ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE

LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

ENGLISH SECTION

ENS ENTRANCE COMPETITION

PREPARATION COURSE

LANGUAGE

ADOUKO K. FRANÇOIS
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINER, ENS
11th Edition (MARCH 2017)
 CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGES
CONTENTS 2

INTRODUCTION 3

THE LANGUAGE TEST: TYPOLOGY AND STRATEGIES 4

SAMPLES TESTS 6

CHAPTER 1: WILL VERSUS BE GOING TO 15

CHAPTER 2: USING WOULD TO EXPRESS

A REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST 17

CHAPTER 3: USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH 18

CHAPTER 4: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 19

CHAPTER 5: USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE 21

CHAPTER 6: USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 22

CHAPTER 7: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:

USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 24

CHAPTER 8: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:

USING THERE + BE 26

CHAPTER 9: PERSONAL PRONOUNS:

AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS 27

CHAPTER 10: PERSONAL PRONOUNS 28

CHAPTER 11: FORMS OFOTHER 29

CHAPTER 12: USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS:

BOTH.......AND; NOT ONLY.....BUT ALSO;
EITHER.......OR; NEITHER........NOR 34

CHAPTER 13: VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH 35

CHAPTER 14: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE 36

CHAPTER 15: PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 38

CHAPTER 16: ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 42

KEY TO PRACTICE EXERCISES 47

CONCLUSION 63

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 INTRODUCTION

To enter Ecole Normale Supérieure, Abidjan (ENS), every applicant undergoes

a competition that comprises two legs: a written test that leads to an oral examination
for those who have been successful in the former leg.
As a great number of students apply, it is a good idea to get prepared
beforehand. Preparation permits candidates to be aware of the types of tests and
topics used in the competition.
This course is specifically concerned with language areas such as vocabulary,
grammar, language functions, language usage, pronouns, prepositions, phrasal verbs,
and many others.
First of all, course participants are presented with the typology of exercises
constituting a language test.
Next, a specific strategy for coping with each type of exercise is dealt with.
After that, different chapters for vocabulary study, grammar revision, language
function practice, are listed for in-class activities or for participants’ personal research.
This document is not a ready-made booklet that warranties success in the
entrance competition. Users can make the best of it only if they attend the preparation
course during which the instructor explains the rationale behind the organization and
contents of the document.
During the course a lot of information and advice are provided. Not everything
said in the course can necessarily appear in this booklet.

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THE LANGUAGE TEST: TYPOLOGY AND STRATEGIES
A- A CLOZE TEST WITH A BANK OF WORDS

This test is based on vocabulary and grammar knowledge. It is a test of

comprehension in which every candidate is made to supply the appropriate missing
words omitted from the text given. Candidates must necessarily supply words from the
provided bank. It is a 4-hour exercise.
To do this, candidates must follow the steps suggested below:

1-Read through the whole passage for its general topic (because topics of passages
generally give an idea of probable lexis).
2-Read through the bank of words; try to recognize the nature of each word; try to
understand the meaning of each word. Try to classify the words into groups of verbs,
adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, nouns, etc.
3-Read each paragraph and try to find out the probable nature of each missing word
in each blank space.
4-Read each paragraph again; now guess a possible word for each blank space; then
check if there is a synonym for your guess in the bank. Finally select the right word by
crossing out or underlining it when it has been used. Skip a space that gives you hard
times and come back to it later.

B- A CLOZE TEST WITH NO BANK OF WORDS

This test is also based on vocabulary and grammar knowledge. It is a test of

comprehension in which every candidate is made to supply the appropriate missing
words omitted from the text given. Candidates must necessarily supply words from
their own understanding of the provided text. Any word that makes sense in the context
of the sentence or paragraph will be accepted. It is a 4-hour exercise.
To do this, candidates must follow the steps suggested below:

1-Read through the whole passage for its general topic (because topics of passages
generally give an idea of probable lexis).
2-Read each paragraph and try to find out the probable nature of each missing word
for each blank space.
3-Read each paragraph again; now guess a possible word for each blank space; see
if it makes sense in the context of the sentence or paragraph.

NOTES: to guess the nature of a missing word right, in exercise types A and B,
considering the immediate environment of the blank space is essential. Sometimes,
an auxiliary (is/are or has/have) comes before the blank space: then look at the type
of word after the space. That will tell if it is an adjective, a past participle, a verb in
ING form, etc.
To understand the sentences, pay attention to the dots in the space and the
punctuation to see if a new sentence has begun right after the space, or if the same
sentence is going on.
Wherever there are difficulties and doubts, avoid leaving spaces blank: you can skip a
space and return to it later. NEVER leave spaces definitely blank, because blanks in
the answers provide no points, whereas attempted answers may provide some points
randomly if they happen to be correct answers!

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 C- GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE FUNCTION EXERCISES
To do the grammar and language function exercises, candidates should follow the
strategies indicated below.

1-Read the instructions very carefully: sometimes you have to find what is wrong
among many correct options, or what is correct among many wrong choices.

2-These exercises are based on grammar and also on what language is used for:
FUNCTION (Example: what do you say to empathize with somebody whose sibling
has died?)

3-To attempt these, candidates should read the sentences carefully to catch their meanings.

4-Avoid leaving spaces blank.

5-If there are options, read the sentence, then read the options and finally choose the
right option by trying each!

NOTES: Every candidate is looking for the maximum points possible. Therefore,
everybody is advised to try the exercises according to the number of points they
provide. However, this does not mean candidates must stick to exercises that grant a
lot of points even when they give you hard times. A good strategy would consist in
dropping the most difficult exercises and coming back to them later. It is possible to
get a great number of points by doing and succeeding many short exercises.

Candidates in this competition may have to deal with one type only (A, or B, or C), two
types (A + B, A+C, or B+C), or all the three types (A+B+C).
The grammar exercises may deal with discrete grammar points or a mixture of
grammar points.
The effective application of all advised strategies and success in this test are
determined by personal hard work and good timed self-organization in the exam room.
This means that the preparation course is not enough to achieve success. Every
candidate MUST have a wrist watch to check time, and NOT A MOBILE PHONE
that will not be allowed in the exam room anyway.

Exercises can be attempted in any order. If the exercises are A, B, and C, candidates
can do them in the order they want. For example, they can do B, then A and finally C,
or in any order. However, in one same exercise, candidates do not have the right to
give the answers in disorder. You cannot go from 1 to 3, then to 8, then back 2, and
so on and so forth. Answers written in disorder will not be looked at.

SAMPLE TEST 1(CLOZE TEST WITH A BANK OF WORDS)

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SECTION I PART A
Find the suitable words for the blank spaces. Choose from the word box.

MY MERCEDES IS BIGGER THAN YOURS

Once upon a time a young man was ....(1)..... the pleasures of a new car – a sleek ...(2).... , golden
Jaguar. To get it, Onumo had ...(3).... half of his ....(4).... as Public Relations man to a corrupt ...(5).... in
Lagos. But it was ...(6).... it for the return it gave him: in girls, status, and the envy of his ...(7)... . Onumo
visited his village, Anochia, and everyone admired his car. One evening he decided ...(8)... the dance
at Isu organised by the enterprising ...(9).... of the Royal Dandy Hotel..
“Ladies and gentlemen, a cha-cha”, ...(10)... the Master of Ceremonies in a voice which was out of
proportion to his small ...(11)... . Onuma, who had been drinking, ...(12)... to the least objectionable of
the girls. He took her to the floor, ...(13)... her with his big arms and ...(14)... her all over the room. When
he returned to the table, he found that his friend Chucks had ...(15)... . He had his face on the table.
Onuma judged it was time to go. He had ...(16)... Chucks up and support him for a few...(17)... before
the latter ...(18)... his bearings and staggered after him to the car.
Onuma drove with his right hand and drank with his left. It seemed to him that the car even went easier
this way, driven with one hand. In the early ...(19)... with the headlights playing on the flimsy ...(20)...,
he achieved a ...(21)... clarity of vision. The road seemed very ...(22)... with no end. He was just...(23)...
another ...(24)... when there was a suspicious...(25)... away from the road. On the Isu to Anochia road
there is a ...(26)... precipice which descends ...(27)... down for hundreds of feet. It is situated on a
...(28)... turn over which careless drivers were endlessly ...(29)... tragically. Someone had planted a sign
post against the ...(30)... with the inscription “NO ROAD” but it did not stop further ...(31)... accidents.
Onuma’s car had joined the others who had ...(32)... the “NO ROAD” sign. But by one of those
inexplicable ...(33)... of luck it had become ...(34)... at the edge of the drop. And it is just possible that
the car might have been...(35)... if Onuma had had the sense to leave it alone and go for a ...(36)... help.
Instead, he tried to pull the car back onto the road. Immediately it ...(37)... the precipice, just missing
carrying the men with it. There was finally a loud crash which signalled the end of the most elegant
products of human ...(38)... of modern times...
The next morning Onuma woke with a big headache. What a fool, he thought, to have drunk so much
the previous night, to have lost control and ...(39)... . He had lost his beautiful Jaguar, his darling the
slave, the only one to whom he would ever be entirely attached, ,and then another thought shot across
his ...(40)... brain: he had no insurance....
(by Kenneth Cripwell,1986, p.38)
WORD BOX
Sober/swigging/befuddled/paces/rolled down/singular/defied/dawn/shuffled/to drag / craftsmanship
/chasm/concealed/mastery/swerve/fatal/roared/crushed/recovered/sheer/worth/owner/crashing/firm
/ staggered/steep/wedged/fellows/frame/income/to
attend/mist/saved/purring/mouthful/straight/savouring/mortgaged/passed out/strokes

SECTION I PART B: Find the appropriate words for the blanks spaces in the text.

VISIT SIERRA LEONE!

Sierra Leone is ...(1)... by people who want a quiet holiday. The beaches are not ...(2)... by crowds.
Its coastline is...(3)... by many palm-fringed coves, which often are found near colourful villages.
Lunches in small cartons are ...(4)... by your hotel when you go to visit nearby Toke. Visits to Lumley
Beach can be ...(5).... for you by your hotel when you go to visit nearby Toke. Visits to waters are
organized. Fish, which has been ...(6)... by you, will be ...(7)... and ...(8)... at your table in the hotel.
Boat trips can be ...(9)... to Freetown. Here fine Gra cloth, gold nuggets, basket ware or lizard skin
bags and purses, can be ...(10)... . Tropical fruit like mangoes and pineapples are ...(11)... in all markets.
Your hotels have been...(12)... by the government of Sierra Leone in the best area of Freetown. Meals
can be ...(13)... either in restaurants or on the beach. Entertainment is ...(14)... by the Sierra Leone
National Dance Troupe. Music in the disco of the Hotel Bintumani is ...(15)... by the Afro Superb Combo
77. Visitors are being ...(16)... to visit Sierra Leone. Rice is ...(17)... along the sides of rivers. Diamonds
are ...(18)... in the river valleys. Cassava is ...(19)... by Sierra Leonians. More than half of the Sierra
Leone’s exports are ...(20)... to Britain.
(by Kenneth Cripwell,1986, p.18)

SECTION II PART A (GRAMMAR) Choose the right option between options A/B/C or D
Example:
.........................are found in virtually every country in the world. Answer

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 A. Swamps and marshes which
B. When swamps and marshes
C. Swamps and marshes C
D. Now that swamps and marshes

1-....................... fall naturally into two classes which can be further subdivided into several subclasses.
A-There are vitamins/ B-Vitamins that / C-Vitamins / D-After vitamins
2-The incidence of anorexia nervosa, ..............................., is growing in industrially advanced societies.
A-is an eating disorder/ B-an eating disorder which/ C-an eating disorder/ D-for which an eating disorder
3-In the 1960s, pop art ............... to discover artistic significance in the commercial artifacts of the consumer
culture. A-seeking / B- to seek / C- has sought / D-sought
4-Air ................... the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis enters through tiny surface openings.
A-contains / B-contained / C-containing /D-it contains
5-Overexposure to the sun can produce .................. can some toxic chemicals.
A-more than damage to the skin/ B-more damage than the skin/ C-damage more than the skin/ D-more damage
to the skin than
6-The Federal Reserve System ............. under President Wilson, plays a key role in regulating the U.S economy.
A-the establishment in 1993/ B-was established in 1993 /C- established in 1993 / D-in 1993 they established it
7-In the 1960s, due in part to the invention of air conditioning, the population of the U.S ......... a dramatic
geographical shift southward.
A-experiencing /B-was experienced / C-to experience / D- experienced
8-Antartica is larger ................ but it has no native human population.
A-than Europe and Australia does /B- Europe and Australia /C- of Europe and Australia /D- than Europe and
Australia
9-Whole grain food products ................. in most large supermarkets across the U.S and Canada.
A-now can purchase / B- now can be purchased / C- now to purchase /D-the purchase of which
10-A dividend is .................... the only benefit a corporation can offer its shareholders.
A-no / B- nor / C-none / D- not
11-...................... all citrus fruit originated with the Chinese orange.
A-That the belief / B-The belief that / C- To belief that / D- It is believed that
12-The year 1732 saw the first appearance of Poor Richard’s Almannac, ................... Benjamin Franklin created
the character of Poor Richard.
A-there / B-in which / C-in it / D-which in
13-Sandstone in general is more easily cut and shaped than .................. such as granite.
A-are hard rocks/ B-rocks as hard/ C-rocks are hard / D-they are hard rocks
14-Not only................ faster than mechanical switches, they also are free of arcing and mechanical wear.
A-electronic switches are/ B-because electronic switches / C-are electronic switches / D- the electronic switches

SECTION II PART B (GRAMMAR) Which part of the sentence is wrong? Choose between
options A/B/C and D
Example:
Meadows are (A) about the same size (B) than robins, but they have (C) heavier Answer
bodies, shorter tails, and longer (D) bills. B

15-(A) The grasslands (B) of all continents support (C) populations of (D) grazing animals feed on the grasses
16-Lillian Gilbert was one of the leading (A) engineers of the twentieth century as (B) well a pioneer (C) in the
field of scientific (D) management.
17-In style, theme and (A) forming, Carl Sandburg’s (B) works resemble (C) the poems in Walt Whitman’s (D)
anthology, Leaves of Grass.
18-Atmospheric water (A) vapors regulates (B) air temperature by (C) absorbing thermal radiation (D) from the
Sun and the Earth.
19-Cane, a (A) collection of stories, poems (B) but sketches (C) about Black American life, was written by Jean
Toomer, a major figure (D) during the Harlem Renaissance.
20-Though it is (A) owned by New York City, the Metropolitan Museum of Art is (B) large supported (C) by
private (D) contributors.
21-The factory system was introduced in New Hampshire in (A) early the 1800s and mills spring up (B) where
rivers (C) furnished water (D) power and transportation.
22-Gorillas are (A) the most terrestrial of the great apes (B) because their bulky size makes (C)it ill-suited to
dwelling in (D) trees.
23-A swamp between two (A) sea, the Okefenoke Swamp in Florida (B) lies (C) in a basin 120 feet (D) above
sea level.
24-The U.S senators were elected by state legislatures (A) until 1993, (B) when the Seventeenth Amendment to
the Constitution required that (C) them be (D) chosen by popular election.
25-The city of Toronto, the Canadian province of Ontario, (A) has one of the world’s safest, (B) cleaning and (C)
most efficient subway (D) system.
26-Stephen Crane, often (A) called the first modern American Author, (B) innovative used imagery and (C)
symbolism in his (D) writing.

