system Cis fitted. The bar angle Is allered according do the {rash content of the cotton being processed. The grid bars are set’ so ‘close that they do not allow the cotton to pass between them bul wide enough {for the liberated impurities to escape Gh entering the first beater compartment; the partolly opened colton is dashed By'the spikes against the arid bars before passing on upwards ilo the “secénd‘beater* The colton Is bested from. beater to beater so the! _elisr entering tne first and lowest beater, is progtessively raised unit iit reaches the;tep most beater by the action of the beater In pening of éotton Is accompli dragging the cotten aver the grid sections. All the beaters revaive in the ‘same diréetion. The spikes of the beaters ere opposed at the polit of junctions.116 This has the effect to giving the cotton tufts a serles ef severe blows in o direction opposite to that at which the previous beater delivers the cotton. Due to such counter beater action between each beater cotton gets an additional opening. Cleaning of colton is caused by striking of the tufts of colton on the grid bars plus the effect of gravity on the heavier pariicies as they pass over the successive grid section. Baffle plates & are interposed between each peir of beaters. They prevent the beaters from treating a clroular air current by deflecting the alr and the cotton towards the next beater. The trash extracted by the beater action falls into the trash box F. ‘The opened cotton is projected by the upper most beeler into the delivery chute H. Though the dativery chute, the cotton is delivered’to @ pipe line leading to the next machine. 7 MERITS: 1. The step cleaner is said to handle both long and short staple cottons with a minimum of fibre demage. 2. The conventional beaters strike the cotton from rollers and pedals and 30 the colton receives @ severe treatment, But inthe step cleaner cotton is in suspension when struck by eacit beater in the.series. 3. Toate cami oan vavious eiona shot ieliiy high eldaivng 30% to 45% of the Total trast content of the colton being processed, depending ypon the grade of eoton use. SPEED: All the beaters revolve at the same of about $50 R.P.M. PRODUCTION: About 800 Kg. per hour. SETTINGS: 25/32" from beater to grid bars for medium stapl cotton, MOTOR: For the drive of this machine a moter'ot 2.2 KAW. and 950 R.PM required.MONO CYLINDER: «1118 or example of » Modern Beater to process uifferent Verieties ef colton in the same beater, THE FEATURES ARE: 1 Extremely gently treatment given to cotton. 2. Spiked beoters:ere employed instead f discs and o wider setting beater blades eng grid bars. 3, Loose feed Is provided instead of feed rollers. This mekes it more suitable to process any stapis without altering the settings. 4: Alr currents are employed to give repeated action to cotton. The Cleaning {5 done by air currents and nence'chances of damage is very remote. Henee they are siltable to process eny cotton from coarse dirty Indien Cotton to Tine clean Egyptian cotton. Allthese features are clearly indicated In the working of the Mono Cylinder. - Te Magne bic etboo 7. To dok Branch 3. Pin “Yy \wdoy1a CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING: Figure shows a sectional elevation of thé Mono Cylinder machine. consists of a beater made up of 2 eylinder with & rows of spikes. Each row consisting of 6 spikes. The spikes are arranged In’ spiral ckdler on the surface of the beater, The top cover is provided with curved guide plates. The bottom arid bers covering about 40 to 50% of portion of the beater Is enclosed the beater circumference. The grid bars can be-tiled to-get-the aquired angle from @ common point outside the machine. This Is the only selling to de altered fer different cottons. Iniet and cuiiet ors set at right angles to the beater. WORKING: Due to the alr current set up by the exhaust fan cotton drawn into the machine from the Inlet pipe. As the beater Is notated cotton Is treated by the cylinder against the grid bars, Due io the action of the beater, cotton is thoroughly opened. The impurities separated are thrown out through the grid bars. ‘Because of the guide plates provided In thie top cover (Hood) Cotton moves along the beater in a felical path until il-reaches the outlel pips: This ‘will result In repeated action by the beater end gives @ high degrea of spening and cleaning. As the cotton reaches the outlet pipe it is drawn out by means of the air suction generated by @ suction fan. The beater speed will be approximately 700 to. 750 rpm. As explained abave, colton is fed and treated in loose conditions. There is extremely gentle treatment due to the type of spike and design of Deater. There is repeated action dus to the spiral pathvin which cotten moves From iniet to oitlet pipe. A large grid bar area helps thorough éleaning: Grid Gar setting is the only factor to process different cottofis” “Due to the ‘mechanical design it is possible to contret the grid bars from ‘one contral point This reduces time and tabour needed fo alter the settings. “AN! these factors inake this medem beater ideel to process different verities of cottons.ERM - CLEANER: ‘This is an universel opening and cleaning machine. Reiter Mixing Bole openers and Kerousel openers are copable of producing tufts weighing theoretically 7 fo 10 milligrams. This demands very precise and fine control of the material at the subsequent processing stages. The Salient features are shown in fig. ‘The machina consists of the following units. i) Input Unit ‘it) Petented laminar chute Cleaning unit with waste compartment: input UN The fibre is blowa into the laminar chute by an integrated fan. ‘The transport ir bringing the fibre tufts from the preceeding machine (usually mono-cylinder) compresses. the fbreitr ihe chute and escape through the laminar back wall. Al the lower end of the taminar feed chute Isithe air enters. The filing of the chute is monitored by 2 photo cells. The e perforated drum, sir containing dust is passed on tothe central filter unit through 9 duct. Visual checks of the matetiat flow can be cerried out easily as the stock is visible In the feed chute thiough 4 glass pane, which esi be opendd for maintenance purpos: The laminar chute is specially designed with T-shaped sections ‘which are self cleaning. Further, as there is no leakage of air, the size of the fan motor and the capacity of the fitter installation is determined solety by the efiergy consumed by the air current conveying the material, CLEANING UNIT: 2 The cleaning unit consists of @ spring loaded pair of need rollers, These thres knits can be optionally the knife guide and the cleaning rot! fon to each other for best results. The palr of feed rollers adjusted in ensure a controlled feed of the fibre tufts.The grid is equipped with adjustable sheet metal guide slates interposed between the eight knife bars to control the passage of material The strongiy constructed grid with finely finished surfaces to which fibres sennol adhere is equipped with a simple four point suspension arrangement. They can be adjusted from out side in the graduated lever gad brought into the proper position retative to the-cpening roller. It is thus possible to adjust the amount of waste and its quality to the requirements andthe different typed of raw meterials. The beater is equipped with toothed Wises or saw tooin wire, end Is cerefully suited to the technological requirements end the density of the opened material. Gentle hendling’end the highest possible degree" or opening end cleaning of the fibres is thus achieved. With the-ald of an é/éelion platform, the beater can be quickly and:readily billit in of taken:cur. The standardised beater permits the quick adaptatisn of the Installation to-¢ifferent types of raw maisrial so that great flexibility is asstired,CONTAMINATION IN. TTON Though the basic fibre characteristics of many Indian cottons are good enough to meet the quality of yarns in terms of strength and evenness, many of the cotton varieties have too much contamination, Even the trash contains significant proportion of seed coats. This, therefore requests in an inferior quality of yarns, There are major sources of contamination which can be considered serious, 1. Strings of jute or hassian cloths. 