Document Information

Analyzed document Cervical Cancer Project Report.pdf (D165628092)

Submitted 2023-05-02 06:43:00

Submitted by R.Sundarrajan

Submitter email r.sundarrajan@klu.ac.in

Similarity 1%

Analysis address klulibrary.kalu@analysis.urkund.com

Sources included in the report

Result-31-3-23.docx
1
Document Result-31-3-23.docx (D163035656)

Entire Document
1 CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION: Cervical-cancer is one type that the cancer that grows up within the cervix. It marks
as of aberrant cell development that has the latent to occupy or spread all over the human body. At the beginning, there
are typically no obvious signs. A typical amenorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, even uneasiness during sex are
possible later indications and symptoms. Post-sex bleeding could indicate cervical cancer even if it might not be
significant. Human papillomavirus i.e. commonly termed as HPV infections are the root cause of more over 90 percent
of the total number of cervical cancer cases, however the majority of people who have an HPV infection do not later on
develop cervical cancer. Other risk factors include smoking, having many sexual partners, taking birth control pills,
starting intercourse at such an early age, and having a weaker immune system. Cervical cancer often develops after, 10
to 20 years of precancerous changes. About 90% of case of cervical-cancer are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are
adenocarcinomas, in addition the remaining 1% are cases of other types. Usually, a biopsy is carried out for diagnosis
following a cervical screening. The very next step is to do medical imaging to look for cancer spread. Causes: The two
primary susceptibility indicators for cervical cancer are tobacco use and specific types of HPV infection. HIV infection is
another danger factor. The underlying issues behind cervical cancer are not completely fully understood, and there may
be a variety of other hazard factors as well. Human papillomavirus strains 31 and 45 are in charge for 10% of cervical-
cancer occurrences worldwide, while HPV forms 16 and 18 are accountable for 75 percent of the overall of instances of
cervical cancer worldwide. Women who have many relationships or who have sex with men who seem to have multiple
sexual partners are more vulnerable. The first stage in our technique is that a convolution process. A feature indicator
essentially aid as censors for the neural design system, we intend to exchange around them in the following segment.
Here we likewise deliberate the characteristics of retrieved features, the search for patterns, the operation of recognition
layers, and the presentation of the outcomes.
2 The second part of this technique will make use of the Linear Transfer Unit, sometimes referred to as the Relook. We'll
talk about how linearity functions on multilayer neurons and look at Relook layers. Although if it's non vital to know
concoluted design systems, they shall not harm to yield a brief course toward brush up on understanding. An overview
of the flattening process for convolutional neural networks, including how to switch between pooling and flattened
layers. This portion will cover everything we covered in the previous one. You will have a better understanding of the
operation of the resulting "neurons" and the operation of convolution-based neural networks as a consequence. learn
how to categorise images. Several applications of computer vision are built on a neural network called the Residual Nets
system, sometimes referred to as the Vggnet. The winner of the 2015 Matching competition is this model. We were
successfully able to train extremely deep design neural system with more than 150 tiers thanks to ResNet, which was a
significant advancement. The ResNet architecture follows two important design principles. Second, irrespective of the
dimension of the previously built layer, each tier has a fixed number of screens. In order to keep up the computing effort
of every tier regardless of whether the span of a layer is trimmed in half, it contains twice as many screens. 1.2
ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer is a cancer which dominates to be the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death upon
women globally. Early detection can suggestively boost the persistence rate of individuals suffering from CIN i.e., cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia. Here w We therefore provide deep learning system in this research for the accurate
identification on cervical cancer, regardless of whether it's present or not. Here, we use a neural network based on
convolution (CNN), a deep learning RsNet50, to implement transfer learning. Using certain photographs from sources
online as well as those that have been altered, we have compiled a collection for cervical cancer that's