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27-(A) most nineteenth century whaling ships (B) carried three or four (C) small whaleboats (D) both able to carry
a crew of six.
28-What (A) cause the passenger pigeon to become (B) extinct was (C) unrestrained (D)hunting.
30-An air pocket (A) locates in the middle ear makes (B) it vulnerable to changes in air (C) pressure, which can
(D) cause discomfort.
31-The sap (A) of the palmyra palm can (B) be used to make a fermented(C) drink (D) with its seeds are edible.
32-Bones are (A) held in place at the joints (B) from strong ligaments that (C) fasten to the bones (D) above and
below each joint.
33-(A) Since the consumer considers the (B) best fruit to be (C) that which is the most attractive, the grower must
provide products that (D) satisfying the discerning eye.
34-Based on a 1990 survey of 7,4 million (A) household, The Lifestyle Market Analyst (B) reported that computer
games (C) had become the (D) favourite pastime in some U.S. cities.
35-(A) The asphalt used a mortar in ancient buildings was (B) nature asphalt found (C) in pools where petroleum
deposits had been (D) freed by geological processes.
36-Geochemists have theorized that (A) the Earth may (B) have begun as (C) part from a huge cloud (D) of dust
and gases.
37-Although she is (A) best known for her children’s (B) stories, Frances Hodgson Burnett (C) also wrote novels
for (D) adult and articles for the popular press.
38-It’s (A) believed that people (B) referred to as “Vikings” (C) reached to North America about (D) the year A.D.
1000.
39-Geysers are spectacular (A) features of thermal (B) area periodically (C) erupting with (D) explosive bursts of
steam and hot water.
40-(A) Cotton is one of the (B) most popular (C) fiber used (D) to make clothes.

SECTION III PART A: (GRAMMAR) Which option is correct? Choose between A, B, C and D.
Example: ANSWER
..................... are found on the surface of the moon.
A-Craters and waterless seas that
B-When craters and waterless seas
C-Craters and waterless seas
C
D-Since craters and waterless seas

1-It is important that the English Department……………an applicant’s registration.

A-will confirm B-confirm C-confirms D-must confirm

2-Deserts are often formed……… they are cut off from rain-bearing winds by the surrounding mountain ranges.
A-because B-in spite of C-so D-due to
3- ………… that the English settled in Jamestown.
A-In 1607 that it was B- that in 1607 C-because in 1607 D-it was in 1607
4-Staying in a hotel costs …………. renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
A-twice more than B-twice as much as C-as much twice as D-as much as twice
5-When friends insist on ………..expensive gifts, it makes most Americans uncomfortable A-them to accept
B-their accepting C-they accepting D-they accept
6-Gilbert Stuart is considered by most art critics ………..greatest portrait painter in the North American colonies.
A-that he was B-as the C-who was D-the
7-As a safety measure, the detonator for a nuclear device may be made of …………., each of which is controlled
by a different employee.
A-two equipments B-two pieces of equipments C-two pieces of equipment D- two equipment pieces
8-An equilateral triangle is a triangle............ and three angles of equal size.
A-that have three sides of equal length/B-it has three sides equally long/C-that has three sides of equal length/D-
having three equal length sides in it
9-.................... two waves pass a given point simultaneously, they will have no effect on each other’s subsequent
motion. A-So that B-They are C-That D-If
10-A child in the first grade tends to be........ all the other children in the class.
A-the same old to B-the same age than C-as old like D-the same age as
11-The bird’s egg is such an efficient structure for protecting the embryo inside .............. difficult for the hatching
to break. A-that is B-that C-and is D-that it is
12-Unlike most Europeans, most Americans ..................... a bowl of cereal for breakfast every day.
A-used to eating B-are used to eat C-are used to eating D-use to eat
13-The artistic medium of clay is ......... that images have been found near the remains of fires from
the last Ice Age. A-so old B-such an old C-oldest D-old

14-We had hoped ..........the game, but the other team played very well.
A-State University to win/B-that State University win/C- that State University would win/ D-State
University winning

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SECTION III PARTB: (GRAMMAR) Which option is WRONG? Choose between A, B, C and D.
Example: ANSWER
(A)The most common form (B) of treatment (C) it is mass inoculation and
chlorination of water (D) sources. C
15-Neither the mathematics department (A) nor the biology department at State University requires
that the students (B) must write a thesis in order (C) to graduate with a (D) master’s degree.
16-People with (A) exceptionally high intelligence quotients may not be (B) the best employees since
they become (C) bored of their work unless the job is constantly (D) changing.
17-The oxygen content of Mars is not (A) sufficient enough to (B) support life (C) as we know (D) it.
18-Students in the U.S. (A) often support (B) themselves (C) by babysitting, working in restaurants,
or (D) they drive taxicabs.
19-Cane, a (A) collection of stories, poems, (B) but sketches (C) about Black American life, was
written by Jean Toomer, a major figure (D) during the Harlem Renaissance.
20-Though it is (A) owned by New York City, the Metroplitan Museum of Art is (B) large supported
(C) by private (D) contributors.
21-Those of us (A) who have a history of heart disease (B) should make (C) yearly appointments with
(D) their doctors.
22-Although federal support (A)for basic research programs (B) are (C) much less than (D) it was ten
years ago, more funds are now available from the National Science Foundation.
23-(A) Living in New York, apartments cost (B) more to rent (C) than they do in other (D) smaller
cities.
24-(A)This new model not only saves time but also (B) energy (C) by operating on two batteries (D)
instead of four.
25-The government requires that a census (A) be taken (B) every ten years (C) so accurate statistics
(D) may be compiled.
26-The (A) discovery of a new primate species, the black-faced lion tamarind, will be (B) formerly
announced (C) as soon as scientists have (D) further evidence of its existence.
27-The extent to (A) which an individual is a product of either heredity or environment (B) cannot
proven (C) but several theories (D) have been proposed.
28-The flag of the (A) original first colonies may or may not (B) have been made by (C) Betsy Ross
during (D) the Revolution.
29-(A) Moisturize in the air forms an (B) effective insulating blanket (C) over (D) most of the earth.
30-An air pocket (A) locates in the middle car makes (B) it vulnerable to changes in air (C) pressure,
which can (D) cause discomfort.
31-(A) Cotton is one of the (B) most popular (C) fiber used (D) to make clothes.
32-Bones are (A) held in place at the joints (B) from strong ligaments that (C) fasten to the bones (D)
above and below each joint.
33-In general, (A) humanistic (B) theories tend to stress (C) the significance of emotions (D) in the
learning.
34-(A) Competitive firms are (B) always under pressure to reduce costs, (C) improve quality, and (D)
catering to consumer preferences.
35-In today’s world, Americans (A) had depended on the automobile (B) as (C) their (D) primary
means of transportation.
36-Geochemists have theorized that (A) the Earth may (B) have begun as (C) part from a huge cloud
(D) of dust and gases.
37-The Beartooth Highway crisscrosses the border (A) between Montana and Wyomin (B) eventually
climbing to an elevation of eleven (C) thousand foot at (D) scenic Beartooth Pass.
38-It (A) is believed that people (B) referred to as “Vikings” (C) reached to North America about (D)
the year A.D. 1000.
39-Geysers are spectacular (A) features of thermal (B) area, periodically (C) erupting with (D)
explosive bursts of steam and hot water.
40-The sap (A) of the Palmyra palm can (B) be used to make a fermented (C) drink, (D) with its seeds
are edible.

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SAMPLE TEST 2
PART A: VOCABULARY (CLOZE TEST WITH A BANK OF WORDS) Find the right word in
the word list below for each blank space

SIR MADE BOY LIE ON BED OF NAILS

A teacher at a p*Posh public school made a 14 year-old boy ........1..... bare-chested on drawing pins in a “bed of nails”
punishment.
Languages master Kevin Hawkins, 40, also forced the pupil to ......2...... his shoes and walk across the pins scattered
.......3....... the floor, a court heard.
Hawkins ..........4........... the lad to his house because he failed to .........5........... his Spanish homework on time. He
tested him .......6.......... verbs and ........7........... him to do a tome forfeit each time he got one wrong. The boy had to ......8...... on
one leg and to press-ups before the pins ordeal – which ..........9........... a minor puncture wound.
Hawkins then put a piece of ...........10......... on the boy’s chest as another .......11......... , magistrates in Stroud,
Gloucester, heard.
Prosecutor Martin Setchell said that when the police .........12........ Hawkins “He said he could not explain it and it was
a moment of ........13........ .” The master promptly .........14.......... ,ending his 17-year teaching career.
Hawkins, of Hardwick, near Gloucester, ..........15......... common assault and was remanded on bail for reports.
His lawyer Conrad Sheward said the teacher’s ........16........ had increased and stress may have led to the “rather
......17........ incident.”
Mr. Sheward said: “People who ..........18.......... a lot of time with children perhaps start to think like children. He was
absolutely ..........19............ with the police and was devastated by the stupidity of this ........20....... .
“He will be unable to teach ...........21........... and has only been able to find temporary work.
“He has very sadly ..........22.......... his career.”
The boy and the school cannot be .........23.......... for legal reasons.
Mr. Sheward said the boy was “fairly robust” and ........24........ to suffer long term damage from his .......25....... .

Word list

Admitted – remove – over – summoned – hand in – on – ordered – stand – caused – ice – forfeit – stressed – madness-
arrested – resigned – workload – bizarre – spend – frank – incident – again – lost – named – unlikely – ordeal – lie

PART B 1 : VOCABULARY (CLOZE TEST WITH NO BANK OF WORDS) Find the right
word for each blank space
THE IMF: STILL FALLIBLE BUT IMPROVING

Washington---- Popes in the Middle Ages had no need of armies, nor of popular approval, to ..........1........ their authority.
They could make Christendom’s most powerful rulers tremble simply by offering or ........2.......... the prospect of salvation.
In today’s global economy, that kind of .........3........ is wielded no longer by the Pope in the Vatican but by the
International Monetary Fund in Washington. Governments in .........4............. trouble will undergo the severest economic penance
to win the Fund’s benediction.
But .......5............ the Pope, Michel Camdessus of France, the IMF’s managing director, is apparently supposed to be
.........6.............. or at least, a mistake by the Fund seems to generate more outrage among its critics than a similar error made
by an elected national government.
.........7........ last summer, as the IMF has grappled with the Asian crisis, its policies have provoked some of the toughest
criticism since the agency was established at the end of World War II.
Many of the accusations have been unfair. Critics tend not to give IMF programs time to work, .......8......... to make
allowance for the obvious fact that they were hurriedly conceded in a crisis.
Some of the ..........9.......... , as the Fund has itself admitted, have been justified.
What recriminations have generally obscured, however, is the extent to which the power and influence of the Fund, and
its self confidence, have been growing in the 1990s.
In just the last week, the Fund has bluntly lectured Japan on its economic shortcomings, even though Tokyo is not
asking for IMF .........10.......; warned Argentina to cut back economic growth in a sensitive pre-election period, and concluded a
new deal with Indonesia aimed at forcing radical policy changes.
More than 70 developing countries are under the Fund’s tutelage. Even more striking have been the key .....11...... the
agency has played in steering the transition of Russia and other former Communist countries to market economies and more
recently in encouraging Asian nations to change their entire economic systems.
In doing ....12... , the Fund has reached deep into areas once thought to be none of its .......13....... such as labour
markets, banking rules and competition ........14....... further encroaching on national sovereignty.
Many proposals ........15........ improving the international financial system in the wake of the Asian crisis, ......16...... to
be discussed at the agency’s spring meeting in Washington this week, would give the Fund even greater power to elicit official
data, monitor ailing economies and try to influence governments to .....17..... unpopular measures.
......... 18........... is not necessarily a bad thing. It should help to ......19 ..... economic efficiency and reduce the risk of
further crises. The structural reforms the Fund is seeking in Asia also ....20....... help to make governments and companies more
open and societies generally more democratic.
Numerous governments such as those of Russia and the Philippines, have actually asked the Fund to continue its
surveillance beyond the agreed time.
But the huge expansion in the role of the agency is taking place almost haphazardly and with little democratic supervision
from the industrialised countries that are its main shareholders, other than, to a certain extent, the United States.
The Fund itself is well aware of these issues. Our senior official recently asked why the IMF’s tough pro market
Demands should be more acceptable in former Communist countries than in Asia. The answer, of course, is that their previous
system failed; most Asians are much less sure.