2. Organie matter: Leaves feathers , paper or leather pieces. Strings or pieces of plasties 4. Hai other,than cotton fibre mostly human. ‘Small pebbles, * 6: Oily of greesy rags. Some time’ it is possible for the mills to.lake certain measures to check the ontamination veg: a-mil-may select a,cotton in'the field; carry: ginning under special supervision and-also supervise cotton balling. It this-is-not possible, the mills have to-empty labour to. manually pick the contaminants up before feeding the bales in blow room..Automatic detector ard extraction is possible through-“opitician’ syste wien it is installed in the blow room, How ever this, system is very costly. The manual system of picking all these contamifiants cannot be effectively used in modern mill which use the puckers. Tis always advisable to prevent these contaminants getting mixed in normal cotton fed. Many a ‘time, it becomes necessary to educate peoplé in’ ginneries and improve \ransportation methods. IT is also advisable to train the bale feeders and improve the house keeping in mixing rooms. The: traditional concept of using happen jute cloth for bale picky also requires to be changed.STUDY OF SCUTCHER OBJECTS: 1. To continue the opening of cotton even further than has atreedy been “dane. 2 2. _ Te clean the cotton by extracting the trash and undesirable. short fibres. 3. To form this cleaned-cottonjinto a continuous sheet form called ‘Lep’ To make this lap as uniforn as possible. 5. To'mix the eottons more tnproughly. The first and secura objects are performed simultaneously by feeding the cotton through ¢ pair of rotlers into the path of a rapidty revélving beater, The third object is achieved by drawing the opened and cleaned cotton on slowly revolving calender rollers, which convert the tufts into.a continuous sheet. The further object Is performed by the use of Automatic Hopper Feeder to’ supply the materiat {o the scutcher at e uniform rate and by using plano Feed regulating motion. in old blow room tines, uniformity of taps Is achieved by taking 4 taps from the first scutcher (called Breaker Scutcher and feeding them simultaneously to the second scutcher (celled. Finisher Scutcher). This proceduire is called ‘Doubling’. The doubling of laps Is done to neutralise the variations within the lap. PASSAGE OF MATERIAL THROUGH A SCUTCHER: Tho cotton is delivered to the scutcher line from the: opening and cleaning range. of machine through @ Distributes. A condensing cage (or Shirley wheel) draws the cotton arid delivers it to the Reserve Bin of the Hopper Feeder, The Hopper Feeder, supplies the cotton at @ uniform rets over ¢ moving lattice, to be fed to a three bladed bester. From the fastice the matertat passes belwoen feed roller and pedal levers. Plano feed regulation motien Is employed here to ensure the regularity of finistied material. its pedal levers detect the presence of thick and thin places In-the'fringe of cotton ani operetethe feed regulating device. The speed of the fecd roller is suitable varied. So that equal quantity of cotton is fed into the beoter chamber in equal intervals of time The cotton, held between the feed roller end pedal lever is then struck down by the blades of the revolving 3 bladed beater (940 rpm). The fringe of cotton is opened into smalier tufts when beated against the grin bars, through which the Impurities fatl. The stripping reif at the end of thé beater chamber, hetps in stripping of any material adhering on the biades of the beaier. i elso guides the material on smooth pipe tine. From the beater chamber, the cotton passes with the air pressure tothe condensing cages. The cotton is deposited on the surface of the cages In @ uniform leyer. A considerable quantity of dust and fine tres released by the beater action pass through the perforations of the cages and carried to cutter chamber underneath or collected in the rotary air filter. The air pressure ls Induced by a fan, which is connected to the ends of the cages by suitable fan. The material fromthe first pair of cages may be taken 10 9 second beater chamber in which Kirschner bester is revolving (700-750 rpm). The fine pins of this beeter ensures’ edequate combing of the cotton across the whéle Width of the machine. (Kirschner beater recommended for find and Egyptian varieties. . . The materiel trom the Kirschner beater passes towards. the second ‘pair of revolving cages. ‘The material leaving from thé second pair of cages, Is collected ‘and slightly pressed by a palr of fluled detivery rollers. The material then Passes (o'the calender roilars of thé lip machine through thie feed table, Thefe will be four'celender rollérs, made of highly polished cast iron mountad on suitable slides, one above the other end heavily welghted. The cotton is délivered as consolidated sheet form fromthe nip o third and bottom calender roller. The cotton tufts are pressed into a compact sheet form. After teaving the calender rollers, {he stieet of cotton passes bonsath'a ‘dead’ or pressureroller which helps to maintain the compact condition of the sheet. This is delivered to the fluted lap rollers. Alap rod rests between the two shell rollers. The revolutions of the tap roller causes the fap red (o rotate and in doing so winds the lap on the red. When the lap of required length is obtained a length meesuring motion or knock off motion causes the calender rollers and the feed part to stop aulomaticelly. Now the doffing of the lap takes place. PIANO FEED REGULATING MOTION: The feed regulating motion in {he scutcher has been introduced solely to ensure the regularity (or uniformity) of the finished material i.e. lap. The type of feed regulating motion that Is commonly used is known as ‘Plano Feed Regulating Motlon’. This is placed between the feed Iallice and the beater so that cotton will have to pass through the pedals ofthe feed requiating motion before it passes on the.peater chamber. The piano feed regulating: motion has the pilmary object. of feeding equel quantities of cotton into the beater Chamber, in equal intervals of time. DESCRIPTION: Throughout the width of the machine there ere ebout 15 or 16° Pedal levers which are fulcrummed on the knife edge. The nose partions of he pedals operete egainst the pedal roller of feed rollet so as to firmly grip the fringe of colton passing between the pedal fever and féed roller. The tell’ end of the pedal lever Is In the form of @ hock. On the hooked end of each lever In the system, pendant links ars provided and these are further linked. together 25 shown in the sketch. The pedal-ends ere linked up In sets of {nree to suitable triped levers, The (riped levers ere tn turh connected in pairs by simple leavers, down to a lotig lever which in turn Is édnnected to the belt” fork in the cone-drum regulator box. . The driving of the feed roller is done by a convex Bottom cone drum. This driven cone drum again gels motion from another concave top cone drum through en endiess belting. The belt is cagried on a fork and can’ be shifted on the cone drums by @ lever operated from the Regulator box.24 The pair ef cone drums will produce the requisite variations of feed rover speed, {9 maintain 2 given quantity of cotton to be used uniformly into beater chamber. The movement of the belt fork onthe surface of the pair of cone: willolter the speed of the bottom driven cone. The driven cone is again connected by suitable geating arrangement to feed roller and feed lattice. And change in the speed of the driven done will lsa.bring ebout the responding proportionate change in the speed of cotton be roller and feed lattice. WORKING: | If thick place occurs in the colton been the feed roller and the pedal nose, across the full width of the machine, the, tail-erid of each peda! lever would raise. This causes corresponding movement