Festival

A festival is an extraordinary event

celebrated by a community and centering
on some characteristic aspect or aspects
of that community and its religion or
cultures. It is often marked as a local or
national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival
constitutes typical cases of glocalization,
as well as the high culture-low culture
interrelationship.[1] Next to religion and
folklore, a significant origin is agricultural.
Food is such a vital resource that many
festivals are associated with harvest time.
Religious commemoration and
thanksgiving for good harvests are
blended in events that take place in
autumn, such as Halloween in the northern
hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant, facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)
Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1903)

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific

communal purposes, especially in regard
to commemoration or thanking to the
gods, goddesses or saints: they are called
patronal festivals. They may also provide
entertainment, which was particularly
important to local communities before the
advent of mass-produced entertainment.
Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic
topics also seek to inform community
members of their traditions; the
involvement of elders sharing stories and
experience provides a means for unity
among families.[2] Attendants of festivals
are often motivated by a desire for
escapism, socialization and camaraderie;
the practice has been seen as a means of
creating geographical connection,
belonging and adaptability.[3][4]

Etymology

A Festival at Antwerp, Belgium, 17th century

Country Festival in Swabia

The word "festival" was originally used as

an adjective from the late fourteenth
century, deriving from Latin via Old
French.[5] In Middle English, a "festival dai"
was a religious holiday.[6] Its first recorded
used as a noun was in 1589 (as
"Festifall").[5] Feast first came into usage
as a noun circa 1200,[7] and its first
recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.[8]
The word gala comes from Arabic word
khil'a, meaning robe of honor.[9] The word
gala was initially used to describe "festive
dress", but came to be a synonym of
"festival" starting in the 18th century.[10]

History
Festivals have long been significant in
human culture and are found in virtually all
cultures.[11][12] The importance of festivals,
to the present, is found in private and
public; secular and religious life.[13]
Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied
heavily upon festivals, both communal and
administrative.[14] Saturnalia was likely
influential to Christmas and Carnival.[15]
Celebration of social occasions, religion
and nature were common.[15] Specific
festivals have century-long histories and
festivals in general have developed over
the last few centuries – some traditional
festivals in Ghana, for example, predate
European colonisation of the 15th
century.[4][15][16] Festivals prospered
following the Second World War.[15] Both
established in 1947, Avignon Festival and
the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been
notable in shaping the modern model of
festivals.[17] Art festivals became more
prominent by the turn of the 21st
century.[13] In modern times, festivals are
commodified as a global tourist prospect
although they are commonly public or not-
for-profit.[18][19]

Traditions
Many festivals have religious origins and
entwine cultural and religious significance
in traditional activities. The most
important religious festivals such as
Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-
Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the
year. Others, such as harvest festivals,
celebrate seasonal change. Events of
historical significance, such as important
military victories or other nation-building
events also provide the impetus for a
festival. An early example is the festival
established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh
Ramesses III celebrating his victory over
the Libyans.[20] In many countries, royal
holidays commemorate dynastic events
just as agricultural holidays are about
harvests. Festivals are often
commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in

the world and most countries celebrate
important events or traditions with
traditional cultural events and activities.
Most culminate in the consumption of
specially prepared food (showing the
connection to "feasting") and they bring
people together. Festivals are also strongly
associated with national holidays. Lists of
national festivals are published to make
participation easier.[21]

Types of festivals
The scale of festivals varies; in location
and attendance, they may range from a
local to national level.[22][15] Music
festivals, for example, often bring together
disparate groups of people, such that they
are both localised and global.[23] The "vast
majority" of festivals are, however, local,
modest and populist.[24] The abundance of
festivals significantly hinders quantifying
the total there of.[13] There exists
significant variation among festivals,
beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and
secular, rural and urban, people and
establishment.[24]

Religious festivals

Among many religions, a feast is a set of

celebrations in honour of God or gods.[25]
A feast and a festival are historically
interchangeable. Most religions have
festivals that recur annually and some,
such as Passover, Easter and Eid al-Adha
are moveable feasts – that is, those that
are determined either by lunar or
agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at
the time. The Sed festival, for example,
celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian
pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four
in one case) years after that.[26] Among
the Ashantis, most of their traditional
festivals are linked to gazette sites which
are believed to be sacred with several rich
biological resources in their pristine forms.
Thus, the annual commemoration of the
festivals helps in maintaining the
buoyancy of the conserved natural site,
assisting in biodiversity conservation.[27]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there

are two principal feasts, properly known as
the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord
(Christmas) and the Feast of the
Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals
in honour of local patron saints are
celebrated in almost all countries
influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic,
Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical
calendars there are a great number of
lesser feasts throughout the year
commemorating saints, sacred events or
doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of
the year has at least one specific religious
festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or
indigenous origins.[28]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala

Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and
Thailand.[29] Hindu festivals, such as Holi
are very ancient. The Sikh community
celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking
the new year and birth of the Khalsa.[30]

Religious festivals
Cleaning in preparation for Passover
(c. 1320)

Radha celebrating Holi, Kangra, India (c1788)

A Christmas mass at the Church of the
Nativity, in Bethlehem, Palestine (1979)

Moors and Christian festival in Villena, Spain

Decoration of god Krishna on Krishnastami
in India.