10
 Despite the criticism, the Asian crisis has probably convinced more people than not that the IMF is necessary. What
now needs debating is how far its power should reach and how it can be made more accountable. As Mr Camdessus would be
the first to admit, he is not actually infallible.

PART B 2: (VOCABULARY) Choose the right meaning

1-Actually: (in “...have actually asked the Fund...”) means: a) now b) really c) perfectly
2-Huge: (in “..the huge expansion in the role...”) means: a) true b) right c) large
3-Shareholders: (in “... from industrialised countries that are the shareholders,...”) means:
a) Carriers b) persons who own money c)persons who own parts in a company.
4-Issues: (in “The Fund itself is well aware of these issues.”) means: a) ways out b) questions c)
countries
5-Former:(in “...the transition of Russia and other former Communist countries....”) means:
a) From the same form or class
b) Previous
c) Trainer

PART C: (GRAMMAR) For each blank space choose a suitable word from the list: at, by, during,
for, from, in, of, on, over, since, till, under, with, off, to. Some of the words are used many times.
1- I’ve lived ...(a)....this street ...(b).... ten years.
2- He has lived ...(a).... Cornwall Gardens ....(b).... 1966.
3- ......(a)......the age .....(b).... 18 he was sent to prison ....(c).... theft.
4- He was ......(a)..... prison .....(b).... two years; ....(c).... that time he became interested ....(d)....
pigeons.
5- There is a parcel of books ...(a)..... you ....(b)... the table ...(c).... the hall. Oh, they must be
...(d).... my brother. He always sends me books ...(e)... my birthday.
6- We heard that Bill wasn’t ...(a).... arrest but was helping the police ....(b)....their enquiries. The
police are interested ....(c).... a bank robbery which took place ....(d)...Bill’s last holidays.
7- “Much Ado About Nothing” is ....(a)....Shakespeare, and you’ll find more ...(b)... his plays
...(c)....the bookcase ...(d);;;;the corner.
8- As the child was too young to travel ....(a)... herself, they arranged ...(b).....her to travel ....(c)...
the guard’s van ....(d).... the care ....(e)... the guard.
9- A: Have you heard ...(a)... John ...(b)... his return?
B: Yes, I had a letter ...(c)... Monday. He’s thinking ....(d)... going back ...(e)... America.
10- He was ill ...(a)... a week and ...(b)... that week his wife never left his side.
11- A: Aren’t you coming ...(a)... us?
B: No, I’m waiting ...(b)... Tom.
A: But he won’t be ready ...(c).... some time.
B: I’m not ...(d).... a hurry. I’ll wait till he’s ready.
12- I’m very sorry ....(a).... being late. It was good ....(b).... you to wait ....(c).... me.
13- Passengers may leave bulky articles ...(a).... the stairs ....(b).... the conductor’s permission, but
the bus company will not be responsible ....(c)..... such articles.
14- Remember to be ...(a)... good time ...(b)... the opera because if you’re late, they won’t let you
...(c)... ...(d)... the end ....(e).... the act.
15- I want two seats ...(a)...Romeo and Juliet ....(b)... Friday night.
16- ....(a)...spite ...(b)... the heat he refused to take ...(c)... his coat.
17- He was wounded ...(a)...the shoulder ...(b).... a bullet fired ...(c)... an upstairs window.
18- While ...(a)... their way from the coast ...(b).... the mountains they were attacked ....(c).... a
jaguar.
19- What platform does the train ...(a)... York leave ...(b).....?
20- He invited me to dinner ...(a)... his club and ...(b)... the meal he asked me ...(c)... advice about
his investments.
21- He’s not independent ...(a).... any means. He depends ...(b)...his father ....(c)...everything.
22- He has a picture ...(a)...Picasso (Picasso painted the picture) and he can’t decide whether to
hang it ....(b)... the hall ...(c)...the right as you come ..(d)...., or ...(e).... the sitting room ...(f)....
the fireplace.
23- I’m tired ...(a).... hearing about Tom and his Picasso. He can hang it ...(b)... his garage ...(c)...
all I care.
24- He said he was ...(a).... and he asked me ...(b)... a loan ...(c)... £50.
25- A: What’s the cheapest way ...(a)... getting ...(b).... London ...(c).... Edinburgh?
B: Well, you could hitch hike there ...(e)... nothing, or you could go ..(f)... coach ...(g)...about
£20.
26- I was horrified ...(a)... his appearance. He looked as if he hadn’t slept ...(b)... weeks.

11
 27- When he gets back ...(a)... the office , he expects his wife to meet him ...(b).... the door ....(c)...
his slippers, and to have a hot meal waiting ....(d)... him ....(e)... the dining room.
28- Last night Mary went ...(a)... a dance ...(b)...Tom and didn’t get back ...(c)... 2 a.m. Her mother
was furious ....(d).... her ...(e).... coming in so late and said that ...(f)... future she must be in
...(g)... 12:00 (at or before 12:00).
29- Passengers who get ...(a)... or ....(b).... a bus (i.e. who board or leave it) except ...(c).... the
official stops do so ....(d).... their own risk.
30- The rows are lettered .....(a).... A to T, beginning ...(b)... the row nearest the stage. So if Tom
is sitting ....(c).... B26, and Jack is sitting ....(d).... C26, Tom will be directly .....(e).... front
....(f)..... Jack.

PART D: (GRAMMAR) What is appropriate for the different blank spaces in the story below:
a, an, or the?

1- There was ...(a)... knock on ...(b)... door. I opened it and found ...(c).... small dark man in
...(d)...check overcoat and .....(e)... soft hat.
2- He said he was ...(a)...employee of ....(b).... gas company and had come to read ...(c)... meter.
3- But I had ....(a)... suspicion that he wasn’t speaking .....(b)... truth because ....(c)... meter readers
usually wear ....(d).... peaked caps.
4- However, I took him to ...(a)..... meter, which is in ....(b).... dark corner under .....(c).... stairs
(.....(d)... meters are usually in .....(e)..... dark corners under .....(f).... stairs).
5- I asked if he had ......(a).... torch; he said he disliked torches and always read ....(b)....meters by
...(c)...light of ......(d).... match.
6- I remarked that if there was ....(a).... leak in ....(b)..... gaspipe, there might be ......(c)....explosion
while he was reading ....(d)..... meter.
7- He said, “As ....(a).... matter of .....(b)... fact there was ....(c)....explosion in ....(d).... last house I
visited; and Mr Smith, ....(e).... owner of ....(f)... house, was burnt in ....(g).... face.”
8- “Mr. Smith was holding ....(a).... lighted match at ...(b).... time of ...(c).... explosion.
9- To prevent ......(a).... possible repetition of this accident, I lent him ...(b)... torch.
10- He switched on .....(a)..... torch, read ....(b)..... meter and wrote ...(c)... reading down on ...(d)...
back of ...(e)..... envelope.
11- I said in ...(a)....surprise that ....(b).... meter readers usually put ....(c)..... readings down in (d)...
book.
12- He said he had had ....(a)... book but that it had been burnt in ....(b).... fire in ...(c)....Mr Smith’s
house.
13- By this I had come to ...(a)....conclusion that he wasn’t .....(b);;;; genuine meter reader; and
...(c)... moment he left ....(d).... house I rang ...(e)... police.
14- A: Are John and Mary ....(a)... cousins?
B: No they aren’t cousins; they are ....(b).... brother and ....(c).... sister.

SAMPLE TEST 3

PART A: VOCABULARY (CLOZE TEST WITH A BANK OF WORDS) Choose the right word
for each blank space

TODLER SAVED BY A MOTHER’S GREATEST GIFT

Little Luke Bettelley had just 48 hours to live when his mother volunteered to donate part of her liver for
a unique transplant.
In their race -------1-------- time, doctors took -------2---------- 24 hours to complete tests which
normally take weeks so the 18- month-old could have a last chance of -----3------- .
Despite the risk to herself, 32-year-old Jill -------4------- insisted on going ahead. Last night she
was celebrating after the surgery was ------5------ carried out by pioneering liver specialists at King’s
College Hospital in London.
The operation is the first transplant --------6----------- in the UK on an acutely ill patient using a
section of liver from a living ------7-------- . Transplants from family members are usually planned well in
advance ------8------ combat chronic liver disease.
Mrs Bettelly, from Worthing, West Sussex -----9----- no longer being treated as a patient
following the 13-hour operation a month ago. But she is constantly at her son’s ------10------ with her
husband David, 29.

12
 She said “Everything happened in such a blur, from the --------11------ Luke fell ill. I
wasn’t frightened at all by the operation. My only -------12--------- was for Luke and to do what I could do
for him.
“I’m still tired at the -------13------- and I can’t do a lot of things that I normally --------14--
-------, like lifting Luke, but I’m so happy that he has been saved.
“The idea that I’ve made medical ---------15------------ doesn’t seem real to me. But at least I know
that this can be done, so it ----------16----------- give hope to lots of others.”
Luke was taken --------17-------- hospital with suspected hepatitis when he was ---------18---------
-- to have acute liver failure.
Doctors told his distraught ---------19---------- that, unless a suitable --------20---- could be found,
he would die ---------21------ two days. When none was traced, mother and father ---------22-------- with
surgeons to use --------23-------- of their own livers -------24--------- despite the risk to their own -------25--
------.

MISSING WORDS
Pleaded; life; bedside; moment; history; relative; concern; against; successfully; only;
could; to; donor; insisted; is; performed; to; should; within; found; moment; parents; lives;
part; instead

PART B: (GRAMMAR) Fill in the gaps in the following sentences by using “WHAT” or “WHICH”

a- He didn’t believe -------1------ I said -------2-------- annoyed me very much.

b- In detective stories the murderer is always caught ----------3-------- doesn’t happen in real life.
c- He wasn’t surprised at ------4------- he saw because I had told him --------5------- to expect.
d- In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m. -------6------- is much too early.
e- There was no directory in the first telephone box------7------ meant that I had to go to another one.
f- I did ------8------ I could ------9------- wasn’t much.
g- The clock struck thirteen ------10------ made everyone laugh.
h- I’m sure that -------11------ you say is true.
i-We travelled second class -----12----- is cheaper than the first class but more crowded.
j- He didn’t know the language ------13------ made it difficult for him to get a job.
k- People whose names begin with A always get taken first -----14----- is most unfair.
l- He played the violin all night --------15------ annoyed the neighbours.
m- When the mechanic opened the bonnet he saw at once -----16----- was wrong with the car.
n- I didn’t buy anything because I didn’t see ----17------ I wanted.
o- They sang as they marched ------18------- helped them to forget how tired they were.
p- I saw a coat marked down to £10 ------19------- was just ------20------ I was prepared to pay.
q- He was very rude to the customs officer ------21------- of course made things worse.
r- Show me ------22---- you’ve got in your hand.
s- Tell me -----23------ you want to do.

PART C: (GRAMMAR) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense and fill the spaces with suitable
forms.

Caller: This is Mrs Jones at 22 High Street; ------1----- I have an appointment for a shampoo and set, please?
Receptionist: Yes, Mrs Jones. Who usually (2-do)--------------- your hair?
Caller: Peter usually(3-do)---------- it, but the last time I(4-come)------------ he (5-be) -------- on holiday and Ann (6-
do) ------------------ . So if Peter (7-be) ---------- not available, Ann (8-do) ----------- very well.
Receptionist: When you (9-want) ------------- to come, Mrs Jones?
Caller: I (10-like)--------------- to come tomorrow afternoon if possible.
Receptionist: I’m afraid that that afternoon is full. Thursday afternoon at 4:00 (11-suit)--------- you?
Caller: I’m afraid it ----------12---------. My mother-in-law (13-come) ------------ to tea.
Receptionist: Then what about Friday afternoon? Peter (14-be able) ------------
Caller: That (15-be) ------------ splendid. Thank you very much.
Receptionist: Thank you Mrs Jones. We (16-expect)----------------- you at 4:00 on Friday then. Goodbye.

PART D(GRAMMAR)
SECTION 1: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense

13
 Dear Hilda,
I just (1-hear) ---------------- that my mother suddenly (2-be) ----------- taken ill, and I (3-like) ----------- to go
and see how she is. The trouble is I can’t take my dog Tom with me. You (4-think) ------------ you (5-be able) -------
---- possibly look after him for a week? You (6-have) ------------ him for a week last year, you (7-remember) ---------
----- , and you (8-say) ------------ he (9-be) ------------- no trouble, and (10-get) ----------- on well with your dog.
If you (11-be able) -------------- have him, I (12-be able) ------------- bring him along any time that (13-suit)
------------ you. He (14-have) -------------- his own bed and bowl, and I (15-bring)------------ enough tinned dog food
to last him a week.
But if it (16-not be) --------- convenient, (17-not hesitate) to say so. There (18-be) ------------- quite good
kennels near here, and they (19-take) him if I (20-ask) ----------- . He (21-be) -------------- there before and (22-seem)
------------- to get on all right.