3 also trained using the CNN. CNN does well and accurately predict whether the illness will have a positive or negative
outcome. Keywords— Transfer Learning, Resnet50, Cervical-cancer, CNN 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT: Develop a deep
learning system that can accurately classify colposcopy cervical image as normal or abnormal. The model should be
created using a set of annotated images and should be able to properly predict cervical cancer. To avoid or minimize the
involvement of rescue personnel. Make a web application diagnosis system that recognizes cervical cancer from digital
photographs of the cervix. The system should use image methodological approaches to extract relevant information
from the photos in order to distinguish between benign and malignant images The procedure should be able to aid
doctors in detecting cervical cancer and improve patient outcomes. 1.4 TOOLS: a. Hardware Requirement 1. Intel
Processor I3 or above 2. Hard Disk 3. Ram 8GB b. Software requirement 1. Operating System : Windows 7/8/10/11 2.
Server-Side Script : HTML, CSS & JS 3. IDE : Pycharm 4. Libraries Used : Numpy, IO, OS, Flask, keras. 5. Coding Language :
Py/thon 3.6+.
4 1.5 OBJECTIVE: Provide a computer-aided detection technique that is trustworthy and precise so that medical
personnel can detect cervical cancer. Use cutting-edge image processing methods to retrieve crucial data from cervical
pictures. Create a deep learning system that precisely categories squamous cell carcinoma optical microscopy as normal
or pathological. Enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of the detection of cervical cancer.facilitating the early
detection of cervical cancer will improve patient outcomes. Develop a technique that enables widespread cervical
cancer screening, particularly in areas with limited resources. Medical staff will experience less stress if the cervical
cancer detection process is streamlined. Minimize the need for invasive examinations like biopsies in order to detect
cervical cancer early.
5 CHAPTER 2 2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY: TITLE AUTHOR METHOD JOURNAL NAME & YEAR DISADVANTAGES A neural
network incorporating convolution can automatically detect cervical cancer from cytological images. H. Liu, M. Wu, Y.
Yin C. Yan, Q. Liu,.. neural networks using convolution i.e CNN with a simple design to advance the current methodology
and enhance the pathologists' capability to identify cervical cancer in those kind of locations International Journal of
Innovative Science and Research Technology & 2021. With medical technology, there is always a chance of a
misdiagnosis, which could be especially concerning in the case of fatal diseases like cervical cancer. If the neural network
has not been adequately taught or has not been given enough data, it may falsely classify healthy people as having
cervical cancer or vice versa. Using histological images and the Path R-CNN for prostate cancer diagnosis K. V. Sarma,B.
S. Kundsen,W. Li, K. C. Ho, J. Li, S. shen,. The inter model can offer more contextual information than the single-task
model, which improves IEEE International Conference & 2022. A network comprising neural networks that have been
trained for recognising cancer in tissue from the cervical cavity using
6 performance. The model has achieved cutting- edge performance in both the Gleason grading tests and the tasks
requiring the detection of epithelial cells. cytological images may not extend as well to different populations or scenarios
since it may be tailored to the specific training dataset. Based on radically diverse CT images, machine intelligence using
this kind of deep learning process might be able to identify and classify functioning adrenal tumours. M. Fulham,Y. XieJ.
Zhang, D. Feng, , Y. Xia, Y. Song The Better chances of curing patients with lung cancer, primary exposure is crucial
meant for identifying malignant lumps on chest scans. Although deep learning techniques have lately been effectively
applied to computer vision issues, there are still significant obstacles in the diagnosis of malignant nodules International
Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology & 2021. When identifying and categorising functional adrenal
cancers based on CT scans, machine learning algorithms may only be able to detect certain types of tumours or may be
constrained in their ability to detect tumours in different locations or at different stages of development.
7 because there aren't enough extensive training data sets. R-way Colposcopic Assessment System Performance in
Cervical Mammography. M. Fulham,Y. XieJ. Zhang, D. Feng, , Y. Xia, Y. Song The Better chances of curing patients with
lung cancer, primary exposure is crucial meant for identifying malignant lumps on chest scans. Although deep learning