Arts festivals

Among the many offspring of general arts

festivals are also more specific types of
festivals, including ones that showcase
intellectual or creative achievement such
as science festivals, literary festivals and
music festivals.[31] Sub-categories include
comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz
festivals and buskers festivals; poetry
festivals,[32] theatre festivals, and
storytelling festivals; and re-enactment
festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the
Philippines, aside from numerous art
festivals scattered throughout the year,
February is known as national arts month,
the culmination of all art festivals in the
entire archipelago.[33] The modern model
of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s
and have become a lucrative global
industry.[3] Predecessors extend back to
the 11th century and some, such as the
Three Choirs Festival, remain to this
day.[34]
Film festivals involve the screenings of
several different films, and are usually held
annually. Some of the most significant film
festivals include the Berlin International
Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and
the Cannes Film Festival.

Arts festivals
Pushkin Poetry Festival, Russia

Television studio at the Hôtel Martinez

during the Cannes Film Festival, France
(2006)
The opening ceremony at the Woodstock
rock festival, United States (1969)

A food festival is an event celebrating food

or drink. These often highlight the output
of producers from a certain region. Some
food festivals are focused on a particular
item of food, such as the National Peanut
Festival in the United States, or the Galway
International Oyster Festival in Ireland.
There are also specific beverage festivals,
such as the famous Oktoberfest in
Germany for beer. Many countries hold
festivals to celebrate wine. One example is
the global celebration of the arrival of
Beaujolais nouveau, which involves
shipping the new wine around the world
for its release date on the third Thursday
of November each year.[35][36] Both
Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice
wine sake are associated with harvest
time. In the Philippines, there are at least
two hundred festivals dedicated to food
and drinks.

Food and drink festivals

Soweto Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)

Holi India (2011)

La Tomatina, Spain (2010)

Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus

brewery at Oktoberfest Germany (2013)
Seasonal and harvest festivals

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are

determined by the solar and the lunar
calendars and by the cycle of the seasons,
especially because of its effect on food
supply, as a result of which there is a wide
range of ancient and modern harvest
festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon
the seasonal inundation caused by the
Nile River, a form of irrigation, which
provided fertile land for crops.[37] In the
Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle
from the mountain pastures to the stables
in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb. A
recognized winter festival, the Chinese
New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and
celebrated from the day of the second new
moon after the winter solstice. Dree
Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower
Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is
celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by
praying for a bumper crop harvest.[38]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an

example of a seasonal festival, related to
the feast day of a Christian saint as well as
a celebration of the time of the summer
solstice in the northern hemisphere, where
it is particularly important in Sweden.
Winter carnivals also provide the
opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative
or sporting activities requiring snow and
ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year
has at least one festival dedicated to
harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans,
milk, and other local goods.

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Temple Festival in India

Château de Montsoreau-Museum of
Contemporary Art Sky lantern Festival, in
Loire Valley
Midsummer dance by Anders Zorn, Sweden
(1897)

Tanabata summer festival in Sendai, Japan

Grand Parade at the Sydney Royal Easter
Show, Australia (2009)
Halloween pumpkins show the close
relationship between a harvest and religious
festivals

Politics
Scholarly literature notes that festivals
functionally disseminate political values
and meaning, such as ownership of place,
which undergoes transformation in
accordance with the festival.[4][24]
Furthermore, a festival may act as an
artefact which allows citizens to achieve
"certain ideals", including those of identity
and ideology.[39] Festivals may be used to
rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city;
the ephemerality of festivals means that
their impact is often incorporeal, of name,
memory and perception.[13][24] In deviating
from routine, festivals may reinforce the
convention, be it social, cultural or
economic.[15][24]

Study of festivals
Festive ecology – explores the
relationships between the symbolism
and the ecology of the plants, fungi and
 animals associated with cultural events
such as festivals, processions and
special occasions.
Heortology – the study of religious
festivals. It was originally only used in
respect of Christian festivals,[40] but it
now covers all religions, in particular
those of Ancient Greece.[41] See list of
foods with religious symbolism for
some topical overlap.

See also
Society
portal
Holidays
portal

All pages with titles containing Festival

 Convention
Event planning
Fair
Festive ecology
Holiday
Lists of festivals
Outline of festivals
Patronal festival
Procession
Trade show

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21. See for example: List of festivals in
Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China;
Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia;
Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal;
Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia;
Turkey; United Kingdom; United States;
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32. Some such as such as Cúirt International
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Further reading
Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). Festival and
events management: an international arts
and culture perspective (1st ed.,
repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 9780750658720.

External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1905
New International Encyclopedia article
"Festivals".
 Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia
Commons
The dictionary definition of Festival at
Wiktionary

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Festival&oldid=1161334528"

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