SECTION 2: (GRAMMAR) Complete the sentences with the right words and put the suggested verbs
in the brackets in the right tense and form

Tom: Hello, ---------1-------- I speak to Ann, please?

Ann: Ann (2-speak) ------------------------.
Tom: Tom here. Where (3-you be) --------------, Ann? I (4-try) ------------- to get on to you for the last half
hour. (5-you not leave) ------------- your office at 5:00?
Ann: Yes, I ----------6---------, but today I (7-go) ------------- shopping and only just (8-get) --------------- in.
It (9-be) ------------ nice to hear your voce, Tom. I (10-not know) ------------ you (11-be) ------------ in
London.
Tom: I only (12-arrive) ------------ this morning. I (13-ring) ------------- you before but I (14-be) -------------
terribly busy all day covering a conference. It has only just ended. Are you doing anything tonight, Ann?
Ann: Yes, I’m going to the theatre.

14
CHAPTER 1: WILL VERSUS BE GOING TO

To express a PREDICTION-----either will or BE GOING TO is used:

a) According to the weather report, it will be When the speaker is making a prediction (a
cloudy tomorrow. statement about something s/he thinks will be
b) According to the weather report, it is true or will occur in the future, either will or be
going to be cloudy tomorrow. going to is possible.
c) Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! There is no difference in meaning between (a)
d) Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself! and (b).
There is no difference in meaning between (c)
and (d).

To express a PRIOR PLAN / INTENTION----- BE GOING TO or WILL is used

e) A: Why did you buy this paint? When the speaker is expressing a prior plan
B: I’m going to paint / will paint my (something the speaker intends to do in the future
bedroom because in the past s/he has made a plan or
decision to do it), be going to/will is used.
f) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of In (e): Speaker B has made a prior plan. She
taking the bus to work. He’s going to decided to paint her bedroom last week. She
buy/will buy a car. That’s what he told intends to paint her bedroom tomorrow.
me. In (f): The speaker knows Bob’s intention to buy
a car. Bob made the decision in the past and he
intends to act on this decision in the future.
To express (OFFERS) WILLINGNESS-----only WILL is used:
g) A: The phone‘s ringing. In (g): Speaker B is saying: “I am willing, I am
B: I’ll get it. happy to get the phone.” He is not making a
h) A: I don’t understand this problem. prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer
B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer
you. the phone and uses will to show his willingness.
In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the teacher’s
willingness to help.
Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).
To express Promises: only WILL is used: I promise I won’t be late again.

PRACTICE EXERCISES: WILL VERSUS BE GOING TO Use WILL and / or BE

GOING TO with the verb in parentheses.

PART I: EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS

1-Sue (graduate) will graduate/is going to graduate in June. After that, she (begin)
will begin/is going to begin work at an electronics firm.
2-Fred (be) ................................................................. at the meeting tomorrow. I think
Jane (come)................................................................................. too.
3-A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
B: Sure. I (see, probably) .................................................................. him at the
meeting this evening.
4-The damage we do to our environment today (affect)
....................................................................... the quality of life of future generations.
5-A: Mr. Swan (be, not) ................................................................... here next term. He
has resigned. Who (be) ...................................................... the new teacher? Do you
know?
B: Yes, Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach)
......................................................................... the same course Mr. Swan taught:
English, algebra, and geometry. I (be) .................................................. in her class. Do
you know which algebra class you (be) .................................................................. in
next term?

15
PART II: EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN VS. WILLINGNESS
Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you think there
is no prior plan, use will.
6-A: This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a word of French. Can you help me?
B: Sure. I (translate) will translate it for you.
7-A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) am going to go to the shopping mall
downtown.
B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?
A: I (leave) .......................................................... at 9 a.m.
8- A: The light doesn’t work. The bulb is probably burned out. Where are the new light
bulbs?
B: I (get) ...................................................................... one for you.
9- A: It’s cold in here.
B: I agree. I (turn) .......................................................... the heater on.
A: That’s a good idea.
10- A: I (enrol) ............................................................. in the community college next
spring.
B: Oh? I didn’t know you wanted to go back to school.
A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take)
........................................ a course in word processing.
11-A: Brr! Who turned on the air conditioner? It’s really cold in here. My nose is cold
and my fingers are cold.
B: I (make) ............................................................ you a cup of tea.
A: Thanks. That sounds good.
12-A: Oh,oh! I’ve spilled coffee on my shirt.
B: Just a minute. I (get) ................................................. a damp cloth for you.
13- A: What do you want to be when you grow up?
B: I (be) ............................................................................ an astronaut.
A: Good for you.
14- A: Do you mind if I turn the TV off? I (place) ............................................................
a long distance call, and it’s hard to hear if the TV is on.
B: No, that’s fine. I wasn’t watching anyway.
15-A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers?
B: I (do) .................................................... it!
C: I (do) ..................................................... it!
D: No, no I (do) ......................................................... it!
16-A: Why do you have an eraser in your hand?
B: I (erase) .................................................................... the board.

16
CHAPTER 2: USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST
When can we use WOULD and when can we use USED TO?

a) When I was a child, my father would
read me a story at night before bed.
b) When I was a child, my father used to
read me a story at night before bed.
c) I used to live in California.
He used to be a Boy Scout.
They used to have a Ford.
Would can be used to express an action that
was repeated regularly in the past. When would
is used to express this idea, it has the same
meaning as used to (habitual past).
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
When used to expresses a situation that existed
in the past, as (c), would may not be used as an
alternative. Would is used only for regularly
repeated actions in the past.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
In order to practice using would to express a repeated action in the past, use would
whenever possible in the following sentences. Otherwise, use used to.

1-I (be) used to be very shy. Whenever a stranger came to our house, I (hide)
............................... in the closet.
2-I remember my Aunt Susan very well. Every time she came to our house, she (give)
...................... me a big kiss and pinch my cheek.
3-Illiteracy is still a problem in my country, but it (be) ......................................... much
worse.
4-I (be) ........................................................ afraid of flying. My heart (start)
.................................... pounding every time I stepped on a plane. But now I’m used to
flying and I enjoy it.
5-I (be) ............................................... an anthropology major. Once I was a member
of an archaeological expedition. Every morning, we (get) .......................... up before
dawn. After breakfast, we (spend) ............................... out the entire day in the field.
Sometimes one of us (find) ....................... a particularly interesting item, perhaps an
arrowhead or a piece of poetry. When that happened, other members of the group
(gather) ..................................... around to see what had been unearthed.

17
CHAPTER 3: USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

a) That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.
COMPARE
b) That box is very heavy, but Bob canlift it.
c) I am strong enough to lift that box. I can
lift it.
d) I have enough strength to lift that box.
e) I have strength enough to lift that box.
In the speaker’s mind, the use of too implies a
negative result.
In (a): too heavy=It is impossible for Bob to lift
that box.
In (b): very heavy=It is possible but difficult for
Bob lift that box.
Enough follows an adjective, as in (c).
Enough may precede a noun, as in (d), or
follow a noun, as in (e).

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Think of a negative result, then complete the sentence with an infinitive
phrase.

1-That ring is too expensive. Negative result: I can’t buy it. That ring is too expensive for me to buy.
2-I’m too tired. Negative result: I can’t/don’t want to go to the meeting. I’m too tired to go to the
meeting.
3-It’s too late. Negative result:.....
4-It’s too cold.
5-Nuclear physics is too difficult.
6-I’m too busy.
7-My son is too young.
8-The mountain cliff is too steep.

Now think of a positive result, and complete the sentence with an infinitive phrase.
9-That ring is very expensive, but it isn’t too expensive. Positive result: I can buy it.That ring isn’t too
expensive for me to buy.
10-I’m very tired, but I’m not too tired. Positive result: .............
11-My suitcase is very heavy, but it’s not too heavy.
12-I’m very busy, but I’m not too busy.

ERROR ANALYSIS: Find and correct the errors in the following.

Example: I am considering to go to a show tonight.
Correction: I am considering going to a show tonight.

1-My parents made me to promise to write them once a week.

2-I don’t mind to have a roommate.
3-Most students want return home as soon as possible.
4-When I went to shopping last Saturday, I saw a man to drive his car onto the sidewalk.
5- I asked my roommate to let me to use his shoe polish.
6-To learn about another country is very interesting.
7-I don’t enjoy to play card games.
8-I heard a car door to open and close.
9-I had my friend to lend me his car.
10-I tried very hard to don’t make any mistakes.
11-You should visit my country. It is too beautiful.
12-The music director tapped his baton for beginning the rehearsal.
13-Some people prefer save there money to spend it.

NOTES:
‘Error Analysis’ in the exam will appear in the forms shown in SAMPLE 1 exercises.

18
CHAPTER 4: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

An expression of quantity (e.g., one, several, many, much) may precede a noun. Notice below: Some expressions of quantity
are used only with count nouns; some only with noncount nouns; some with either count or noncount nouns.
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY USED WITH COUNT NOUNS USED WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS
One One apple
Each Each apple Not used
Every Every apple
Two Two apples
Both Both apples
A couple of A couple of apples
Three, etc. Three apples Not used
A few A few apples
Several Several apples
Many Many apples
A number of A number of apples
A little A little rice
Much Much rice
A great deal of Not used A great deal of rice

Not any/no Not any apples/no apples Not any rice/no rice
Some Some apples Some rice
A lot of A lot of apples A lot of rice
Lots of Lots of apples Lots of rice
Plenty of Plenty of apples Plenty of rice
Most Most apples Most rice
All All apples All rice

PRACTICE EXERCISES

EXERCISE1: Write No in front of the expressions that cannot be used to complete the sentence
correctly.

1-Isabel has .......... assignments. 2-Jake has ...................... homework.

a-three a-three
b-several b-several
c-some c-some
d-a lot of d-a lot of
e-too much e-too much
f-too many f-too many
g-a few g-a few
h-a little h-a little
i-a number of i-a number of
j-a great deal of j-a great deal of
k-hardly any k-hardly any
l-no l-no

3-Ann is wearing ........... rings. 4-Sue is wearing .................. jewelry.

a-four a-four
b-several b-several
c-some c-some
d- lots of d- lots of
e- too many e- too many
f-too much f-too much
g-a few g-a few
h-a little h-a little
i- hardly any i- hardly any
j- no j- no

19
EXERCISE 2: Use many or much with the following words, changing the words to plural if necessary.
Pronounce the final –s/-es loudly and clearly
Examples: sentence: many sentences ; water: much water; thief: many thieves
1-furniture 16-progress
2-desk 17-race
3-branch 18-knowledge
4-equipment 19-marriage
5-machinery 20-information
6-machine 21-luck
7-woman 22-hypothesis
8-piece 23-mail
9-mouse 24-office
10-advice 25-slang
11-sheep 26-roof
12-homework 27-phenomenon
13-prize 28-human being
14-goose 29-shelf
15-music 30-tooth

NOTE: Much is usually not used in affirmative sentences; instead, a lot of or a great
deal of is frequently used. Much is used primarily in negative sentences and in
questions.

20
CHAPTER 5: USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE

A few a) She has been here only two A Few and a little give a positive
weeks, but she has already idea; they indicate that something
made a few friends. (Positive exists, is present, as in (a) and
A little idea: She has made some (b).
friends.)
b) I’m very pleased. I’ve been
able to save a little money this
month. (Positive idea: I have
saved some money instead of
spending all of it.)
c)
Few d) I feel sorry for her. She has Few and Little (without a) give a
(very) few friends. (Negative negative idea; they indicate that
idea: She does not have many something is largely absent.
friends; she has almost no Very (+ few/little) makes the
Little friends.) negative idea stronger, the
e) I have (very) little money. I number/amount smaller.
don’t even have enough
money to buy food for dinner.
(Negative idea: I do not have
much money; I have almost
no money.)

Note: A Few and Few are used with plural count nouns. A little and Little are used
with noncount nouns.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Complete the sentences with a few, (very) few, a little, or
(very) little.
1-Do you have a few minutes? I’d like to ask you a few questions. I need a little
more information.
2-Ann’s previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes
(very) few mistakes in her work.
3-After Rodney tasted the soup, he added ..................... salt to it.
4-I don’t like a lot of salt on my food. I add ..................... salt to my food.
5-The professor lectured very clearly. As a result, .................. students had questions
at the end of the class period.
6-I like music. I like to listen to ................... music after dinner before I begin studying.
7-Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to eighth grade. He seems to be unpopular.
Unfortunately, he has .............................. friends.

21
CHAPTER 6: USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

MOST + NONSPECIFIC NOUN In (a): The speaker is not referring to

a) Most books are interesting.
b) INCORRECT: Most of books are
interesting.
specific books. The speaker is not
referring to “those books” or “your books”
or “the books written by Mark Twain.”
The noun “books” is nonspecific.
In (b): The word “of” is not added to an
expression of quantity (e.g., most) if the
noun it modifies is nonspecific.

MOST + OF + SPECIFIC NOUN A noun is specific when it is preceded

c) Most of those books are mine. by:
d) Most of my books are in English. - This, that, these, those, as in (c);
e) Most of the books on that table OR
are mine. - My, John’s, their (any
possessive) as in (d); OR
- The, as in (e).
When a noun is specific, of is used with
an expression of quantity.

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY FOLLOWED BY OF + A SPECIFIC NOUN

All, most, some/any + of +specific plural count noun or noncount noun, as in (f)
Many, (a) few, several, both, two, one + of + specific plural count noun, as in (g)
Much, (a) little + of + specific noncount noun, as in (h)

f) Count: most of those chairs are uncomfortable.