techniques have lately been effectively applied to computer vision issues, there are still significant obstacles in the
diagnosis of malignant nodules because there aren't enough extensive training data sets. International Journal of
Innovative Science and Research Technology & 2020 The R-way colposcopic detection technology may occasionally
yield false positive results that incorrectly diagnose healthy women as having cervical cancer. This could cause overly
concerned and anxious patients as well as additional pointless diagnostic procedures.
8 CHAPTER 3 ResNet50 (Residual Networks) 3.1 HISTORY OF ResNet50: Since its release in 2015, ResNet-50 has
represented a significant advancement in the discipline of deep learning. The problem of vanishing gradients, which had
long plagued conventional deep neural networks and made it challenging to train models with additional layers, was the
reason it was created. ResNet-50 enables the gradient to flow across the network more successfully through the use of
residual connections, which enables the development of considerably deeper models. 3.2 ResNet50: The ResNet-50
architecture's foundational elements are built on the idea of residual relationships, which aid in addressing the issue of
disappearing slopes in neural design systems with deep connections. Each building block consists of many convolutional
layers that teach the input data's local features, then follows a shortcut link that skips some of the levels and
9 sends the data directly to the subsequent building block's deeper layers. The shortcut link ensures that the gradient
may flow across the structure more effectively, regardless of whether the system is deep, by enabling information to skip
some layers. Furthermore, by using these components, the ResNet-50 architecture is able to learn high-level
characteristics that can be applied to a variety of computer vision tasks to produce precise predictions. ResNet-50 may
learn more complicated ways to represent the input data by layering several elements on top of one another. A fully
linked layer using softmax activation can then use the obtained high-level features to produce the final categorisation
output. Fig 3.1 Resnet50 Residual Layer ResNet-50 has shown in practise that it is capable of learning a hierarchy of
characteristics, starting with more fundamental picture elements like corners and edges and progressing to more
intricate and abstract aspects like forms and textures. The network can recognise objects despite in the presence of
considerable alterations, such as modifications to illumination, viewpoint, and scale, because to this it learns a hierarchy
of features, which is essential for image identification tasks.
10 Overall, the ResNet-50 architecture's building components are essential for permitting the network to learn intricate
visualisations of the input information and achieve cutting-edge performance on a variety of computer vision
applications. Fig 3.2 Resnet50 Architecture 3.3 ADVANTAGES OF ResNet50: Performance improvement: ResNet-50 has
been shown to perform better than other deep learning designs in a number of computer vision applications, including
image classification, object recognition, and picture segmentation. Scalability: The ResNet design is very adaptable,
enabling researchers to incorporate more residual blocks to create deeper and more complex models. Transfer
LearningK: ResNet-50 is frequently employed as a model that has been trained for transferred learning, which entails
tuning the framework on a smaller set of data for a particular task, because of its high performance on a variety of tasks.
11 3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF ResNet50: Complexity of computation: ResNet-50 is a highly computational design to train
and execute due to the several layers and residual blocks. Memory requirements: ResNet-50 consumes quite a bit of
memory to keep the model's variables, making it difficult to use on systems with little available memory. ResNet-50 is
less suited for tasks requiring small amounts of labelled data because it needs a large number of records to train
effectively.
12 CHAPTER 4 4.1 EXISTING SYSTEM: The cornerstone of the model being described is the colposcopy test referred to
as visual inspection with acetone (VIA), a process that is frequently used to diagnose cervical cancer. A 5% acetic acid
solution is applied to the affected area during VIA, turning any elbow deformity epithelial (odd cell) acetowhite. The
colposcopist next takes a varying number of post-acetic-acid photos at various points throughout the procedure. These
images are used by the diagnosis programme to determine if the patient has prostate cancer or not. This approach has
previously been used to establish the presence or absence of a disease. This sentence suggests a new model that seems
