San Jose Community College

Malilipot Albay

Module
In
Mathematics, science and
technology

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J
C
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Prepared by:
Daisy Mae B. Bitadora
Instructor
Mathematics is the science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity
and arrangement. Math is all around us, in everything we do. It is the
building block for everything in our daily lives, including mobile
devices, computers, software, architecture (ancient and modern), art,
money, engineering and even sports.
Since the beginning of recorded history, mathematical discovery has
been at the forefront of every civilized society, and math has been used
by even the most primitive and earliest cultures. The need for math arose
because of the increasingly complex demands from societies around the
world, which required more advanced mathematical solutions, as
outlined by mathematician Raymond L. Wilder in his book "Evolution
of Mathematical Concepts" (Dover Publications, 2013). 
The more complex a society, the more complex the mathematical needs.
Primitive tribes needed little more than the ability to count, but also used
math to calculate the position of the sun and the physics of hunting. "All
the records — anthropological and historical — show that counting and,
ultimately, numeral systems as a device for counting form the inception
of the mathematical element in all cultures," Wilder wrote in 1968.
Who invented Mathematics?
Several civilizations — in China, India, Egypt, Central America
and Mesopotamia — contributed to mathematics as we know it today.
The Sumerians, who lived in the region that is now southern Iraq, were
the first people to develop a counting system with a base 60 system,
according to Wilder. 
This was based on using the bones in the fingers to count and then use as
sets, according to Georges Ifrah in his book "The Universal History Of
Numbers" (John Wiley & Sons, 2000). From these systems we have the
basis of arithmetic, which includes basic operations of addition,
multiplication, division, fractions and square roots. Wilder explained
that the Sumerians' system passed through the Akkadian Empire to the
Babylonians around 300 B.C. Six hundred years later, in Central
America, the Maya developed elaborate calendar systems and were
skilled astronomers. About this time, the concept of zero was developed
in India.
As civilizations developed, mathematicians began to work with
geometry, which computes areas, volumes and angles, and has many
practical applications. Geometry is used in everything from home
construction to fashion and interior design. As Richard J. Gillings wrote
in his book "Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs" (Dover
Publications, 1982), the pyramids of Giza in Egypt are stunning
examples of ancient civilizations' advanced use of geometry.
Geometry went hand in hand with algebra. Persian mathematician
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī authored the earliest recorded work
on algebra called "The Compendious Book on Calculation by
Completion and Balancing" around 820 A.D., according to Philip K.
Hitti, a history professor at Princeton and Harvard University. Al-
Khwārizmī also developed quick methods for multiplying and dividing
numbers, which are known as algorithms — a corruption of his name,
which in Latin was translated to Algorithmi.
Algebra offered civilizations a way to divide inheritances and allocate
resources. The study of algebra meant mathematicians could solve linear
equations and systems, as well as quadratics, and delve into positive and
negative solutions. Mathematicians in ancient times also began to look at
number theory, which "deals with properties of the whole numbers, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, …," Tom M. Apostol, a professor at the California Institute of
Technology, wrote in "Introduction to Analytic Number Theory"
(Springer, 1976). With origins in the construction of shape, number
theory looks at figurate numbers, the characterization of numbers, and
theorems.

Functions
Functions is said to be the central idea in the study of mathematics. In
many situations, there is a mathematical function in which one quantity
corresponds to another quantity according to some definite rule.
Physical situations and number patterns can be represented by tables,
graphs, verbal rules, and equations where their interrelationships can be
studied and analyzed.

Definition of Function
In previous studies, a relation was defined as a correspondents
between two variables, x and y, or as a set of ordered pairs (x,y) where x
is related to y.
For instance, the price of a plot of a land (y) is related to the
number of square meters land bought (x): the monthly wage(y) of an
employee is related to the number of hours the employee worked (x); the
water bill paid for the month (y) is related to the number of cubic meters
of water consumed (x). In other words, the quantity or variable y
depends upon the quantity or variable x.
In the third example, if the amount of water consumed for the
month is known, the water bill can be predicted by using the rule:

Y= basic charge (x) + other charges.