Noncount: Most of the furniture is uncomfortable.
g) Count: Many of those chairs are uncomfortable.
h) Noncount: Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.

NOTE: Of is always a part of the following expressions of quantity, whether the noun
is nonspecific or specific: a lot of, lots of, a couple of, plenty of, a number of, a
great deal of.

NONSPECIFIC: I’ve read a lot of books. SPECIFIC: I’ve read a lot of those
books.

22
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Add of if necessary. Write ‘nothing’ if of is not necessary.

1-I know several of Jack’s friends.

2-I’ve made several (nothing) friends lately.
3-Some ...................... students are lazy, and some .................. students are hard-
working.
4-Some .................... the students in Mrs. Gray’s class are a little lazy.
5-Most .................. books have an index.
6-Most.................... Ali’s books are written in Arabic.
7-I bought a few ................... books yesterday.
8-I’ve read a few .................... those books.

ERROR ANALYSIS: Some (but not all) of the following sentences contain errors. Find
and correct the errors.

1-It is important for every students to have a book.

2-Each of the students in my class has a book.
3-Spain is one of the country I want to visit.
4-The teacher gave each of students a test paper.
5-Every student in the class did well on the test.
6-Every furniture in that room is made of wood.
7-One of the equipment in our office is broken.
8-I gave a present to each of the woman in the room.
9-One of my favourite place in the world is an island in the Caribbean Sea.
10-Each one of your suitcases will be checked when you go through the customs.
11-It’s impossible for one human being to know every languages in the world.
12-I found each of the error in this exercise.

23
CHAPTER 7: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF
QUANTITY

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB

a) Some of the b) Some of The verb is determined by the noun (or

book is good. the books pronoun) that follows of in most
c)A lot of the are good. expressions of quantity. Notice in (a)
equipment is d) A lot of my and (b):
new. friends are some of + singular noun + singular
e)Two-thirds of here. verb
the money is mine. f)Two-thirds of some of + plural noun + plural verb
the
penniesare
mine.

f) One of my EXCEPTIONS: One of, each of, and

friends is every one of take singular verbs.
here. One of 
g) Each of my each of  + plural noun + singular verb
friends is every one of 
here.
h) Every one of
my friends is
here.

i) None of the j) None of Subjects with None of are considered

boys is here the boys singular in very formal English, but
(formal) are here. plural verbs are often used in informal
(informal) speech and writing.

k) The number of l) A number COMPARE: In (l), The number is the

students in the of students subject; in(m), A number of is an
class is were late expression of quantity meaning “a lot of”.
fifteen. for class. It is followed by a plural noun and a
plural verb.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1-Some of the fruit in the bowl (is, are) rotten.

2-Some of the apples in that bowl (is, are) rotten.
3-Half of the students in the class (is, are) from Arabic-speaking countries.
4-Half of this money (belongs, belong) to you.
24
5-A lot of the students in this class (is, are) from Southeast Asia.
6-A lot of clothing in those stores (is, are) on sale this week.
7-One of my best friends (is, are) coming to visit me next month.
8-Each boy in this class (has, have) his own notebook.
9-Each of the boys in this class (has, have) his own notebook.
10-Every one of the students (is, are) required to take the final test.
11-None of the animals at the zoo (is, are) free. All of them (is, are) in enclosures.
12-A number of students (is, are) absent today.
13-The number of students at that university (is, are) approximately 10,000.
14-One of the chief materials in bones and teeth (is, are) calcium.
15-(Does, Do) all of the children have their books?
16- (Does, Do) all of this homework have to be finished by tomorrow?
17-Why (was, were) some of the students excused from examination?
18- Why (was, were) one of the students excused from examination?
19-What percentage of the earth’s surface (is, are) covered by water?
20- What percentage of the people in the world (is, are) illiterate?
21- (Does, Do) any of you know the answer to that question?

EXERCISE 2: SINGULAR AND PLURAL: Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1-The weather in the southern states (get, gets) very hot during the summer.
2-The results of Dr. Noll’s experiment (was, were) published in a scientific journal.
3-Bob and his friend (is, are) coming to the anniversary party tomorrow night.
4-Every man, woman, and child (are, is) protected under the law.
5-Washing the dishes (are, is) children’s job.
6-A lot of students (are, is) already here.
7-Some of the furniture in our apartment (are, is) second-hand.
8-Some of the desks in the classroom (is, are) broken.
9-At least three-quarters of that book on famous Americans (is, are) about people who
lived in the nineteenth century.
10-One of the countries I would like to visit (are, is) Italy.
11-Some of the cities I would like to visit (are, is) Rome and Venice.
12-Each student in the class (has, have) to have a book.

25
CHAPTER 8: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB

b) There are some The subject follows be
a) There is a book on books on the shelf. when there is used.
the shelf. In (a): The subject is
book.
In (b): The subject is
books.

Note: In the structure there + be, there is called an expletive.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1-There (isn’t, aren’t) any letters in the mail for you today.
2- There (isn’t, aren’t) any mail for you today.
3-There (is, are) a lot of problems in the world.
4-There (is, are) a fly in this room. Where’s the flyswatter?
5- There (is, are) over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world.
6-How many kinds of birds (is, are) there in the world?
7-Why (isn’t, aren’t) there a hospital close to those villages?
8-There (is, are) a green pen on Tim’s desk.
9-There (is, are) a blue pen and a yellow notebook on Sue’s desk.
10-There (is, are) some pens and notebooks on Jack’s desk.

Note: Sometimes in informal English, a singular verb is used after there when the first
or two subjects connected by and is singular. For example:
Formal: There are a book and a pen on the desk.
Informal: There is a book and a pen on the desk.

26
CHAPTER 9: PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE
NOUNS

The following are examples of collective nouns:

Audience couple family public class crowd government staff committee
faculty group team

a) My family is large. It is composed When a collective noun refers to a single

of nine members. impersonal unit, a singular pronoun (it,
its) is used, as in (a).
b) My family is loving and When a collective noun refers to a
supportive. They are always collection of various individuals, a
ready to help me. plural pronoun (they, them, their) is
used, as in (b).

Note: When the collective noun refers to a collection of individuals, the verb may be
either singular or plural: My family is OR are loving and supportive. A singular verb
is generally preferred in American English. A plural verb is used more frequently in
British English, especially with the words government and public.(American: The
government is planning many changes. British: The government are planning many
changes.)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with pronouns. In some of the sentences, there is more than
one possibility. Choose the appropriate singular or plural verb in parentheses where
necessary.

1-I have a wonderful family. I love them very much, and they love (loves, love) me.
2-I looked up some information about the average American family. I found out that
............ (consists, consist) of 2, 3 children.
3-The soccer team felt unhappy because .................. had lost in the closing moments
of the game.
4-A basketball team is relatively small. ................... (doesn’t, don’t) have as many
members as in a baseball team.
5-The audience clapped enthusiastically. Obviously ....................... had enjoyed the
concert.
6-The audience filled the room to overflowing. .......................... (was, were) larger
than I had expected.
7-The crowd became more and more excited as the premier’s motorcade approached.
................ began to shout and wave flags in the air.
8-The crowd at the soccer game was huge. ................... exceeded 100,000 people.
9-The office staff gave ................. boss a gold watch when she retired.
10- The office staff isn’t large. .................... (consists, consist) of a secretary, a file
clerk, and a receptionist.
11-The young couple finally saved enough money to make a downpayment on ...........
own house.
12-The class is planning a party for the last day of school. .................. (is, are) going
to bring many different kinds of food and invite some of ............... friends to celebrate
with ...................... .
13-The class is too small. ...................... (is, are) going to be cancelled.

CHAPTER 10: PERSONAL PRONOUNS

27
EXERCISE: Insert the right personal pronouns or adjectives, and the right verb form

1-A citizen has two primary responsibilities. ------------ should vote in every election,
and ----------- should willingly serve on a jury.
2-Each student in Biology 101 has to spend three hours per week in the laboratory,
where ------- (does, do) various experiments by following the directions in ------------ lab
manual.
3-A pharmacist fills prescriptions, but --------- (is, are) not allowed to prescribe
medicine. By law, only a doctor can prescribe medicine.
4-Anyone can learn how to dance if -------------- (wants, want) to.
5-Hmmm. Someone forgot ----------- umbrella. I wonder whose it is.
6-Everyone who came to the picnic brought ------------ own food.
7-
A: Is that your notebook?
B: No. It belongs to one of the other students.
A: Look on the inside cover. Did ---------- write -------- name there?
8-A dog makes a good pet if ---------- (is, are) properly trained.
9-Tom’s cat is named Maybelle Alice. ---------- is very independent. ------------ obeys
Tom only if -------- feels like it.

*If the sex of a particular animal is known, usually she or he is used instead of it.

28
CHAPTER 11: FORMS OF OTHER

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN
Singular: another book Another (is)
(is) Others (are) Forms of other are used as either
Plural: other books (are) adjectives or pronouns.
Singular: the other book The other Notice: A final –s is used only for a plural
(is) (is) the pronoun (others).
Plural: other books (are) others (are)

a) The students in the class come
from many countries. One of the
students is from Mexico. Another
student is from Iraq. Another is
from Japan. Other students are
from Brazil. Others are from
Algeria.
b) I have three books. Two are mine.
The other book is yours. (The
other is yours)
c) I have three books. One is mine.
The other books are yours. (The
others are yours.)
d) We write each other every week.
e) We write to one another every
week.
f) Please write on every other line.
g) I see her every other week.
The meaning of another: one more in
addition to the one(s) already mentioned.
The meaning of other/others (without
“the”): several more in addition to the
one(s) already mentioned.
The meaning of the other(s): all that
remains from a given number; the rest of
a specific group.
Each other and one another indicate a
reciprocal relationship. In (d) and (e): I
write to him every week, and he writes to
me every week.
Every other can give the idea of
“alternate.” In (f):
Write on the first line. Do not write on the
second line. Write on the third line. Do
not write on the fourth line. (Etc.)

h) I will be here for another three Another is used with expressions of

years. time, money, and distance, even if
i) I need another five dollars. these expressions contain plural nouns.
j) We drove another ten miles.

PRACTICE EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Supply a form of other in the following.

1- I got three letters. One was from my father. Another one was from my sister.
The other letter was from my girlfriend.
2- Look at your hand. There is a total of five fingers. One is your thumb. (a)
.................. is your index finger. (b) .................... one is your middle finger. (c)
.......................... finger is your ring finger. And (d) ..................... finger (the last
of the five) is your little finger.
3- Look at your hands. One is your right hand. .................. is your left hand.
4- I invited five people to my party. Out of the five people, only John and Mary can
come. ............ can’t come.

29
 5- I invited five people to my party. Out of the five people, only John and Mary can
come. ............ people can’t come.
6- I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any ....................
that you could lend me?
7- I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any ....................
books that you could lend me?
8- There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one of the means of
transportation. The train is ................................ .
9- There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one. ............... are the
train, the automobile, and the horse.
10- There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen and
.................... is Pat Hendricks.
11- Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesn’t read any ..............
newspapers.
12- Some people prefer classical music, but ................. prefer rock music.
13- Mr. And Mrs. Jay are a happily married couple. They love .............. . They
support .............. . They like ............. .
14- He will graduate in ................. two years.
15- I’m almost finished. I just need ................. five minutes.

EXERCISE 2: Supply a form of other in the following.

1- One common preposition is from. .................. common one is in. ......................
are by, for, and of. The most frequently used prepositions in English are at, by,
for, from, in, of, to, and with. What a(re some .................... prepositions?
2- Two countries border on the United States. One is Canada. ...................is
Mexico.
3- One of the countries I would like to visit is Sweden. .................. is Mexico. Of
course, besides these two countries, there are many ................. places I would
like to see.

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the right form of other

1- I speak two languages. One is ..................
2- I speak three languages. One is ..................
3- I lost my textbook, so I had to buy .....................
4- Some people have straight hair, but .....................
5- I’m still thirsty, I’d like ...............................
6- George Washington is one American hero. Abraham Lincoln ...............
7- I have two books. One is..............................
8- Some TV programs are excellent, but .....................
9- Some people need at least eight hours of sleep each night, but ....................
10- Only two of the students failed the quiz. All of .........................
11- Mary and John are in love. They love ...................
12- There are three colors that I especially like. One is .....................
13- I have two candy bars. I want only one of them. Would you like ............
14- I’m still hungry, I’d like ...............................
15- There are three places in particular that I would like to visit while I am in (the
United States). One is........................

30
EXERCISE 4: ERROR ANALYSIS
The following sentences are adapted from student writing and contain typical
errors. Test your skill by finding and correcting these errors.

1- That book contain many different kind of story and article.

2- There is a lot of differences between United States and my country.
3- The English is one of the most important language in the world.
4- She is always willing to help her friends in every possible ways.
5- I don’t have time to make all of my homeworks.
6- He succeeded in creating one of the best army in the world.
7- There are many equipments in the research laboratory, but undergraduates are
not allowed to use them.
8- All of the guest enjoyed themself at the reception.
9- I have a five years old daughter and a three years old son.
10- I am not accustomed to a cold weather.
11- Each states in the country have a different language.
12- Most people in my apartment building is friendly.
13- A political leader should have the ability to adapt themselves to a changing
world.

EXERCISE 5: ERROR ANALYSIS

The following sentences are adapted from student compositions and contain
typical errors. Test your skill by seeing how many of the errors you can find and
correct.

1- It is important to be polite to people who lives in the same building.

