Basic Mathematical Operations and Terminologies  Transcendental numbers - number that is Non-algebraic, in the

sense that it is not the solution of an algebraic equation with

 rational-number coefficients. Example: π and e

 Basic Arithmetic Operations

 The four basic arithmetic operations in Math, for all real numbers, are:

  Addition
  The addition is a mathematical process of combining two or
 more numbers into a single term called sum

 Addition Rules

  Addition of two positive integers is a positive integer
  Addition of two negative integers is a negative integer
C
omplex number - combination of a real number and an  While adding positive and negative integers, subtract the
imaginary number. A+ib is a complex number, where a,b are integers and use the sign of the largest integer number
real numbers and i = √-1.
Commutative law of addition: 
 Imaginary number - number that is expressed in terms of the
square root of a negative number (usually the square root of −1, For any two numbers a and b, a+b=b+a.
represented by i or j ). When imaginary numbers are squared,
they yield a negative result.  Subtraction
 Real number - any number that can be found in the real world.
 Algebraic number – any number that is a root of a non-zero  The subtraction operation gives the difference between two
polynomial equation with rational coefficients. numbers.
 Rational number - any number which can be represented in the  It is the inverse process of addition.
form of p/q where q ≠ 0.  The addition of the term with the negative term is known as
 Irrational number -real numbers which cannot be expressed in subtraction.
the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0. Example: 
√ 2 and √ 3 , π, e. Subtraction Rules
 Integer - a whole number; a number that is not a fraction.
 Natural numbers used in counting objects. Also known as  If both the signs of the integers are positive, the answer will be
positive integers. the positive integer
 Zero denotes nothingness. Zero has the property that any  If both the signs of the integers are negative, the answer will be
number multiplied by zero is zero. Zero divided by any number the negative integer
(not equal to zero) is zero.
 Negative integers - numbers that have a value less than zero  If the signs of the integers are different, subtract the values, and
take the sign from the largest integer value.
 Multiplication  The division of integers with different signs results in the
 Multiplication is known as repeated addition. negative integer.
 The multiplication process involves multiplicand, multiplier.
 The result of the multiplication of multiplicand and the
multiplier is called the product
Basic Arithmetic Properties
Multiplication Rules The basic arithmetic properties for real numbers are:

 The product of two positive integers is a positive integer  Commutative property

 The product of two negative integers is a positive integer  Associative property
 The product of positive and negative integer is a negative  Distributive property
integer
Commutative Property
Commutative law of multiplication:
 This property is applicable only for two arithmetic operations,
 For two numbers a and b, a(b)=b(a). i.e., addition and multiplication.
A+B = B+A A x B =B x A
Distributive law of multiplication over addition: 

For any three numbers a, b, and c, a(b+c)=a(b)+a(c), and (b+c) Associative Property

(a)=b(a)+c(a).  Like commutative property, the associative property is also
applicable to addition and multiplication.
Distributive law of multiplication over subtraction: 
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C Ax(BxC) = (AxB)xC
For any three numbers a, b, and c, a(b−c)=a(b)−a(c), and (b−c)
(a)=b(a)−c(a). Distributive Property

 Division  According to the distributive property, if A, B and C are any three

 Is the inverse of multiplication.
 It constitutes two terms dividend and divisor, where the
dividend is divided by the divisor to give a single term value
called quotient.
  When the dividend is greater than the divisor, the result
obtained is greater than 1, or else it would be less than 1.
Division Rules
 The division of two positive integers is a positive integer
 The division of two negative numbers is a positive integer
real numbers, then,
A x (B + C) = A x B + A x C
The BODMAS rule
 acronym for B – Brackets, O – Order of powers or roots, D –
Division, M – Multiplication A – Addition, and S – Subtraction.
 The BODMAS rule states that mathematical expressions with
multiple operators need to be solved from left to right in the
order of BODMAS
 referred to as the order of operations
  Variable - A variable is an unknown or placeholder in an algebraic
expression. For example, in the expression 2x+y, x and y are
variables.

 Polynomial - A polynomial is a sum or difference of terms.

 Expression - An algebraic expression consists of one or more

variables, constants, and operations, like 3x-4. Each part of an
expression that is added or subtracted is called a term. For
example, the expression 4x2-2x+7 has three terms.

 Root -the root of an equation is the same as the solution to the

equation.
Terminologies
Index Laws
 Numbers - mathematical values used for counting and
representing quantities.

 An operator - a character that combines two numbers and

produces an expression.

 Operation - a rule for taking one or two numbers as inputs and

producing a number as an output.

 Constant-refers to any real number. A single fixed number.

 Equation - An equation is a mathematical statement that contains

an equal sign, like ax + b = c.

 Exponent - the number of times the base is multiplied by itself. It is

the power that a number is raised to. For example, in 2 3, the
exponent is 3.

 Base: A number that is raised to a power.

 Coefficient - In an expression or equation, a coefficient is a number
in front of a variable. For example, in the expression 8x, the
coefficient is 8 (and the variable is x).
 Terms - In an expression or equation, terms are numbers,
variables, or numbers with variables. For example, the expression
3x has one term, the expression 4x2 + 7 has two terms.
 a2 (read as 'a squared') means a×a. a has been multiplied by itself
twice. The index, or power, here is 2.
 a3 (read as 'a cubed') means a×a×a. a has been multiplied by itself
three times.
 a4 (read as 'a to the power of 4') means a×a×a×a. a has been
multiplied by itself four times.
 Solve Problem:
1. Find the value of: 274/3

solution:

2. Find the value of:

Exercise1. BODMAS
solution:
##do not use calculator

1. Simplify: 8÷8 of 8+8/8÷8×8+8

Ans: 65/128

2. Simplify:

Ans: 7/5

3. Simplify :

Ans: 3/104
Exercise 2. Index Laws

Find the value of the following

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ans:
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1