of the bottom lever. As the bottom lever is connected-fo the it fork-it. would in \urn move the belt towards the small efd of the top cone ahd large end of the bottom cone.. So 8 reduction of the speed of the feed rofier and feed lattice resuits. if thin place should occur across the full width of the machine, the -oppesite effect would obtein. if however, there ere thick places.ecross half the machine width the thin places across the:sther half, there would-be no moverient of the belt ark, Beceuse the raise of one set of pedals would be controlled by the fall of the other, Each pedal detects its own. seclion of approximataly 2°. The Summiation of the movement of the pedal: levers by ears of linkages determines ‘the emount of riovement of the belt fork. If thick places Predominsies ever thin places it is obvioys too-much cotton is being fed forward. S0 the feed roller speed Is to be reduced by the movement of the belt fowerds smaitor and of the botiom cons. Ifthin placed exceed thick places, insuifictent cotton is being: fed forward. So the feod:rolfer speed iz to be increased by the movement of the belt towards blager and'of the bottom cone. Thus regularity of cotton fénd to he beater chamber Is achieved. AUTOMATIC LAP FORMING DEVICE: Automatic lap-doffing device Is the latest innovation in the Blow room ling. The adventeges gained by this device are:fNCREASE It PRODUCTION: This device enables the scutcher to run continuously. Since the ft can be run with 100% mechanical efficiency. seutcher is never stopped, Thus there is en increase in production comparéd with the norme! setucher which stops and starts et the completion of each fap. 2, IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF LAI This device eliminates the veriation in weight per metre et the beginning of the lap. This defect occurs with the normal seutcher, ‘This defect arises trom the time factor in the transit of cotton. between the feed system and the cages In stepping and starting.- It is atso due to the accumulation of material onthe cages being caused on stopping. So with the. autometic lap- dotting device a very low co-efficiensy 6f variation of lap, less than 1% canbe achieved. 3. HIGHER LABOUR PRODUCTIMITY: The worker is relieved of the duties of, restarting the lap forming ing. the lap spindle, So the worker machine after removing the fui lap end pla: on the scutener may look after more number of machines. Automatic lap doffing device is simple and easy to maintain because of pressure lubrication to bearings at doffing end. Es t VARIOUS TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS If THE MODERN BLOW: - ROOM LINE: 1. Various controt systems are employed in Modern Blow Room to improve. the lop uniformity: Uniformity of ap depends on the control of flow of cotton in the following parts: 21 FROM THE BALE OPENER To THE"SEUTCHER: Yo contral the level of cotton on the feed lattice of Blenders, Bale opener and the Hopper feeders are the first stop to mistntaln usiferm flow of cotton. The correct amount of cotton in hoppers is meinteined by swing doors and use of Micro switches. Swinging door stops the feed once the correct level is: feached. (Sayt/2 or 1/3 capacity)4 2 11-26 Al the Hopper Feeder, level of colton al the delivery and on the feed lattice is controlied to given a uniform feed of cotton, A simple method s te slighlly over cell the cotton io a front delivery box and maintain the level with 2 photoelectric cell. The device is very sensitive and acts with-in seconds to stop or start the delivery. Electrical and photo eléetric cell devices have replaced the mechanical devices if old blow rooms. In the scuteher, the beaters are fed'by the plano feed regulating motion: Im conventional flow only tie final beater was provided with feed Fegulating motioh. Modern blow féomé.employ this motion af both the beaters and in the scutgher. This hes turther improved the uniform flow of cotton. Mechanically the feed regulating motion has been Improved fo make It highly sensitive end ea act even for sinall variations in thickness in the cotton sheet. Scutcher Is provided with “Auto-tap dotting device” which dofts during sentinuous working of the scutcher. This ha éliminated the variations Introduced:in the lep due to-siepping-end restarting the Scutcher for doffing the tap. These are the important.features of modem blow room to improve “Uniformity. Modern features contributing to better cleaning action Is slow room are: ‘, Better cleaning is due to developments in modern beaters which Give:high degree of cleaning. Signitigent progress has tekeri place in the , design of beaters.and the method of cleaning or separation of impurities. The features are: D) 2) » 4 Use of spiked beaters like Mono-Cylinder than ffat blades én the dises. Use of Licker-in type bebters to increase tive opening acifon. current Multiple action to the cotién in the same bealér due to deflection as in Mono-Gylinder. Multiple beaters In @ single machine like step cleaner.. t27 5) Use of powerful air currents to direct the cotton to lake @ sharp bend os } in Airjet cleaner. ©) Use of Deflector plate end boundary sheet for-defiection of eir currents ‘and cieaning as in Shirley opener. 7) Use of grevitational ferce fer cleaning as in zig-zag opener. 3. In'e single process blow ream the various operation of beating, cleaning and lap forming are carried out Ina continuous manner. The colton flow 's autometically regulated in the line form Blenders to scutcher reducing ‘material handling by workers. The operative has to feed cotton and remove the full lap. The other important advantages are 4. More uniform tap. 2. Advantages of Single Process Blow Room Line, Material handling cost is minimum. ‘Saving in labour cost due to introduction ‘of Autp lap dotfing, A worker can look after two scutchers. nn 5. Finisher scutcher is eliminated, 50 saving of space and of production. 6. Higher Machine efficiency due to-Auto lap doffing. t 7. Defects due to stopping and restoring of seutcher for Gach lap are eliminated due to Auto doffing during working of scutcher. AUTOMATIC MODERN SCUTCHERS: Before we attempt to study the modern scuteher units, it will be en Useful exercise if we try to understand the Various Iimitetions of conventional: Seutcher, in order to, appreciate the Various development of modern Scutcher units The frequent use of conventional Hopper Feeders forms stringiness ia fibres due to constant rolling of the fibres. i~ 1-28 2. The sensitivity of mechenical regulator motion is affected due to inertle resulted in the tag, 3. The method of feeding to the intensive fina! beater by the roller and pédals is fer from satistactory. 4. Frequent stoppage of .scutcher for lap doffing effects production end increases the work load of the operative. Human error is involved in weighing end correction, which affects uniformity of tap. Meny Machinery makers have mede various tanovatlons to overcome ine ebove tinittions. itis eltempted tire to explain im detet, re typleal Modern scutchers whieh incorporate almost all the developments ammon 16 most ef them, HERGETH'S AUTOMATIC SCUTCHER: Mis. Horgeth’s seutcher has many novel features as shown in figure:43. This consists of hopper feeder, Electronic teed regulating motion, Kirschner beter, fully automatic lap dotting device HOPPER FEEDER: aaa The hopper feeder consists of vibrating feed-box: Hopper and ‘delivery reserve box. The speed of the spiked lattice of the hopper.can be Sdjusted staplessty during operation {a keep. the machlid-of ihe highest” operating etfcteney..The vibrating feéd box controls the fling level by means ‘of ultra-sonic barrier, whereas the density of tunis controlled | by the. spring. loaded vibrating board working tke wapring-balani.” Yh High vibrating feed box obtains @ much bet(er uniformity than aiiy loWer feed boxes. win FEED REGULATING MOTION: The pedal levers, are miounted above ite feed roller and thus Teeding of fibres in the heatifig direction of the Kirschner beater. Each pede! gives the material @ loading pressure by its spring. The variation of the Wiekness of the metetial Is expressed as variation of tension of the spring.