2- She lives in a hotel is restricted to senior citizens.
3- My sister has two childrens, who their names are Ali and Talal.
4- He comes from Venezuela that is a Spanish-speaking country.
5- There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of them locate in Bangkok is the
capital city.
6- I would like to write about several problems which I have faced them since I
come to United State.
7- There is a small wooden screen separates the bed from the rest of the room.
8- At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives which I had never met them
before.
9- It is almost impossible to find two person who their opinions are the same.
10- On the wall, there is a colourful poster which it consist of a group of young
people who dancing.

EXERCISE 6: PREPOSITIONS

Supply appropriate prepositions

1- Max is known ........................... his honesty.

2- Mr. And Mrs. Jones have always been faithful .............. each other.
3- Do you promise to come? I’m counting ................ you to be there.
4- Trucks are prohibited ................ using residential streets.
5- The little girl is afraid ................... an imaginary bear that lives in her closet.
6- Do you take good care........... your health?
7- I’m worried ........... this problem.

31
 8- I don’t agree ................ you.
9- We decided .............. eight o’clock as the time we should meet.
10- Who did you vote ................. in the election?
11- How many students were absent ................ class yesterday?
12- It is important to be polite ................ other people.
13- The farmers are hoping ................. rain.
14- Jason was late because he wasn’t aware .............. the time.
15- We will fight ................ our rights.

EXERCISE 7: PHRASAL VERBS

Supply the appropriate prepositions for the following two-word or three-word

verbs.

1- A: Are you ready to leave?

B: Almost. I’ll be ready to go just as soon as I get .............. putting the clean
dishes away.
2- A: I’m going crazy! I’ve been trying to solve this math problem for the last hour
and I still can’t get it.
B: Why don’t you give ............ for a while? Take a break and then go back to it.
3- A: I hear you had a frightening experience yesterday. What happened?
B: Ed suddenly got dizzy and then passed ............ . I tried to revive him, but
he was out cold. Luckily there was a doctor in the building.
4- A; What happened when the pilot of the plane passed out during the flight?
B: The co-pilot took ....................
5- Cindy is only three. She likes to play with the older kids, but when they’re
running and playing, she can’t keep ......... with them.
6- A: I made a mistake in my composition. What should I do?
B: Since it’s an in-class composition, just cross it ........... .
7- A: I need my dictionary, but I lent it to Joe.
B: Why don’t you get it ......... from him?
8- A: I wish the teacher wouldn’t call ............. me in class.
B: Why not?
A: I get nervous.
B: Why?
A: I don’t know.
9- A:I took a plane from Atlanta to Miami. I got ................ the plane in Atlanta. I got
............ the plane in Miami.
10- It was a snowy winter day, but I still had to drive to work. First I got ................
the car to start the engine. Then I got ............ of the car to scrape the snow and
ice from the windows.
11- Last year I took a train trip. I got .............. the train in Chicago. I got ........ the
train in Des Moines.
12- Phyllis takes the bus to work. She gets ........ the bus at Lindbergh Boulevard
and gets ....... the bus about two blocks from her office on Tower street.

32
EXERCISE 8: ERROR ANALYSIS

All of the following sentences contain errors. These sentences are from student
compositions. Test your skill by seeing how many of the errors you can find and correct.

1- Tell the taxi driver where do you want to go.

2- My roommate came into the room and asked me why aren’t you in class? I said I am
waiting for a telephone call from my family.
3- It was my first day at the university, and I am on my way to my first class. I wondered
who else will be in the class. What the teacher would be like?
4- He asked me that what did I intend to do after I graduate?
5- Many people in the United States doesn’t know much about geography. For example,
people will ask you where is Japan located.
6- What does a patient tell a doctor it is confidential.
7- The reason I decided to come here, because this university has a good meteorology
department.

EXERCISE 9: PHRASAL VERBS

Supply appropriate prepositions for the following two-word or three-word verbs.

1- A: Why don’t we try to call .............. the O’Briens sometime this weekend? We
haven’t seen them for a long time.
B: Sounds like a good idea. I’d like to see them again.
2- A: Did you ........ your paper carefully before you handed it ............?
B: Yes. I looked it ............... carefully.
3- A: Do you believe his story about being late because he had a flat tire?
B: No. I think he made it ....................
4- A: Could you pick .......... a newspaper on your way home from work tonight?
B: Sure.
5- A: Did you hear the bad news?
B: About what?
A: Gary’s grandmother passed ........ . Gary went home to be with his family
and attend the funeral.
6- A: I like your new shoes.
B: Thanks. I had to try ............. almost a dozen pairs before I decided to get
these.
7- A: Have you decided to accept that new job?
B: Not yet. I’m still thinking it .............. .
8- A: I’m tired. I wish I could get ............ of going to the meeting tonight.
B: Do you have to go?
9- A: Why hasn’t Mary been in class for the last two weeks?
B: She dropped ................ school.
10- A: What time does your plane ........?
B: 10:40.
A: How long does the flight take?
B: I think we get ........ around 12:30.
11- A: Do you like living in the dorm?
B: It’s okay. I’ve learned to put ............ with all the noise.
12- What brought ............. your decision to quit your job?
B: I couldn’t get .......... ............. my boss.

33
CHAPTER 12
USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH.......AND; NOT ONLY.....BUT
ALSO;EITHER.......OR; NEITHER........NOR

a) Both my mother and my sister are here. -Two subjects connected by both......and take a
b) Not only my mother but also my sister is plural verb.
here. -When two subjects are connected by not only.....
c) Not only my sister but also my parents are but also, either ......or, or neither....nor,
here. the subject that is closer to the verb
d) Neither my mother nor my sister is here. determines whether the verb is singular or
e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here. plural.

f) The research project will take both time and Notice the parallel structure in the examples.
money. The same grammatical form should follow each word
g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) of the pair.
snowed. In (f): both + Noun + and +noun
h) I’ll take either chemistry or physics next In (g): not only + verb + but also +verb
quarter. In (h): either + noun + or + noun
i) That book is neither interesting nor In (i): neither + adjective + nor + adjective
accurate.

NOTE: Paired conjunctions are also called correlative conjunctions

PRACTICE EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Supply is or are in the following.

1- Both the teacher and the student ................. here.

2- Neither the teacher nor the student ................. here.
3- Not only the teacher but also the student ................. here.
4- Not only the teacher but also the students ................. here.
5- Either the students or the teacher ................. planning to come.
6- Either the teacher or the students................. planning to come.

EXERCISE 2: ERROR ANALYSIS

What is wrong with the following sentences?
1- Either John will call Mary or Bob.
2- Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat.
3- Both my mother talked to the teacher and my father.

EXERCISE 3: Answer the questions. Use paired conjunctions.

A-Use “both.....and”.
1- You have met his father. Have you met his mother?
Yes, I have met both his father and his mother.
2- The driver was injured in the accident. Was the passenger injured in the accident?
3- Wheat is grown in Kansas. Is corn grown in Kansas?
4- He buys used cars. Does he sell used cars?
5- You had lunch with your friends. Did you have dinner with them?
6- The city suffers from air pollution. Does it suffer from water pollution?
B-Use ‘’not only......... but also.”
7- I know you’re studying math. Are you studying chemistry too?
Yes, I’m studying not only math but also chemistry.
8- I know his cousin is living with him. Is his mother-in-law living with him too?
9- I know your country has good universities. Does the United States have good universities too?
10- I know you lost your wallet. Did you lose your keys too?
11- I know she goes to school. Does she have a full-time job too?
12- I know he bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too?
C-Use “either.......or.”

13- John has your book, or Mary has your book. Is that right?
Yes, either John or Mary has my book.
14- Paul will be candidate, or Remy will be candidate. Is that right?

34
CHAPTER 13: VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
VERB FORM IN “TRUE” VERB FORM FOLLOWING Wish is used when
SENTENCE “WISH” the speaker wants
A wish a) She will not tell me. I wish (that)she would tell me. reality to be
about b) He isn’t going to be here. I wish he were going to be here. different, to be
the c) She can’t come tomorrow. I wish she could come tomorrow. exactly the opposite.
future Verb forms similar to
A wish d) I don’t know French. I wish I knew French. those in conditional
about e) It is raining right now. I wish it weren’t raining right now. sentences are used.
the I wish I could speak Japanese. Notice the
present f) I can’t speak Japanese. examples:
A wish g) John didn’t come. I wish John had come.* Wish is followed by
about h) Mary couldn’t come. I wish Mary could have come. a noun clause. The
the past use of that is
optional. Usually it is
omitted in speaking.

* Sometimes in very informal speaking: I wish John would have come.

PRACTICE EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Supply appropriate completions in the following.
1- Our classroom doesn’t have any windows. I wish our classroom .................. windows.
2- The sun isn’t shining. I wish the sun ............... right now.
3- I didn’t go shopping. I wish I ....................................... shopping.
4- I don’t know how to dance. I wish I .................................. how to dance.
5- You didn’t tell them about it. I wish you ............................. them about it.
6- It’s cold today. I’m not wearing a coat. I wish I ........................... a coat.
7- I don’t have enough money to buy that book. I wish I ........................... enough money.

EXERCISE 2: (VERB FORM REVIEW) The following is based on compositions written by students
who were members of a multicultural class. Write the verbs in the parentheses correctly.

Next week, when I (1-finish) ------------- (2-take) --------------- my final examinations, I (3-finish,
also) --------------------- one of the best experiences I (4-have, ever) -------------------- in my lifetime. In the
last four months, I (5-learn) ------------------- more about foreign cultures than I (6-anticipate) ---------------
before (7-come) --------------- to the United States. (8-Live) ----------- in a foreign country and (9-go)------
to school with people from various parts of the world (10- give) ------------- me the opportunity (11-
encounter) ------------------- and (12-interact) ---------------------- with people from different cultures. I (13-
like) --------------- to share some of my experiences and thoughts with you.
When I first (14-arrive) -------------- , I (15-know) --------------- no one and I (16-need) ---------------
all my fingers (17-communicate) ---------------------- what I was trying to say in English. All of the
international students were in the same situation. When we (18-can, find, not) ---------------------the right
word, we (19-use) ------------------------- strange movements and gestures (20-communicate) -------------
our meaning.
(21-Know) ---------------- some common phrases, such as “How are you?” “Fine, thank you, and you?”
and “What country are you from?” (22-be) ----------------- very useful.

EXERCISE 3: ERROR ANALYSIS: Find and correct the errors in parallel structure in the
following sentences.
1- By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and it costs less.
2- My home offers me a feeling of security, warm, and love.
3- The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and planting crops.
4- When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shout at me.
5- In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and to work on my stamp collection.
6- Either Mr. Anderson or Ms. Wiggins are going to teach our class today.
7- I enjoy not only reading novels but also magazines.
8- Oxygen is plentiful. Both air contains oxygen and water.

35
CHAPTER 14: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

a) The sun is bright today. GUIDELINE: Use the when you know or
Please hand this book to the teacher. assume that your listener is familiar with
Please open the door. and thinking about the same specific
Jack is in the kitchen. thing or person you are talking about.

b) Yesterday I saw some dogs. The
dogs were chasing a cat. The cat
was chasing a mouse. The
mouse ran into a hole. The hole
was very small.
GUIDELINE: Use the for the second
mention of an indefinite noun*; in b):
First mention = some dogs; a cat; a
mouse; a hole
Second mention = the dogs; the cat;
the mouse; the hole

c)INCORRE4T: the apples are my GUIDELINE: Do not use the with a plural
favourite fruit. count noun (e.g., apples) or a noncount
CORRECT: Apples are my noun (e.g., gold) when you are making a
favourite fruit. generalization.
d) INCORRECT: The gold is a
metal.
CORRECT: Gold is a metal.

e) INCORRECT: I drove car. GUIDELINE: Do not use a singular count

CORRECT: I drove a car. noun (e.g., car) without:
I drove the car. 1) An article (a/an or the); OR
I drove that car. 2) This/that; OR
I drove his car. 3) A possessive pronoun.

*The is not used for the second mention of a generic noun. COMPARE:
1) What color is a banana (generic noun)? A banana (generic noun) is yellow.
2) Tom offered me a banana (indefinite noun) or an apple. I chose the banana (definite
noun).

PRACTICE EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: In the following dialogues, try to decide whether the speakers would
probablyusea/an or the.
1- A: I havean idea. Let’s go on a picnic Saturday.
B: Okay.
2- A: Did you have fun at the picnic yesterday?
B: Sure did. And you?
3- A: You’d better have ...................... good reason for being late!
B: I do.
4- A: Did you think ............................ reason Jack gave for being late was
believable?
B: Not really.
5- A: Where’s my blue shirt?
B: It’s in ................................ washing machine. You’ll have to wear .................
different shirt.
6- I wish we had ................. washing machine.

36
 B: So do I. It would make it a lot easier to do our laundry.
7- A: What happened to your bicycle? ................... front wheel is bent.
B: I ran into ............... parked car when I swerved to avoid ............ big pothole
in the street.
A: Did you damage ............... car?
B: A little.
A: What did you do?
B: I left .................. note for ............ owner of .............. car.
A: What did you write on ................ note?
B: My name and address. I also wrote ............... apology.
8- A: Can you repair my car for me?
B: What’s wrong with it?
A: .................... radiator has ................ leak, and one of ....... windshield wipers
doesn’t work.
B: Can you show me where ............ leak is?
9- Have you seen my boots?
B: They’re in .................. closet in ................. front hallway.

EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences with a/an, the or .