Where x represents the amount of water consumed and y represents the

total charge or the water bill. For instance, if the basic charge is ₱ 15.46
per cubic meter and the other charges amount to ₱38.39, and x is the
amount of water consumed, then

Y= ₱15.46(x) + ₱38.39

The rule above represents a function because

1. There exists a correspondence between two variables: the amount
consumed (x) and the total charge (y)
2. There is exactly one charge for every amount consumed.

Always remember:

Let X and Y be two nonempty sets of real numbers. A function

from X into Y is a rule or correspondence that associates with
each element of X a unique element of Y
In this section, we provide a formal definition of a function and
examine several ways in which functions are represented—namely,
through tables, formulas, and graphs. We study formal notation and
terms related to functions. We also define composition of functions and
symmetry properties. Most of this material will be a review for you, but
it serves as a handy reference to remind you of some of the algebraic
techniques useful for working with functions.
Given two sets A and B , a set with elements that are ordered pairs (x,y),
where x is an element of A and y is an element of B, is a relation from A
to B. A relation from A to B
defines a relationship between those two sets. A function is a special
type of relation in which each element of the first set is related to
exactly one element of the second set. The element of the first set is
called the input; the element of the second set is called the output.
Functions are used all the time in mathematics to describe relationships
between two sets. For any function, when we know the input, the
output is determined, so we say that the output is a function of the
input. For example, the area of a square is determined by its side
length, so we say that the area (the output) is a function of its side
length (the input). The velocity of a ball thrown in the air can be
described as a function of the amount of time the ball is in the air. The
cost of mailing a package is a function of the weight of the package.
Since functions have so many uses, it is important to have precise
definitions and terminology to study them.

function, in mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a

relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another
variable (the dependent variable). Functions are ubiquitous in
mathematics and are essential for formulating physical relationships in
the sciences. The modern definition of function was first given in 1837
by the German mathematician Peter Dirichlet:

If a variable y is so related to a variable x that whenever a numerical

value is assigned to x, there is a rule according to which a unique value
of y is determined, then y is said to be a function of the independent
variable x.
This relationship is commonly symbolized as y = f(x)—which is said
“f of x”—and y and x are related such that for every x, there is a unique
value of y. That is, f(x) can not have more than one value for the same x.
To use the language of set theory, a function relates an element x to an
element f(x) in another set. The set of values of x is called the domain of
the function, and the set of values of f(x) generated by the values in the
domain is called the range of the function. In addition to f(x), other
abbreviated symbols such as g(x) and P(x) are often used to represent
functions of the independent variable x, especially when the nature of
the function is unknown or unspecified.

Note: A function ʄ
consists of a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a
rule for assigning each input to exactly one output.
The set of inputs is called the domain of the
function. The set of outputs is called the range of
the function.
For example, consider the function ʄ,
where the domain is the set of all real numbers and the rule is to square
the input. Then, the input x=3
is assigned to the output 32=9
Since every nonnegative real number has a real-value square root, every
nonnegative number is an element of the range of this function. Since
there is no real number with a square that is negative, the negative real
numbers are not elements of the range. We conclude that the range is the
set of nonnegative real numbers.
For a general function ʄ
with domain D,
we often use x
to denote the input and y
to denote the output associated with x
When doing so, we refer to x
as the independent variable and y
as the dependent variable, because it depends on x.
Using function notation, we write y=f(x)
and we read this equation as “y
equals ʄ
of x.”
For the squaring function described earlier, we write f(x)=x2
The concept of a function can be visualized using the figure below
 Figure 1. A function can be visualized as an
input/output

Figure 1: A function maps every element in the domain to

exactly one element in the range. Although each input can
be sent to only one output, two different inputs can be sent
to the same output.

Figure 1: In this case, a graph of a function f has a domain

of {1,2,3} and a range of {1,2}.
The independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y.
We can also visualize a function by plotting points (x,y)
in the coordinate plane where y = f (x).

Activity 1
Find and Identify.

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Activity 2
Evaluating Functions

For the function f (x)= 4x 2 + 2x- 1,

Evaluate
a. f (3) f. f (40)
b. f (5) g. f (32)
 c. f (19) h. f (1/2)
d. f (56) i. f (3/4)
e. f (10) j. f (1/4)

Activity 3
Evaluating Functions

For the function f(x)= x3- 9x+5

a. f (10)
b. f (13)
c. f (1)
d. f (0)
e. f (11)