‘The coliective result of the spinning tensions displaces the balance lever. Through the potentiometer and control device the displacement is conveyed fo the D.C. Motor to change Immediately the speed of the pedal roller. In addition, the displacement is combined with the impulse control which is either manually actuated from the machinés control section or automatically from the lep scele, for making necessary correction in the lep weight and uniformity. Instenteneous electronic speed reguletion of feed roller ensures uniform lap. This replaces the complicated, lethargic. méchenical link motion and cone drum mechenism. LAP PORMING DEVICE: ‘The adoption of single cage roll, enables to produce the lap free” from lap licking. The built-i synchronously with the taker-| pneumatically. operated air filter is running cylinder speed and cares for uniform filtering of all with-out any additional fitters or dust-cellers. CALENDER ROLLER DRIVE: The calender rollers are welgtited pneumatically and pressures can be'increased up to 13260 ibs. The pneiifiatically pressured rack heads Type Toller bedrings. The pressure on patéilel top roll is increased as'the size of the lap increases. This ensufésiinpréved Control of lap formation... The precision regulating. valve, which is controlled from 4 curve on the track, serves for controlling thé pressure supporting the pressure roll and fitted with ri of the winding rot! and changes it automatically in accordance with the size of laps, The insertion of the new tube is done over a very short curved guide thus ensuring 2 controlted winding-up of the new lep beginning. ° This type of lep winding reduces the’ floor space requirement : LENGTH MEASUREMENT: Electrical counter Is provided to control accurate lengths, The taps ere cut off by means of an electromagnetic clutch instantaneously torr alter the impulse of the counter.AUTO LAP DOFFING DEVICE: Automatic tap dotting device is simple and easy to maintain Of pressure lubrication to bearings at doffing end DESCRIPTION: {m the latest tap forming machine, a pneumatic arrangement is Provided for applying pressure on the lap during its building An air compressor unit is used to operate the pneumatic device for joading the calender rollers, the rack heads and-for operaling-the other-optionel devices. | Compressed air, af @ pressure of upto 50 ib/inch is fed to a cylinder in which @ piston Operates. The plston rod Is extended to form a foothed rack, which engages with » pinion. A gear wheel compounded with this pinion drives another pinion onie cross shaft. As the crost shaft rotates the vertical rack moves upwerds or down wards. The vertical racks are mounted: itr vertical: sildes: on the machine framing: The-top of the racks * enigagé the:tap spindle'al doth the ends. “The eyliider actuates the movement ; of the Fack heads upwards as.well.es. downwards at-the time of fap building 2 and ap. dofting. = IMPULSE COUNTER (LAP METER): This counter permits reading and’adjurstment-of lap tenigth to an accuracy of one decimeter (4"), As soon as the: pieSétected.tap.length Is. reached on the counter, the lap is doftéd automatically:: Now the broughi back to its original position, {0 measure the fength:é¢ the. next I ACCELERATING MOTOR: _A teduction gear motor of 1 H.P. Is fitted to speed up the shell rollers for cutting of the lap at the time. of doffing. THREADING MECHANISM: d This mechanisin responsible for threading the lap eround: the lap spindle when the new lap begins.to build. . :iba WORKING: The eutomatic tap-dofting eycle consists of 6 operations all acting in unison end finishing in 7 seconds without stoppage of machine, As s00n es the pre-selected lap length is recorded or the lap mater, automatic tap doffing eycle starts. RELEASING OF THE RACK HEADS: Compressed alr enters the piston side (left side) of the cylinder. Simultaneously the compressed eir on the other side (Fight side) of the Piston i released by an instant release value. So the: supply of compiéssed air for loading the rack heads during the formation of a lep Is off. 2. CUTTING OF LAP SHEET: The rack heads move upwards, at the same time, the accelerating motor starts and accelerates the speed of the shell rollers: This éouses the {ep to.rotete ata higher speed then the nofinal speed and go thie lap sheet is cul off neer is calender roliers 3. EJECTION OF BUILT LAP: As the rack-movés upwards, the rack heads are cleat’of the lap Spindle. Now the lap is ejected into the lap tray by means to the eléetion arms mounted on the racks: 4. RECEIVING OF HEW LAP SPINDLE: . Before thé reck heads reach the highest position, tié roller of the lap spindle receiving levers pass over the guides fixed. on the machine framing. When the rack heads reach the “highest position; these levers Feceivers the lap spindle from the reserve position. 5. PLACING OF THE NEW SPINDLE ON THE LAP SHEET: When the rack heeds the top position, compressed eiris released on the piston’s teft side of the cylinder through @ solenoid valve. Now the fack moves downwards along with the tep spindle. The downward movemsatof the rack heeds is regulated by a one way throttle valve. This valve is so adjusted (hat the downward motion of the rack heads Is synchronized with the je calender rollers. So there is a speed at which the lap sheet emerges from Marginal fringe of cotton when the iap spindle is deposited on the lep sheet 6. LAP THREADING: As the rack moves downwards, the lap-threading mechanism is operated automatically. The lap end wiper wraps the new end of the tap atound the tap spindle, and this completes (he lap doffing cycle. As soon as the rack Heads reach the lowest position. The Compressed air rushes into the cylinder on the right hend side of the piston Now the rack heads are loaded for obtaining e new compact lap. _ BLOW ROOM LINE RECOMMENDED FOR PROCESSING LOW-GRADE corto: Cotton from the, bales in-one: way or another is not manually Handled unlit is made into @ tap, ‘Hence'modemn blow foom sine. ts called single process lines. They have the follo a. The bale-opening and blending section b. ~The ‘opening end cleaning section €. ‘The Seitther end lap forming sections: : The third section Is usually duplicated i.6. section (b) feeds 2 hopper feeders and Scutches through, 3- way Distributor. Each of these section. is connected electrically, to control the’ flow of cotton within and between the sections. When processing very dirty cottons with o trash content of more than’5-6%, itis necessary {a have'a range of machinery containing 6 cleaning points. Some of the: cleaning,points mey be by passed, ifnecessaty for cottons of a lower trésh content. is divided into 3 One such range may be ss follows and i sections:Blenders (up to 4) and Waste Blender Fon for removing dust fram blenders BLENDING SECTION Conveyor belt Hopper Feeder, Step Cleaner Porcupine opener Vertical opener Shirley cage or wheel OPENING AND with fan CLEANING SECTION | Air stream Cleaner - ‘Two way Distributor Shirley cage or wheel LAP FORMING Hopper Feeder, Scutcher ‘SECTION Automatic Doffors MEOIUM GRADE-coTToR: A suitable range of blow room machinery f jedium-grade' cotton: of tess then 5% [rash would have only 4 cleaning points. For example 2 step > cleaners, one alr stream cleaner and @ beater at seutcher. in the cleaning Fange both, porcupine openst and Crignten opener are-picked up. by an ait current created by the fan 6f thé Shirley cage ‘and'délivered to second step. “cleaner. From here the cotton is fed to the air stream eléeher and cin, to each of the tap forming sections through the 2-way distributors. If, iis felt that 4 cleening points are too many for the type of t cotton being processed, the first stop cleaner my also be'by passed. ‘Suitable lap weight + 466 to 497 gfi/meter (15 to 18-02/yd) Production rate Upto’ 500: kg/Hour. FOR GOOD-GRADE COTTON: For very fine, clean cotton with a trash content of tess.then 212° (e.g. Sea Island end Egyptian Varieties), the number of cleaning points in the fange needs to be not more than 3. The suitable blew room line may. be 3 follows:3A Blenders (upto 4) a Waste. Blender Fan for removing dust trom blenders | BLENDING SECTION Conveyor belt Hopper Feeder Stop Cleaner . Shirley wheel and Fan OPENING AND CLEANING Air stream cleaner SECTION Two way distributor Shirley Wheel and Fan Hopper Feeder Scuicher having Krischner neater LAP FORMING SECTION . Automatic doffer If orily 2 cleaning’ points are required the step cleaner may be by-passed. Suitable Lab weight 373 to 404-gmimeter (12 oF 13 oztyd) Production rete . 