1- beef is a kind of  meat.
2- The beef we had for dinner last night was excellent.
3- Jack is wearing a straw hat today.
4- Jack likes to wear ............... hats.
5- ............... hat is ..................... article of clothing.
6- .................. hats are .............. articles of clothing.
7- ..................... brown hat on that hook over there belongs to Mark.
8- Everyone has .................. problems in ............. life.
9- My grandfather had ..................... long life.
10- That book is about ...................... life of Helen Keller.
11- Tommy wants to be ..................... engineer when he grows up.
12- The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by .................. engineer.
13- ........... engineer who designed ..................... Brooklyn Bridge won a prize.

37
CHAPTER 15: PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
The preposition combinations below consist of two lists. The first list consists of
prepositions combinations with adjectives and verbs. The second list contains
phrasal verbs.
These lists contain only those preposition combinations used in the exercises
dealt with earlier in this document.

A-PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS

A Be absent from C Be capable of

accuse of Care about, for
Be accustomed to Be cluttered with
Be acquainted with Be committed to
Be addicted to Compared to, with
Be afraid of Complain about
agree with Be composed of
be angry at, with Be concerned about
be annoyed with Be connected to
apologize for Consist of
apply to, for Be content with
approve of Contribute to
argue with, about Be convinced of
arrive in, at Be coordinated with
be associated with Count (up)on
be aware of Cover with
Be crowded with
B Believe in D Decide (up)on
Blame for Be dedicated to
Be blessed with Depend (up)on
Be bored with
D Be devoted to M Be made of, from
Be disappointed in, with Be married to
Be discriminated against
Distinguish from
Be divorced from
Be done with
Dream of, about
Be dressed in
E Be engaged to O Object to
Be envious of Be opposed to
Be equipped with
Escape from
Excel in
Be excited about
Excuse for
Be exposed to

F Be faithful to P Participate in
Be familiar with Be patient with
Feel like Be polite to
Fight for Pray for
Be filled with Be prepared for
Be finished with Prevent from
Be fond of Prohibit from
Forget about Protect from
Forgive for Be provided with
Be friendly to, with Be proud of
Be furnished with Provide with
G Be grateful to, for R Recover from

38
 Be guilty of Be related to
Be relevant to
Rely (up)on
Be remembered for
Rescue from
Respond to
Be responsible for
H Hide from S Be satisfied with
Hope for Be scared of
Stare at
Stop from
Subscribe to
Substitute for
Succeed in

I Be innocent of T Take advantage of

Insist (up)on Take care of
Be interested in Be terrified of
Be involved in Thank for
Be tired of, from

J Be jealous of U Be upset with

Be used to
K Be known for V Vote for
L Be limited to W Be worried about
Look forward to

B-PHRASAL VERBS (TWO-WORD AND THREE-WORD VERBS)

The term phrasal verb refers t a verb and preposition which together have a special meaning.
For example, put + off means “postpone.” Sometimes a phrasal verb consists of three parts. For
example, put + up + with means “tolerate.” Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs or three-word
verbs.

SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS A phrasal verb may be either separable or non

a) I handed my paper in yesterday.
b) I handed in my paper yesterday.
c) I handed it in yesterday.
(INCORRECT: I handed in it yesterday.
NONSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
d) I ran into an old friend yesterday.
e) I ran into her yesterday.
(INCORRECT: I ran an old friend into.)
(INCORRECT: I ran an her into
yesterday.)
separable. With a separable phrasal verb, a
noun may come either between the verb and the
preposition or after the preposition, as in (a) and
(b).
A pronoun comes between the verb and the
preposition if the phrasal verb is separable, as in
(c).
With a non separable phrasal verb, a noun or
pronoun must follow the preposition, as in (d) and
(e).

39
 Phrasal verbs are especially common in informal English. Following is a list of common
phrasal verbs and their usual meanings. The list contains only those phrasal verbs used in the
exercises in the booklet. The phrasal verbs marked with an asterisk (*) are non separable.

A Ask out ....ask someone to go on a date

B Bring about; bring on ....cause

Bring up ....(1) rear children; (2) mention or introduce a topic

C Call back Return a telephone call

Call in Ask to come to an official place for a specific purpose
Call off Cancel
*call on (1) ask to speak in class; (2) visit
Call up Call on the telephone
*catch up (with) Reach the same position or level
*Check in, check into Register at a hotel
*check into Investigate
Check out (1) Take a book from the library; (2) investigate
*check out (of) Leave a hotel
Cheer up Make (someone) feel happier
Clean up Make clean and orderly
*come across Meet by chance
Cross out Draw a line through
Cut out Stop an annoying activity

D Do over Do again
*drop by, drop in (on) Visit informally
*drop off Leave something/someone at a place
*drop out (of) Stop going to school, to class, to a club, etc.

F Figure out Find the answer by reasoning

Fill out Write the completions of a questionnaire or official form
Find out Discover information

G *get along (with) Exist satisfactorily

Get back (from) (1) return from a place; (2)receive again
*Get in, get into (1)enter a car; (2)arrive
*get off Leave an airplane, a bus, a train, a subway, a bicycle
*get out of (1)leave a car; (2) avoid work or an unpleasant activity
*get over Recover from an illness
*get through Finish
*get up Arise from bed, a chair
Give back Return an item to someone
Give up Stop trying
*go over Review or check carefully
*Grow up (in) Become an adult

H Hand in Submit an assignment

Hang up (1)conclude a telephone conversation; (2)put clothes on a
hanger or a hook
K Keep out (of) Not enter
*keep up (with) Stay at the same position or level
Kick out (of) Force (someone) to leave

L *look after Take care of

*look into Investigate
*look out (for) Be careful
Look over Review or check carefully
Look up Look for information in a reference book

40
M Make up (1) Invent; (2)do past work

N Name after, name for Give a baby the name of someone else

P *pass away Die

Pass out (1) Distribute; (2) lose consciousness
Pick out Select
Pick up (1) Go to get someone (e.g., in a car); (2) take in one’s
hand
Point out Call attention to
Put away Remove to a proper place
Put back Return to original place
Put off Postpone
Put on Put clothes on one’s body
Put out Extinguish a cigarette or cigar
*put up with Tolerate

R *run into, *run across Meet by chance

*run out (of) Finish a supply of something

S *show up Appear, come

Shut off Stop a machine, light, faucet

T *take after Resemble

Take off (1)remove clothing; (2)leave on a trip
Take out (1)take someone on a date; (2)remove
Take over Take control
Take up Begin a new activity or topic
Tear down Demolish; reduce to nothing
Tear up Tear into many little pieces
Think over Consider carefully
Throw away, throw out Discard; get rid of
Throw up Vomit; regurgitate food
Try on Put on clothing to see if it fits
Turn down Decrease volume or intensity
Turn in (1)submit an assignment; (2) go to bed
Turn off Stop a machine, light, faucet
Turn on Begin a machine, light, faucet
Turn out Extinguish a light
Turn up Increase volume or intensity

41
CHAPTER 16: ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

A-
EXERCISE 1: Choose the right option for each item

1- ------------- up to seven months

A) Lasting New England winters
B) New England winters can last
C) Because New England winter can last
D) The length of a New England winter
2- -------------- discussion of group personality would be complete without a consideration of
national character.
A) None
B) Not
C) No
D) Nothing
3- The Virginia strawberry, native to eastern North America, was used in pre-colonial times --------
------------.
A) To flavour bread
B) Bread flavouring
C) Bread was flavoured
4- There is evidence to suggest that, at certain times of the year, smog in the Arctic is thicker -----
------- anywhere else on earth.
A) of smog
B) that smog
C) smog
D) than smog

5- Studs Turkel has used what he learned ----------- to produce taped oral histories of people and
events.
A) when was he a radio talk show host
B) he was a radio talk show host when
C) when he was a radio talk show host
D) a radio talk show host when he was
6- -------------- have a powerful influence on the shape of the entire magazine industry.
A) That economic principles
B) Why economic principles
C) Economic principles
D) Economic principles that

7- According to some records, Carl Sandburg, ------------- , was expelled from West Point Military
Academy because of deficiencies in English.
A) he was a poet and literary genius
B) his poetry and literary genius
C) poet and literary genius
D) whose poetry and literary genius

8- ------------- two and one half hours to climb to the top of the Empire State Building.
A) Typically taking it
B) Typically takes it
C) It typically takes
D) To take it typically

9- The common crow, --------- one of the hardiest birds in existence, can live up to eighty years.
A) is considered
B) consider it
C) has been considered
D) considered

42
 10- High and low atmospheric pressure systems are ----------- causes changing weather patterns.
A) the
B) whose
C) which
D) what

11- ------------- a sizable geographic area, it constitutes a biome.

A) That a group of plants and animals occupies
B) A group of plants and animals occupying
C) A group of plants and animals occupies
D) When a group of plants and animals occupies

B-PRESENT AND PAST

EXERCISE 2: which is correct?

1- Everything is going well. We (didn’t have / haven’t had) any problem so far.
2- Lisa (didn’t go / hasn’t gone) to work yesterday. She wasn’t feeling well.
3- Look! That man over there (wears / is wearing) the same sweater as you.
4- Your son is much taller than I last saw him. He (grew / has grown) a lot.
5- I still don’t know what to do. I (didn’t decide / haven’t decided)
6- I wonder why Jim (is / is being) so nice to me today. He isn’t usually like that.
7- Jane had a book open in front of her, she (didn’t read / wasn’t reading) it.
8- I wasn’t very busy. I (didn’t have / wasn’t having) much to do.
9- (It begins / It’s beginning) to get dark. Shall I turn on the light?
10- After leaving school, Tim (got / has got) a job in a factory.
11- When Sue heard the news, she (wasn’t / hasn’t been) very pleased.
12- This is a nice restaurant, isn’t it? Is this the first time (you are / you’ve been) here?
13- I need a new job. (I’m doing / I’ve been doing) the same job for too long.
14- “Anna has gone out.” “Oh, has she? What time (did she go / has she gone)?
15- “You look tired.” “Yes, (I’ve played / I’ve been playing) basketball.”
16- Where (are you coming / do you come) from? Are you American?
17- I’d like to see Tina again. It’s a long time (since I saw her / that I didn’t see her).
18- Robert and Maria have been married (since 20 years / for 20 years).

EXERCISE 3: complete each question using a suitable verb

1- A: I’m looking for Paul. --------------------------- him?

B: Yes, he was here a moment ago.
2- A: Why ---------------------------- to bed so early last night?
B: I was feeling very tired.
3- A: Where -----------------------------------------------------------?
B: Just to the post box. I want to post these letters. I’ll be back in a few minutes.
4- A: --------------------------------------------- television every evening?
B: No, only if there’s something special on.
5- A: Your house is very beautiful. How long --------------------------------------- here.
B: Nearly ten years.
6- A: How was your holiday? ------------------------------------------------- a nice time?
B: Yes, thanks. It was great.
7- A:------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Julie recently?
B: Yes, I met her a few days ago.
8- A: Can you describe the woman you saw? What --------------------------------------?
B: A red sweater and black jeans.
9- A: I’m sorry to keep you waiting. --------------------------------------------------- long?
B: No, only about ten minutes.
10- How long ------------------------------------ you to get to work in the morning?
B: Usually about 45 minutes. It depends on the traffic.

43
 11- A: -------------------------------------------- with that magazine yet?
B: No, I’m still reading it. I won’t be long.
12- A: --------------------------------------------------------------- to the United States?
B: No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.

EXERCISE 4: Put the verbs in the correct form

Julia and Kevin are old friends. They meet by chance at a rail station.

JULIA: Hello, Kevin. ---------------1----------------- (I / not / see) you for ages. How are you?
KEVIN: I’m fine. How about you? --------------2------------ (you / look) well.
JULIA: Yes, I’m very well thanks. So, -----------3------------ (you/go) somewhere or ----------4-------------
(you/meet) somebody off a train?
KEVIN: ------------5------------ (I/go) to London for a business meeting.
JULIA: Oh, -----------------6-------------- (you/often/ go) away on business?
KEVIN: Quite often, yes. And you? Where -------------7-------------- (you /go)?
JULIA: Nowhere. ---------------8------------ (I/meet) a friend. Unfortunately her train -------------9--------(be)
delayed. ------------10----------- (I/wait) here for nearly an hour.
KEVIN: How are your children?
JULIA: They’re all fine, thanks. The youngest --------------11------------ (just/start) school.
KEVIN: How -----------------12----------- (she/get) on? --------------13--------- (she/like) it?
JULIA: Yes, ------------------14----------- (she/think) it’s great.
KEVIN: ------------------------15----------- (you/work) at the moment? When I last --------16---------- (speak)
to you, -------------17----------- (you/work) in a travel agency.
JULIA: That’s right. Unfortunately the company ----------18------------ (go) out of business a couple of
months after ----------19----------- (I /start) work there, so -----------20---------------- (I / lose) my job.
KEVIN: And ------------21------------ (you/not/have) a job since then?
JULIA: Not a permanent job. -------------22------------- (I /have) a few temporary jobs. By the way,
-------23--------- (you /see) Joe recently?
KEVIN: Joe? He’s in Canada.
JULIA: Really? How long -------------24------------ (he /be) in Canada?
KEVIN: About a year now. -----------25------------- (I /see) him a few days before ------------26-----------
(he /go). --------------27-------------- (he /be) unemployed for months, so ----------28---------------
(he /decide) to try his luck somewhere else. -----------29-------- (he /really / look forward) to
going.
JULIA: So, what -------------30------------- (he/ do) there?
KEVIN: I’ve no idea. -------------31------------ (I / not / hear) from him since ---------32---------- (he / leave).
Anyway, I must go and catch my train. It was really nice to see you again.
JULIA: You too. Bye. Have a good trip.
KEVIN: Thanks. Bye.

EXERCISE 5: Put the verbs in the most suitable form

1-Who -------------------------- (invent) the bicycle?