to be better than the previous one. The research does not go into great depth about how the model works or its benefits
over the conventional VIA technique. Who is in charge of taking the photos and uploading them to the diagnosing
system is likewise unknown? Yet, the paragraph emphasises the importance of timely identification in enhancing patient
outcomes, especially in low-resource regions where access to educated medical personnel may be limited.
13 4.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM: The suggested model emphasizes the fully convolutional architecture used to predict
cervical cancer. , Early detection can significantly boost the survival rate of individuals with precancerous neoplasia (CIN).
Our offer a good deep learning system in this research for the accurate identification in cervical cancer, regardless of
whether it's present or not. Here, we use a convolution-based neural network (CNN), a deep learning RsNet50, to
implement transfer learning. The dataset for cervical cancer that we have assembled using some photos from online
sources and those that have been enhanced is trained using the CNN. The central aim of this project is to accurately
predict the presence of cervical cancer in individuals by utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This approach
to prediction is based on the principles of transfer learning in deep learning. The primary objective is to classify the
cervical cancer as either positive or negative. The use of a CNN, a type of artificial neural network specifically designed to
analyze visual imagery, will enable the model to learn from large amounts of medical data, including images of cervical
cells, and make predictions based on these learned patterns. Transfer learning, a procedure that comprises by means of
acquaintance expanded as of one mission to progress performance on another, will help the model make better
predictions by leveraging the knowledge gained from previous deep learning models that have been trained on similar
data. The combination of these two techniques will help improve the accuracy of the estimates made by the model and
ultimately contribute to the premature discovery besides dealing of diseases that are cervix affecting cancer. To result
upon either positive or Negative
14 4.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM: Fig 4.21 Block Diagram 4.2.2 METHODOLOGY: Convolution layers and image processing
methods for ovarian cancer prediction go through a number of stages. The gathering of data is the initial step. Images
are gathered during medical procedures like histopathology, colposcopies, and Pap testing. The images can originate
from public databases, clinics, or medical facilities. It is necessary to use high-quality images that are annotated with
pertinent clinical data, such as the patient's health, the virus genotype, and the outcomes of the biopsy.
15 Fig 4.2.2.1 Convolution Weights Fig 4.2.2.2 Convolution Layers The following step is preprocessing. Preprocessing is
the process of enhancing and cleaning up images to remove noise and artefacts. To ensure that the photographs can be
analysed, this step must be finished. Some common preprocessing techniques include noise removal, picture
segmentation, and normalisation. Image segmentation is a method for identifying and separating objects of significance
from a picture. In a colposcopy image, the cervix, for example, may be
16 distinguished from the background. The image intensities are normalised to a common range in order to account for
variations in illumination and contrast. The third stage is feature extraction. In this stage, relevant attributes are extracted
using the preprocessed images. The traits may include form, texture, colour, and other characteristics that are crucial for
predicting cervical cancer. The procedure for feature extraction, a key step in the approach, determines the accuracy of
the information input for the evolutionary computing model. Some common feature extraction techniques include
binarization designs (Local binary patterns), hydrocarbon of histograms that are oriented (HOG), and further feature
extraction using trained CNNs. Fig 4.2.2.3 Convolution Layer collection For training the neural network the following
steps have been, Step 1. ReLU Layer: In neural networks, a popular activation function is the Batch normalisation Unit
(ReLU). It has the formula f(x) Corresponds max(0, x), where x is the function's input. It becomes a straightforward and
useful computational function as a result. Because it is reasons . most importantly and speeds up network learning, the
Rectified linear function is frequently employed in deep learning. Because the network seems to have the sparsity
property, a sizable portion of the program's neurons can be disabled during training to avoid overfitting.
17 Step 2. Pooling Layer: The pooling operation is a typical layer in neural network models with convoluted architecture