400 kg/hour.136 CHUTE FEED SYSTEM: It Ig one of the feeding system, which feed the loose cotton directiy from the blow room te earding without lap formation. Wheh avoid the lap forming unit end alco to reduce the material handing, BLOW ROOM CLI ING EFFICIENCY: This 1s: an index of the-cteoning eetton dons tr tNe Blow Teom, I Js determined by evaluating the amount of trash in Mixing end {he:lap delivered. ‘Trash in'ming or lap ts éetermined by passing It through» cleaning instrument knowm:és “shirely leash enolyser", “By pessing 100 oms ef sample as per th design Indiceted Trash present in tho sempio Ie evaluated. From the values of Mixing end the tap using the fetlewing equation Blow room efeaning effidency Is calculated ag below. Blow Room Cleaning This. depends on’the’ numberof, BARBS. points employed ead the pracees particulars like specds, and sellings. Besides the rate of, préduction, humidity conditlons are also Impertan( factors effecting the clesfing l officteney, Noraiaily It fenges from 60 to 80% for different mbxing- ; ecae ‘iresh in, % of trash preset Gatton teed 2 In the delivered Gotton | Cleaning Ettisieney of = ——= = ; eater % Trash in Misia x 190 | Sine clean sicone at ena eqn bce uring | the forinuts : - ieee ~ "TH hie une iG DELIVERY BOX OR CONDENSER: Conderwora are ueed to cory tho material fom one machine to anther. hey are placed aoove the hoppe feeders to food he metal tothe hopper the hopper Teaco consists ot a rotating ported cage and a cage dev rae, The side the eave ae connected o de ves wish ae sannestd io an exhaust fn, Te a current cme reson be proveing maine is mado to impinge onto eu tho roving cage. The fibres are ceposited onthe surface ofthe ge zn Heo the suctn,igherkrpurios are pasing tough he peroraos ofthe cag to tome fa, tne ne irpuies ne astaiged Hveugh the ppaine to tho det eating chamber Le. cellar or dust fiter, An alr screen or damper Incorporated in the dust cage trevents the suction of outside sir during the delivery of the cotton. The materiat on the cage Is stripped by the delvery roller which revolves at the same surface speed as the cage and dropped into the hopper of the hopper feeds27 When the material passes through the condenser, some amount of cleaning has been taking place, Hence condenser is considered as a minor cleaning point. TWO WAY DISTRIBUTORS: 4 ‘The production capacity of the’ opening and cleaning line is approximately 348- 455 kgs. (700-1000 Ib.) per hour, which is approximately twice the output of a scutcher. {tis common practice fo divide the fine after the last opening and cleaning unit and to istribute this production between two or more hopper feeders, combined with scutchers and fap machines. This achieved by the use of automatic distributors. The figure illustrates a two way distributor that feeds two hopper feeders and soutchers, When the reserve bin of the hopper feeder served by A is full, a micro switch operated by the reserve bin control door closes an electtie cirouil, which energizes the solenoid for plunger D. The solenoid holds down, the plunger and causes a rubber covered filboe on the end of the left hand rocker bar R, and lift the damper or valve door ‘on the outlet A. when this valve is closed, the feed to the hopper feeder served by the Outlet A is stopped. All the cotton will therefore flow through outlet B to the other hopper feeder and when this is full, solenoid C will operate, closing the valve to outlet B. should both hopper feeders not require any further supply of cotton , then the flow of electric current to the distributor and feed solenoids ceases, which stops delivary of cotton from opening fine. When the hopper reserve bins begin to empty, the circuit to the valve solenoids is opened, the switch on the opening line is automatically operated and feeding recommences.~ ADVANTAGES: 1. Electrically controlled pneumatic distribution of material helps in achieving instantaneous control over the material movement. 2. Can be operated In relatively low-cellinged rooms, in which is Impossible to use long teed chutes. 3. Instantaneous feed contro! minimizes the possibility of ‘chokes’ 4, Ensures a balanced and uniform flow of cotton. BYE PASS ARRAGEMENT “ Bye pass arrangement is an arrangement consists of pipe lines connected to importarit beating points so has to utilize them to-get suitable number of beating points METAL EXTRACTORS OR METAL DETECTORS: Blow rooms are particularly prone to the evil of tramp metal contained in bale stock, with the object of reducing fire risk and other damage to machine parts, several types of magnetic and electronic devices have been introduced to ensure detection and extraction of met“The most common type in use is in the high power permanent magnet which can be fitted at the delivery end of the hopper bale breaker of hopper feeders. Magnetic drums, located where cotton is delivered from above, are often used, the opened cotton falling on the drum allowing the magnets to hold any tramp iron contained there in The permanent magnet type of metal extraction equipment is easy and cheap to install, which deals only with ferrous metals. Electronic detectors have been devised which will detect any metallic substance contained in the cotton being processed. Wood, any type of metal, leather ete, are detected by suitabie rollers and by closing 2 low voltage circuit. The detecting elements stops the feed to the conveyor, cause the drive to the conveying means to reverse, and deposit the adulterated stock on the floor or in a suitable receptacle, where it can be sorted and the depositing is automatically returned to the normal direction of flow/and the feeders are re-started. GRAVITY TRAPS. . ‘Some times Indian cottons contain a considerable amount of full seeds- as much as 2% by weight. These seeds and other heavy extraneous matters like wooden pieces, Hussein pleces and small iron particles, travellers heed to be removed as much, and as early as possible in the blow room sequence to avoid:poor working and or damage in carding and other processes. The ginned and unginned sceds in cotton must be removed in the blow room process itself failing which they cause lot of difficulties In subsequent spinning preparation process. At the lap end of the soutcher, these seeds get crushed under the calender rollers and expel cotton seed ll. At the card, the wires of cylinder, doffer,lickerin get loaded with ceed coats, cotton seed oll and waxy substances. This leatis to inferior carding quality. (Gravity traps cen be used for removing such heavy impurities without much loss. of lint. The Gravity traps can be installed et any point where the material is acoslerated by elther gravitational or beating force and where further flow of material takes place by air suction. System is provided in such a manner the delivered material has a tendency to be thrown out of the air inlet, it is possible to eject the seeds and other heavy particles against the resistance of incoming air. ‘The air resistance offered to the cotton tufts will be higher due to their ight nature and they will get retrieved into the delivery pipe eystem. The size of the air inlet needs to be adjusted by a sliding door ¢0 that seeds and heavier particles_are extracted without loss of good lint. A Set of magnets can also be suitably provided in the gravity trap to femove iron particles fram the material The installation of Gravity traps at bale breaker and step