BASIC CALCULUS
(Differential Calculus)
Calculus
Calculus (from Latin calculus, literally "small pebble used
for counting“)
is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that
geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of
operations and their application to solving equations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus
(concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and
integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities
and the areas under and between curves);
these two branches are related to each other by the
fundamental theorem of calculus.
Real-life application
Among the disciplines that utilize calculus include
physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and medicine.
It is used to create mathematical models in order to arrive
into an optimal solution. For example, in physics, calculus
is used in a lot of its concepts.
Among the physical concepts that use concepts of
calculus include motion, electricity, heat, light,
harmonics, acoustics, astronomy, and dynamics.
In fact, even advanced physics concepts including
electromagnetism and Einstein's theory of relativity use
calculus.
In the field of chemistry, calculus can be used to predict
functions such as reaction rates and radioactive decay.
Meanwhile, in biology, it is utilized to formulate rates
such as birth and death rates.
In economics, calculus is used to compute marginal cost
and marginal revenue, enabling economists to predict
maximum profit in a specific setting.
In addition, it is used to check answers for different
mathematical disciplines such as statistics, analytical
geometry, and algebra.
Functions and function notations
Definition
• A relation between two sets X and Y is a set of
ordered pairs, each of the form (x, y), where x is a
member of X and y is a member of Y.
• A function from X to Y is a relation between X and
Y that has the property that any two ordered pairs
with the same x-value also have the same y-value.
• The variable x is the independent variable, and
the variable y is the dependent variable.
Function
Function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in
which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first
number.
The set of all admissible values of x is called the
domain of the function and the set of all resulting
values of y is called the range of the function.
The symbols x and y denote variables. The value of y is
dependent on the choice of x, x denotes the
independent value of y is called the range of the
function.
Function
Function
Functions and functional notations
Examples
Can you give other real-life examples of
functions?
Functions and functional notations
DEFINITION OF A REAL-VALUED FUNCTION OF A
REAL VARIABLE
The domain of f is the set X.
The number y is the image of
x under f and is denoted by
f(x), which is called the value
of f at x. The range of f is a
subset of Y and consists of all
images of numbers in X.
Ways of specifying functions
Since a function is essentially a set of pairs ,
it can be appeared in different forms and
they can be represented in many ways such
as equations, words, table of values and
graph.
All functions are relations but not all
relations are functions
Vertical line test
Graphs represent function
Graph that does not represent function
Evaluating a function
Examples
SOLUTION
Evaluating a function
Solution
Exercise
1. If , find x as a function of y
2. The area of a rectangle is 6 sq. in. Express the
perimeter P of the rectangle as a function of the
length x of one side.
3. If , find , h ≠ 0
4. If and , find f[g(x)] and g[f(x)].