(CNNs) exclusively utilized in tasks associated with image processing like object recognition, object recognition, and
segmentation. It is frequently employed both after a convolutional layer and before such a fully linked layer. The pooling
layer reduces the structural quality of the input feature map, thereby minimizes the network's computing requirements.
The largest benefit (maximal pooling) or the mean and median values (average pooling) are substituted for each
neighborhood in the input feature map to achieve this down sampling. Step 3: Flattening: Convolution layers neural
networks based on convolution (CNNs) use the flattening technique to reduce the dimensional array map generated by
the final convolution operation to a vector representation that may be inputted into a structure resembling a highly
interconnected layer for further processing. A CNN's convolutional layers each produce a set of convolution layers that
relate to different aspects of the image pixels. Each feature map consists of a two- dimensional matrix of values
representing the multilayer filters' responses to different regions of the input image. Step 4: Full Connection: A
completely connected layer, also known as a dense layer, is a typical type of layer in neural network models
incorporating convolution (Convolutional neural) that are used for classification tasks, object identification, and
segmentation. It is frequently inserted after the categorization and pooling layers at the very end of the network to
transform the output into a prediction. On the layer above, each neuron is connected with each other neuron in the
group of neurons that makes up the completely interconnected layer. Weights, which are obtained during
backpropagation training, are utilised to symbolise these links. Each neurons in the layer that is fully linked produces a
weighted sum of inputs that are similar to those from the layer before, and then a nonlinear activation function is applied.
18 The training of models is the fourth phase. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), among other deep learning
models, are used to train a model using the retrieved features. CNNs are a special sort of machine learning algorithm that
excel at image categorization tasks. The model gains the ability to spot trends in the indicators that are suggestive of
cervical cancer during training. Typically, the model is taught via supervised learning, where it is given tagged
photographs to learn from. The fifth stage is proving the model correct. The trained model is then validated using a new
collection of images. The validation set is used to evaluate the model's accuracy and suitability for use with new data.
The validation set should accurately represent the data distribution that the machine will experience in real-world
situations. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are often used metrics for model evaluation. The final step, testing, is the
sixth. The model is tested on a new set of images to see how well it functions in real-world situations. The performance
of the model is evaluated using the same metrics as the validation procedure. Testing is essential for establishing the
model's relevance in the real world and identifying any shortcomings or prospective development areas. The method
mentioned above has been applied to forecast cervical cancer. These results demonstrate the potential of computational
modelling and image processing techniques to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of cervical detection of cancer.
19 4.2.3 UML DIAGRAM Fig 4.2.3 UmL Diagram System User Take dataset Preprocessing Training Register Login About
Project Disease prediction Logout
20 CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION Supervised learning and image recognition are utilised to analyse medical images and
predict the likelihood of cervical cancer using reducing algorithms and techniques. The initial images in the
accumulation of medical images are the patient's abdominal positron emission tomography imaging (Fbi) with
computerised tomography (CT) scans. Then, this same quality of these images is enhanced, and therefore any artefacts
that might impede analysis are eliminated. Using a big collection of previously processed images, convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) and many other algorithmic techniques for deep learning are then taught. These techniques learn to
recognise the patterns and characteristics in the images that are indicative of cervical cancer. Once trained, the deep
model. this model may be utilized to predict the prevalence of cervical cancer in recent images. The computer evaluates
the recent photographs and generates a hazard score that represents the likelihood of cancer. In general, the use of data