cleaner are shown in figure. - Gravity Trap in Blending Hopper Bate Breaker: AA full width air opening can be provided in the receiving chute, at the end of the conveyor laltice of the blenders as shown in the figure. A sliding door is used to contrat the width of the air opening for suitable air pressure.A magnet is provided to collect light iron particles and a trash receptacle for collecting seeds and other extraneous matter. The passage of air and of the fibre tufts carried with it, as also the passage of seeds and other heavy matter, are shown by arrows. ‘This type of gravity trap is generally very efficient in extracting seeds. Gravity trap at step cleaner: The cotton thrown by the last beater of step cl and an adjustable full width air opening provided as shown in figure on it at the place where the cotton strikes: When tht colton delivered from the-fast beater, seeds and other heavier impurities are collected in the trash receptacle. ‘After the step cleaner: As shown in figure, the cotton should be allowed to fall from a sufficient height through the delivery chute of the step cleaner. Due to gravitational force, the cotton slides on the highly polished inclined surface with some speed and has a tendency to get thrown out through the ait-intet. The speed of air current entering through the air inlet should be set by changing the position of the sliding door in such a manner, that instead of being thrown out through the inlet, the lint is retrived by the incoming air and is carried forward to the next mactine, while seeds ‘and other extraneous matter which are relatively heavier are thrown out through the air inlet against the direction of air current. A set of magnets may be suitably placed to collect iron particles such as travellers, bolts, aner strikes against a plain sheet screws etc. CELLARLESS BLOW ROOM: In modem blow room, dust settling chambers or cellars-are not constructed beneath the blow room for collecting the dust from the air discharged by the fans. Instead of cellars, power driven rotary air filters and:dust filter bags are used for this purpose. This type of bféw room is known as "Calfartess Blow Room’. DUST FILTER BAGS: ‘Old blow room arrangements have very big cellars together with dust settling towers, All the exhaust fans-are connected to these cellars. Dust is bad for the operator's health as well as for blow room working atmosphere or environment, Due to-severalfans py exhausting into the cellar chamber, eddy curfente are often generated and effective dust 4 & settling does not take place, Quite often back drafts in some of the machines also take “1” Cursor: place 7 Dust fiter bags is 2 modern arrangement, Filer sleeves are mounted in groups of four, six or eight depending on the size of the fan to which they are connected. Dust filer bags ere particularly suited or attached to the dust extracting fans of hopper feeders, delivery boxes and condensers. It has several advantages over the old system 4, They do away with expensive cellars. | 2. The iter collects the dust and returns the clesn air to the room ‘x, chamber has to be atleast 1000 cu feet. this is not 60 iffiler bags are arranged. Sof (ad » . The removal of dust bags is simple. 4, Dust filters, convert to some. extent, the invisible toss in the blow room to a visible one. 5. Maintains en even temperature and humidity by retuming the same department air after dust is filtered, This reduces humidification costs in BR considerably. 6. Their installation is easy and cheap. We can also get a rough estimate of dust content in the cotton. Unike the old system, this does not set strong currents of air in operation in the passage {o the adjoining rooms and thereby does not disturb the humidity and temperature in the adjoining rooms. 9. To obtain good results in old system, the capacity for every fan in the setting ex vantages of cellarless blow room: 4. The power driven air filters collect dust and fly ina very ‘compact form. The impurities ate readily handled for disposal without the usual troublesome and unpleasant cleaning of the dust cellar. 2. Inold blow room, whenever more fans are installed, it creates a serious: problem for the management, The size of the cellar and dust tower may not be adequate for collecting dust from increased number of fans. Structural alterations re difficult and costly and sometime impossible due to lack of space, But in cellartess blow room, any number of fans may be used since less space Is to be provided for power driven air filters. . 3. Since'the dust and'fly are filtered very effectively from the air discharged by fans, the surrounding atmosphere is not all polluted. Demerits of cellarless blow room: 4. Additional machinery cost is required for installing the power driven dust filters. 2. Additional power is required for running the dust filters. 3. Ifthe air is not discharged properly to the outside atmosphere, due to blocking in the pipeline or perforations of the drum, back pressure is created. This may adversely affect the lap formation. FEEDING ARRANGEMENTS: “There are various methods to feed the material to the beater of a ssutcher. 4. Through a pedial roller and pedais. 2. Through a pair of feed rollers. 3, Through 2 pedal roller and pedals and 2 second pair of feed rolters. ( the three roller arrangement). A pedal roller and pedals feed system Is usually adopted for cottons of short and medium staple, A pair of feed rollers feed or the three roller feed is employed for long stapled cottons,33 I Dedusting machine The Dedusting machine is used for the dust removal from the cotton, especially in blow room installation for rotor spinning. Its outstanding features are its simplicity and effectiveness. The Dedusting machine provides a through put of up to 600 kg/ hour( cotton), the dust content of the cotton is. there by reduced The Dedusting machine has no moving parts with the exception of fans and the smaterial distribution flaps. it therefore has a high level of operational reliability and requires little maintenance. A Fan TV 425 sucks the finely the perforated plate . A pair of pneumatically operated material. distribution flaps ‘at the end of the Material feed duct oscillates to and. to distribute the tufts over the width of the perforated plate. Dust is released from the cotton tufts when they strike the perforated plate fan TV 425 through the dust suction duct, ‘The material drops from the perforated plate into the material suction funnel from t where it is sucked. by a fan and blown to the next machine-in-the line. As the dedusting machine . is’ generally focated at the end of the-cotton blow room installation, that being the point where the, material has been most fully openéd , the fan used for extracting the tuftis a fan TVR 425 with Variable speed drive. The waste falls into the waste suction Tunnel~and is sucked by the Fan TV 425 together with the dusttaden air. During continuous targe — scale production tests in a spinning mill, 30 % Less trash and short fibers were measured jin the card silver and the rotors after a Dedusting machine was installed. The thread breakage's were reduced by 50 %. Dust and micro-‘dust can be removed efficiently only if the cotton has been sufficiently opened. This is the reason why the dedusting machine is used after fine opening , i.e. prior to card feeding. The integration’ of a Dedusting machine in to the cleaning is of special importance in GE Spinning mills for rotor- spun and air jet yarns. ‘The reduction in micro dust ;results in a significant decreases in end brakes and hence in an increase in efficient Further 5, there is a demonstrable reductian in yarn imperfections. Electronic Metal Extractor Permanent magnets have been used in ducting or in special parts of machines in order to eliminate pieces of ferrous material, When flocks are driven: against the magnets, ferrous particles are retained and can be removed from the time to time. The effectiveness of this metal separation depends on the cleaning frequency of these permanent magnets. If they do not get cleaned periodically, the danger exits that cotton tufts pile up at the metal part into the-material flow:34 Permanent magnets do not extract ron- magnetic: parts. 2, Conventional permanent magnetic devices attract metal particles and mostly do not produce good results Tiny metal pieces escape Pa to the high velocity of fibers in the ducts. Small metalic particles (like Ring travelers and stapler Pins)always get mixed up with the raw meterial, In automated blow room lines , these metallic particles collide with the wall of the ducts and thereby creates a potential danger of fire being spread in the ducts. To prevent this, Electronic metal extractors are used . electronic metal extractors detect and divert the metallic pieces from the “ducts, thereby protects the Blow room free from the metallic particle mix up. Working: : ‘A metal detector (1) is located in the transport ducting. The,sensitivity of the detector is adjustable . An eliminating is provided about 15 m after this detector. when piece of metal of any kind passes the detector, the entry and exit flaps (2) ate set eothat the material cannot fly straight through the duct, but must pass through the eliminator The grid (@#) holds the raw material and metal back while the air can flow through the flaps immediately retum to the normal flow condition, the flap (5if ) of the collector ‘chamber opens and the coritents fall into'the transport container (60) Special features: 4. Complete detection of metaltic particles like Ring travelers ands stapler pins. 2. The metal impurities in the fiber flow are separated without effecting the production. 3, Quick Diversion. |. Unlike magnetic elbow even, @ small piece of metal inside 4 big mass of fibers will be’ detected and collected. 5. Senses ferrous metals as sinall as 3 mm dia. sphere. Fire Eliminator ‘This comprises a spark detector and an eliminating device anc Is.bui transport duct. The rapidly operating flap is pivoted by the spark detector as soon as the latter detects sparks or buming material. The material passes in to the receiving container .(quenching arrangement to quench the fire)which preferably stands in the open air, Simultaneously , an alarm is given end the blow room line is switched off The pivoting flap remains in the eliminating condition until the fine is ewitched on again. Spark detector: + Consists of 3 cameras sensing 360 degree. In pipe line. + Senses sparks as 2 6q. mm size of fire to the + Senses fire even for max.. cotton speed-of 20 meters/ see. = Opereting voltage 12 v, DC + 15% + Smooth finish perfectly suits for free cotton transport.Features: 1, Super fast cotton fire Sensing and diversion of the burnt material from the pipe lines to a water tank outsides the blow room, building. 2.Speed of detection and diversion within a fraction of a ses. R- response time-100mvse. 3.Yisual indication for systern down . zane of fire etc. 4.maintenance free. y DEFECTS IN A LAP: 1.Uneven laps: “This may be due to uneven feeding of the material or the feed regulating motion on. the scutcher being out of order through not being cleaned and oiled properly or having faulty, driving strap for the cones. This cone drum strap should be perfectly pliable and have good joint. 2.Bad selvedges: May be due to perforations on the sides of the cages being closed or defective lining on the ends of the cages and unequal distribution of fan draft. 3.Conical laps: May be due to unequal weighting of the calender rollers, holes or perforations on ‘one side of the cages being blocked up and dirt preventing {ree action of feed regulator. 4.Lap licking: May be due to insufficient weighting of the calender rotiers, high speed of the fan, ‘excessive proportion of soft flufly fibres being present in the cotton and too much of soft waste being used. 5.Dirty laps: May be due to grid bars set too close, excessive fan speed, the speed of beater too low, beater set too far from the feed roller or pedals. and the damper net being cleaned at regular intervals, ineufficient number of beating points. 6.Rich droppings: Another defect in the scutcher is ‘Rich droppings’. This means too much of good fibre is being ejected between the grid bars. This is due to the excessive amount of soft ste in mixing, grid bars spaced too widely, air current too weak or excessive beater speed. DEFECTS AND CAUSES: HIGH VARIATION IN BLOW ROOM LAP: * Insufficient opening of cotton and wide variation in tuft size (see else “cotton not ‘opened property") * Ineffective working of the piano feed regulating motion due to links wom, sluggish or incorrectly set. “Ireguiar air flow on cages and faulty air currents.36 : eg * Variation in level of cotton in blending reserve. * Eccentric or worn fluted rollers, calender rollers or fap spindle, and wrong or defective gear wheels. + Too high a craft between calender section arid lap winder. * Types and speeds of beaters not best sulted for quality of cotton. + Cages dirty, eccentric, or with rough surface. + Improperly set or choked dampers, stripping plate, etc. + Improperly secured side panel doors. * Unnecessary and frequent adjustment of lap feed regulating motion. 2 Variation in moisture content. * Uneven mixings of soft waste with cotton, «Improper lattice tension, worm lattice brackets and waste inside lattice driving bowls. * Alrleakage inside beater chambers and connecting pipes. * Slack cone drum belts or other driving belts. Incorrect fork size in relation to belt width. * Wom pedai links, knife and cone drum bearings. . NEP FORMATION IN BLOW ROOM: * Cottons with too high or low moisture. * Cottons immature, too fine and with high trash conterit. ° Excess reprocessing of laps and mixing of waste. * Rough or blunt blades and bent pins on beaters. * Narrow settings between the feed roller or pedal and beater. ‘+ Wider setting between stripping rail and beater. * Rough, damaged and rusty grid bars. * Too tight or slack fan belts and too high or iow beater speeds. * Long and curved conveyor pipe lines. * Air leakage and obstruction of cotton flow through pipe lines. POOR CLEANING EFFICIENCY: * Blunt striking edges of beaters. * Air leakage at beater chamber and’dust receptacle. =. Improper beater and fan speeds. © Improper adjustment of angle of grids and space between grids and grid bars set too close to beater, «Insufficient number of beating points. + Incorrect grip on cotton by one of more pedals. + Wider setting between feed roller and beater. ‘+ Fan speed too high and back draft from gutter flue, Grid bars set too close. Excessive waste accumutation at sir passage of infrequent waste removala Excess or heavy feed. Poorly fiting grate bar doors or side panel doors net secured properly. High variation in trash content In the different cottons used for the mixing, COTTON NOT OPENED PROPERLY: * Missing or broken spikes, absence of, ‘or damaged, beater fabs, and incorrect setting between lattic® and evener roller. * Wider setting between feed rollers and beaters. + Wom and rounded striking edges of beaters and spikes. + Incorrect grip on cotton by one or more pedals due to clogging at pedal support or worn knife. » Fan speed too high. EXCESSIVE LINT LOSS: = Weak air current due to elower beeter speed or higher fan speed. ‘« Gfid bars spaced too widely, or missing grid bers. © Speeds and settings not optimum for the mixing. + Excessive number of beating points. 2 High short fibre content in cotton. Uneven mixing of soft waste. CURLY COTTON: = Crighton opéner beater set too low. ° Grid bars setting too close to beater. + Bent pins on kirschner beater. = Improper beater and fén speeds, and blunt beaters. + Too wide a setting of stripping plate. + Long conveyor tube with high fan speed. CONICAL LAP: ‘© Improper pressure of calender roller on one side due to worn bearing, * Dampers choked with dust and dirt on. one side. © Improper weight on feed roller due to worn bearings of loaded springs. © Worn cage linings. LAP LICKING: Calender pressure inadequate due to wear and tear of weighting mechanism. = Dead weights ineffective due to side levers touching the frame or resting on the flooy. * Worn calender roller bearing. + Rack tooth wor or damaged. * Rack movement strained due to damaged slots and rack arm. + Missing or ineffective lap spindle guide bows. * Damaged or wom spindle necks. aa aeCHAPTHR TkE CARDING OBJECTS OF CARDING: The objects of Carding are: 1. To open the cotton more completely to the stage of individual fibres. This high degree of opening is also known as “FIBRE TO FIBRE SEPARATION" or *INDIVIDUALISATION™. 