augmentation and deep learning to predict cervical cancer has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficacy of
cervix cancer detection and treatments, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.
21 Fig.5.1 Login Page Fig.5.2 Upload Image Data Page
22 Fig 5.3 Prediction Result Positive Fig 5.4 Prediction Result Negative
23 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION We implemented a deep learning-based system for cervical cancer prediction in this
project. Here, we employed Resnet50 of the deep learning, a CNN-based transfer learning technique. We took into
account the CNN-trained collection of medical images for cervical cancer, which includes both positive and negative
images. After training the dataset, we tested it by presenting an image and predicting whether it was positive or negative.
Our technology delivered precise predictions and accurately performed.
24 CHAPTER 7 REFERENCE [1] F. Bray, J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. L. Siegel, and A. Jemal, “GLOBOCAN estimates of
prevalence and fatality rates for 36 cancers in 186 nations worldwide as of 2018.,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians,
vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 384–414, 2020. [2] M. Brisson und B. Drolet, “Cervicix affecting cancer elimination as a worldwide
cause for concern for cancer,” Lancet Oncology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 319–321, 2019. [3] The head of WHO urges all nations
to act to alleviate and stop the suffering brought on by cervix affecting cancer. In S. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first
word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. [4] Issa, N. T., Byers, S. W., & Dakshanamurthy, S. “Big data: the next
frontier for innovation in therapeutics and healthcare. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 7(2), 283-288, 2016. [5] N
Hussein, W. N., Kamarudin, L. M., Hussain, H. N., Zakaria, A., Ahmed, R. B., & Zahri, N. A. “The prospect of internet of things
and big data analytics in transportation system”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2019. [6]
Ghasemaghaei, M., & Calic, G. “Assessing the impact of big data on firm innovation performance: Big data is not always
better data”. Journal of Business Research, 118, 157- 182, 2020. [7] W. Li, J. Li, K. V. Sarma, K. C. Ho, S. Shen, B. S. Kundsen
et al., “Path R-CNN for prostate cancer diagnosis and Gleason grading of histological images,” IEEE Transactions on
Medical Engineering [8] Balbin, P. P., Barker, J. C., Leung, C. K., Tran, M., Wall, R. P., & Cuzzocrea, A. “Predictive analytics
on open big data for supporting smart transportation services”. Procedia Computer Science, 175, 3009-3018, 2021,
25 [9] , S. D. Bellis-Ayres, M. Arbyn, W. P. Parry-Smith, M. Underwood, and E. Moss, “Accuracy of colposcopy-directed
punch biopsies: A systematic review and meta - analysis,” , vol. 119, no. 21, pp. 1283–1381, 2021 BJOG: An International
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology [10] N. Wentzensen, M. Schiffman, M. I. Silver, M. J. Khan, R. B. Perkins, K. M. Smith
et al., “ASCCP colposcopy standards: Risk-based colposcopy practices,” Journal of the Lower Genital Tract Diseases, vol.
31, no. 4, pp. 222–224, 2019. [11] Biuk-Aghai, R. P., Kou, W. T., & Fong, S. “Big data analytics for transportation: Problems
and prospects for its application in China”, IEEE, (pp. 172-175), 2019. [12] K. C. Ho, B. S. Kundsen, J. Li, S. Shen, W. Li, K. V.
Sarma et al., “Prostate cancer detection using the route R-CNN and Gleason scoring of the histology pictures,” IEEE
Transactions on Medical Imaging data, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 945–944, 2018. [13] Y. Song, Xia, J. Zhang, Y. Xie, Y D. Feng, M.
Fulham et al., “Knowledge-based collaborative deep learning for benign-malignant lung nodule classification on chest
CT Scan,” IEEE-Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 991–1104, 2020. [14] R. Chen ,Y. Q. Zhao, X. Zhang, ,
J. Zhao, and Y. L. Qiao, “Performance of the R-way colposcopic evaluation system on cervical cancer-screening,” Asian
Pacific Journal of Cancer- Prevention, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 4123– 4128, 2018. [15] J. S. Cardoso, K. Fernandes, and J.
Fernandes, “

96% MATCHING BLOCK 1/1 Result-31-3-23.docx (D163035656)

Automated methods for decision support of cervical cancer screening using digital colposcopies,” IEEE Access, vol. 5,
pp. 33 920–33 917, 2018

Hit and source - focused comparison, Side by Side

Submitted text As student entered the text in the submitted document.
Matching text As the text appears in the source.

1/1 SUBMITTED TEXT 21 WORDS 96% MATCHING TEXT 21 WORDS

Automated methods for decision support of cervical

cancer screening using digital colposcopies,” IEEE
Access, vol. 5, pp. 33 920–33 917, 2018

Result-31-3-23.docx (D163035656)