2. 'To clean the cotten further by removing dirt, short fibres and neps. Cleaning process i completed .in carding. 2. To convert the sheet of cotton the lep into a rope of fibres. known as the. “sliver” sullable for further process in cotton spinning, These gfé.{he three important objects of the carding process. PASSAGE OF MATERIAL THROUGH SHP (OR) HP - CARD: A diograni ‘of the Principal elements’ of the carding: machine is. given in. fig. The lap produced in the Biow Room Is taken for'processing at ihe carding machine. The’ lap in thé form of 2 oll 1s placed-upan.a’ slowly reveling roller called'8é tap roller endis unwound through ihjg'triction produced by its own weights. The Sheet of colton.passes over the’smooth surface of, the feed plate. “The nose end of the feed plate-Is specially shaped, so as to give a effective opening action. Thé feed roller is heavily loaded af each end to grip the cotten tleede. ‘The slow. Revolution of the feed roller (about 1fl/min) brings the cotton into contect with.the saw tooths of the revolving “Licker-in” or, “Taker: Int, itis about 91/4* in Diameter and its surface spsed is about 1000 ‘timin, The material receives a very effective opening at this point because of the saw tooth wires, and the sharp edges of the “mote knifes". This separates the fibres fromthe trash particles. Majority of the impurities like seed bits, leaf perticies, fine dust ete, are removed here and if is called as motes, TheAe “162 loosened fibres ere carried round the large wire covered “Cylinder”. IIs surface speed Is (about 2000 ft/min and $0" in dia) double the amount of lickerin and enables il to strip the cotton fibres and carries them forward. Surrounding almost 1/3rd of the cylinder surface is @ series of flats. They are set very close to the cylinder wire points and the flats themselves are also clothed with flexible wire. The points being erranged so that they oppose the direction of the cylinder wire points, The movement of the flats is extremely. slow, approximetely 4"/minute. Also it moves in the seme direction as that.of the cylinder, They produce @ large and almost stationary combing. surface to the colton fibres and they are brought around the cylinder. Actual carding takes place between the “Nat wire points" and the “Cylinder wire points. The carded cotton is now transferredto the. surface of the “Doffer". It Is about 27° in diameter and moving ai a surface speed of 75 to 100 feetimin. Covered with similer wire points. The wire points are opposed fo.those ofthe cylinder. Thus the fibres are transferred and carried round the doffer to the front of the card. Have @ crass'vage unit of stripping roll (or)’@ {nla not unit of stripping rail of operating close to the doffer suitacs, removes the fibres in the from of this sheet. Here a cross rolverga. unit (er)india not This sheet, known-as the “web* Is gathered to get there by passage {nrcugh (rumpetia to the form of e sliver. This is carried forward by 6 pelf af-calendar rollers and carried to the ccller head. and the sliver ib deporited into.e fSliver Can”. dua. reggie goats BN STUDY OF IMPORTANT PARTS IN THE'CARDING MACHINE: ”- 1. Funetion of Lickerin Region tn the Carding Machine. The ficketin region consists of feed.plats , feed rail, llekerin Mote knives end he liskerin screen. Feed plate Is a.smoothly pollshed platé cast Iron plate extending from lap:roll fo ttie lickerin.. The front-end is ciitved stightly upwerds and this Is designed to suit tho-Quality of Cotton ta'be processed, Feed roll Is @ fluted steel roll of about 21/4" ini diameter, It Is carried in bearings and rest on the feed plate. Feed roll will rest in the curve formed. by the curved nose of the feed plate. A pair of fevers end weights ‘apply sufficient pressure to grip the cotton as It pesses undef the feed roller.A3 Meas Feed plate iniroduces the tep al # definite rate and holds the sheet of Cotton while the ficker in works on it der of 9* diameter. Surface is grooved Liker-in is @ hollow cyl spirally to receive a special lickerin or toothed wire. The wire is set with the fib in the groove and teeth projecting on the surfece. Likerin carried on a shall held In special bearings on the card sides. The lickerin assembly is adjustable horizontally so that 4i can be sot ef the desired setting with the cylinder. Comnion lickerin speeds vary from 400 to 600 RPM. Major function of liekerin region is opening and eleaning of the Cotton held by'the, feed plate and feed roller. This ts achieved due to the Penetration of fickerin teeth as.Cotton Is separated by the lickerin teeth. This Is a gradual action due to the curved shape of the feed plete. The result of the tickerin action is gredually to open the tufts composing the lap. As the épening tekes place any dirt carried with the Cotton will be reached by the lickerin teeth thereby separating it from the Cotton 2. MOTE KNIFES AND LICKERIN SCREEN: Hélow the lickerin end close {o°it are the mate knives and ihe Nekerin screen, Licketin screen partially covers the lickerin and prevents the cotton fibres from being thrown off by centrifugal force. “loos” Mate knives ere long ital bars which present sharp edged faces to the' surface of the Jickerin.. The purpose of Méte Knives are: 1, To'leave spaces.where dirt may drop off. . 2. Te'scrape,otr bits'of dirt being cartied with the cotton The moté knives are set directly below thie point where lickerin completes opening action. Sharp edges are set quite close to the lickérity Points and serve to catch the Impurities. The second ber is generally set sloserto the lickerin than the first, so that il can complete the cleaning action,AN nag The common arrangement is to set first Mote Knife at 150 with the vertical end 2nd Knife is set exactly vertical As the engle is greater the smount of waste extracted will be less. The mote Knives are adjustable horizontally, vertically and for angular positions. The waste removed at these Knives in known 05 Motes. “A mote is @ particle.of seed, leat, boll, shell, etc, along with motes (Vegetable impurities) there will ‘always be some fibre waste. These will be geiterally short fibres. If goed cotten is found under the mote Knives, thé various seitings Should be checked and they are called as “WHITE WASTE” Lickerin sereen Is:Interided to hold the sotton on the liekerit and permit dirt (o be thrown off. i Mt consists of a few (about 3 to 4) triangular bars followed by @ Curved sheét of metal to cover the lickerin surface. The gtid, portion permit Femoval of the dust and very shor! fibres. The woate Temoved at the lickerit Screens called lickerin “Fly* and.is mostly short fibres, sometime "Motes* and dust, : 3.BACK PLATE: tre The surface af the cylinder between the ‘lickerin said ats ts enclosed with @ curve plate set close to-the surface. this-piata’ prevents throwing the cotton’ i thé ‘cylinder surface-and also prevents. the,development of undesirable air-eurrents, Such aie currents can disturb the, arrangement of, fibres-on the cylinder. The plate-is fixed-to caste iron brackets which are adjustable on the card arches. The plate can be set for any.requlred distance Geltings) with the cylinder... Although it-is-agjustable to: cylinder it is: not commonly changed. The plate is set usually in the earige of 22 fo Thousaniath of an inch from cylinder surtec 4.CYLINDER: Card cylinder is the he-ait’of the card. “ff consists of # Jarge cylindrical cast-tron shell. It is $0" in outside diameter and 40"wide. Shell is Supported by cast iron spiders et eech end. It is carefully balan 80 thst,