2-“Do you still have a headache?” “No, ------------------------ (it / go). I’m all right now.”
3-I was the last to leave the office yesterday evening. Everybody else -------------- (go) home when
I ---------------- (leave).
4-What -------------------- (you/do) last weekend? ------------------ (you/go) away?
5-I like your car. How long ------------------------------ (you/have) it?
6-It’s a pity the trip was cancelled. I --------------------------- (look) forward to it.
7-Jane is an experienced teacher. --------------------------------- (she/teach) for 15 years.
8------------------------------ (I/buy) a new jacket last week, but -------------------- (I/not wear) it yet.
9-A few days ago ------------------- (I/see) a man at a party whose face ------------ (be) very familiar. At
first I couldn’t think where ------------------------- (I/see) him before.
10-------------------------------- (you/hear) of Agatha Christie? ------------------- (she/be) a writer who
------------- (die) in 1976. ----------------- (she/write) more than 70 novels. ------------------- (you/read)
any of them?
11-A: What ---------------------------------- (this word/mean)?
B: I’ve no idea. -------------------------- (I/never/see) it before. Look it up in the dictionary.
12-A: ----------------------- (you/get) to the theatre in time for the play last night?
B: No, we were late. By the time we got there, -------------------------------- (it/already/begin).

44
13-I went to Sarah’s room and ----------------------------------- (knock) on the door, but there -------------------
(be) no answer. Either ---------------------------- (she/go) out or she ----------------------------
(she/not/want) to see anyone.
14-Patrick asked me how to use the photocopier. ------------------------------- (he/never/use) it before, so
-------------------------------- (he/not/know) what to do.
15-Liz --------------------------- (go) for a swim after work yesterday. --------------------------- (she/need)
some exercise because -------------------------------- (she/sit) in an office all day in front of a computer.

C-PAST CONTINUOUS AND USED TO

EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences using the past continuous (was/were -ing) or used to.....
. Use the verb in brackets.

1-I haven’t been to the cinema for ages now. We ----------------------------- (go) a lot.
2-Ann didn’t see me wave to her. She ------------------------ (look) in the other direction.
3-I --------------------------------------- (drive) a lot, but I don’t use my car very much these days.
4-I asked the taxi driver to slow down. She ----------------------------------- (drive) too fast.
5-Rosemary and Jonathan met for the first time when they ----------------------------- (work) in the same
bank.
6-When I was a child, I ---------------------------------------------- (have) a lot of bad dreams.
7-I wonder what Joe is doing these days. He ------------------------------------------ (live) inSpain when I last
heard from him.
8-“Where were you yesterday afternoon?” “I ------------------------------------ (play) volleyball”.
9-“Do you do any sports” “Not these days, but I ----------------------------------------- (play) volleyball”.
10-George looked very nice at the party. He --------------------------------------------------- (wear) a very smart
suit.

D-THE FUTURE

EXERCISE 7: What do you say to your friend in these situations? Use the words given in
brackets. Use the Present Continuous (I am doing), going toor will (I’ll).

1-You have made all your holiday arrangements. Your destination is Jamaica.
FRIEND: Have you decided where to go for your holiday yet?
YOU: ---------------------------------------------------------- (I/go) to Jamaica.

2-You have an appointment with the dentist for Friday morning.

FRIEND: Shall we meet on Friday morning?
YOU: I can’t on Friday. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (I/go) to the dentist..

3-You and some friends are planning a holiday in Britain. You have decided to hire a car, but you haven’t
arranged this yet.
FRIEND: How do you plan to travel round Britain? By train?
YOU: No, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (we/hire) a car.

4-Your friend has two young children. She wants to go out tomorrow evening. You offer to look after the
children.
FRIEND: I want to go out tomorrow evening, but I haven’t got a babysitter.
YOU: That’s no problem. ----------------------------------------------------------- (I/look after) your children.

5-You have already arranged to have lunch with Sue tomorrow.

FRIEND: Are you free at lunchtime tomorrow?
YOU: No, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- (I/have) lunch with Sue.

6-You are at a restaurant. You and your friend are looking at the menu. Maybe your friend has decided
what to have. You ask him / her.
YOU: What ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (you/have)?
FRIEND: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind.

7-You and a friend are reading. It’s getting dark and your friend is having trouble reading. You decide to
turn on the light.
FRIEND: It’s getting a bit dark, isn’t it? It’s difficult to read.

45
YOU: Yes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (I/turn on) the light.

8-You and a friend are reading. It’s getting dark and your friend is having trouble reading. You stand up
and walk towards the light switch.
FRIEND: What are you doing?
YOU: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- (I/turn on) the light.

EXERCISE 8: Put the verb into the most suitable form. Use a Present Tense (Simpleor
Continuous), will (I’ll) or shall.

JENNY: (1) ----------------------------------------- (you/do) anything tomorrow evening, Helen?

HELEN: No, why?
JENNY: Well, do you fancy going to the cinema? Strangers on a Plane is on. I want to see it, but I don’t
want to go alone.
HELEN: OK, (2) ------------------------------------------------------------------ (I/come) with you. What time (3) -
--------------------------------------------------------------- (we/meet)?
JENNY: Well, the film (4) ------------------------------------------------------- (begin) at 8.45, so (5) ----------------
-------------------------------------------------- (I/meet) you at about 8.30 outside the cinema, OK?
HELEN: Fine, (6) -------------------------------------------------- (I/see) Tina later this evening. (7) -----------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- (I/ask) her if she wants to come too?
JENNY: Yes, do that. (8) -------------------------------------------------------- (I/see) you tomorrow then. Bye.

46
KEY TO PRACTICE EXERCISES
SAMPLE TEST 1
SECTION I PART A
1- 2-purring 3-mortgaged 4-income 5-firm 6- 7- 8-to attend 9-owner 10-roared
savouring worth fellows
11-frame 12- 13-crushed 14- 15- 16-to 17- 18- 19- 20-mist
staggered shuffled passed drag paces recovered dawn
out
21-singular 22-straight 23-swigging 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 30-chasm
mouthful swerve steep sheer concealed crashing
31-fatal 32-defied 33-strokes 34- 35- 36- 37- 38- 39- 40-
wedged saved sober rolled craftmanship mastery befuddled
down

SECTION I PART B
1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
loved/chosen/selected/appreciate spoiled/dirtied/overwhelmed/invade identifie provided/served/offere arrange
d d d d d
6-caught/fished 7-cooked/prepared 8-served 9-booked 10-
bought
11-sold 12-built 13-taken 14-provided 15-
supplied
16-encouraged 17-grown 18- 19-eaten 20-sent
mined

SECTION II PART A and PART B

1-C 2-C 3-D 4-C 5-D 6-C 7-D 8-D 9-B 10-D
11-D 12-B 13-A 14-C 15-D 16-B 17-A 18-A 19-B 20-B
21-A 22-C 23-A 24-C 25-B 26-B 27-D 28-A 30-A
31-D 32-B 33-D 34-A 35-B 36-C 37-A 38-C 39-D 40-C

SECTION III PART A

1-B 2-A 3-D 4-B 5-B 6-D 7-C 8-C 9-D 10-D
11-D 12-C 13-A 14-C

SECTION III PART B

15-B 16-C 17-A 18-D 19-B 20-B
21-C 22-B 23-A 24-B 25-C 26-B 27-B 28-A 29-A 30-A
31-C 32-B 33-D 34-D 35-A 36-C 37-B 38-C 39-D 40-D

SAMPLE TEST 2

PART A
1-lie 2-remove 3-over 4-summoned 5-hand in 6-on 7- 8-stand 9-caused 10-ice
ordered
11- 12-arrested 13- 14-resigned 15- 16- 17- 18-spend 19-frank 20-incident
ordeal madness admitted workload bizarre
21-again 22-lost 23-named 24-unlikely 25-forfeit

PART B-1

1- 2-witholding 3-influence 4-financial 5-like 6-infallible 7-since 8-nor 9- 10-

enforce reproaches assistance
11-roles 12-so 13- 14-policy 15-for 16-due 17-take 18-that 19-improve 20-should
business

PART B-2
1-really 2-large 3-persons who own parts in a company 4-questions 5-previous

PART C
1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-
a-in a-at a-at a-in a-for a-under a-by a-by a-from a-for
b-for b-since b-of b-for b-on b-with b-of b-for b-since b-during
c-for c-during c-in c-in c-in c-in c-on
d-in -from d-during/in d-in d-in/under d-of
e-for/on e-of e-to
11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20-

47
 a-with a-for a-under a-in a-for a-in a-in a-on a-for/to a-at
b-for b-of b-with b-for b-on/for b-of b-by b-to b-from b-during
c-for c-for c-for c-in c-off c-from c-by c-in c-for
d-in d-till/until
21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 30-
a-by a-by a-of a-in a-of a-at/by a-from a-to a-on/into a-from
b-on b-in b-in b-for b-to b-for b-at b-with b-off/out of b-with/at
c-for c-on c-for c-of c-from c-with c-till c-at c-in
d-in e-for d-for d-with d-at d-in
e-in f-by e-in e-for e-in
f-over g-for f-in f-of
g-by

PART D
1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-
a-a a-an a-a a-the a-a a-a a-a a-a a-a a-the
b-the b-the b-the b-a b-x b-a/the b-x b-the b-a b-the
c-a c-the c-X c-the c-the c-an c-an c-the c-the
d-a d-X d-x d-a d-the d-the d-the
e-a e-x e-the e-an
f-the f-the
g-the
11- 12- 13- 14-
a-x a-a a-the a-x
b-x b-the b-a b-x
c-the c-x c-the c-x
d-a d-the
e-the

SAMPLE TEST 3: ANSWERS

PART A
1 against 6 performed 11 moment 16 should 21 within
2 only 7 relative 12 concern 17 to 22 pleaded
3 life 8 to 13 moment 18 found 23 parts
4 insisted 9 is 14 could 19 parents 24 instead
5 successfully 10 bedside 15 history 20 donor 25 lives

PART B
1 what 6 which 11 what 16 what 21 which
2 which 7 which 12 which 17 what 22 what
3 which 8 what 13 which 18 which 23 what
4 what 9 which 14 which 19 which
5 what 10 which 15 which 20 what

PART C
1 could/can/may 7 is 13 is coming
2 Does 8 will do/would do 14 would be able to/could
3 does 9 do you want 15 would be/will be
4 came 10 would like/Should like 16 will expect/shall expect
5 Was 11 would....suit
6 did 12 wouldn’t

PART D SECTION 1
1 have just 5 could/would 9 was/had 13 suits/would 17 do not 21 has
heard be able to been suit hesitate been
2 have been 6 had 10 had got/got 14 has 18 are 22
seemed
3 would like 7 remember 11 can/could 15 will 19 will
bring/would take/would
bring take
4 do...... think 8 said 12 can/could 16 isn’t 20
ask/asked

48
 PART D SECTION 2
1 could/can/may 7 went 12 arrived
2 speaking 8 have only just got 13 should have rung/would
have rung
3 have you been 9 is 14 have been/ was
4 have been trying 10 didn’t know
5 don’t you have 11 were
6 do

CHAPTER 1: PRACTICE EXERCISES (WILL VS BE GOING TO)

PART I: EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS

1-Sue (graduate) will graduate/is going to graduate in June. After that, she (begin) will begin/is
going to begin work at an electronics firm.
2-Fred (be) is going to be/will be at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) is going to come/will
come too.
3-A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
B: Sure. I (see, probably) will probably see/is probably going to see him at the meeting this evening.
4-The damage we do to our environment today (affect) will affect/is going to affect the quality of life
of future generations.
5-A: Mr. Swan (be, not) will not be / is not going to be here next term. He has resigned. Who (be)
will be / is going to be the new teacher? Do you know?
B: Yes, Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) will teach / is going to teach the same course Mr.
Swan taught: English, algebra, and geometry. I (be) will be / am going to be in her class. Do you know
which algebra class you (be) will be / are going to be in next term?

PART II: EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN VS. WILLINGNESS

Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you think there is no prior plan,
use will.
6-A: This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a word of French. Can you help me?
B: Sure. I (translate) will translate it for you.
7-A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) am going to go to the shopping mall downtown.
B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?
A: I (leave) am going to leave at 9 a.m.
8- A: The light doesn’t work. The bulb is probably burned out. Where are the new light bulbs?
B: I (get) will get one for you.
9- A: It’s cold in here.
B: I agree. I (turn) will turn the heater on.
A: That’s a good idea.
10- A: I (enrol) am going to enrol in the community college next spring.
B: Oh? I didn’t know you wanted to go back to school.
A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take) am going to take a course in word
processing.
11-A: Brr! Who turned on the air conditioner? It’s really cold in here. My nose is cold and my fingers are
cold.
B: I (make) will make you a cup of tea.
A: Thanks. That sounds good.
12-A: Oh,oh! I’ve spilled coffee on my shirt.
B: Just a minute. I (get) will get a damp cloth for you.
13- A: What do you want to be when you grow up?
B: I (be) am going to be an astronaut.
A: Good for you.
14- A: Do you mind if I turned the TV off? I (place) going to place a long distance call, and it’s hard to
hear if the TV is on.
B: No, that’s fine. I wasn’t watching anyway.
15-A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers?
B: I (do) will do it!
C: I (do) will do it!

49
 D: No, no I (do) will do it!
16-A: Why do you have an eraser in your hand?
B: I (erase) am going to. the board.

CHAPTER 2: PRACTICE EXERCISE

USING WOULD TO RXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST

1- I (be) used to be very shy. Whenever a stranger came to our house, I (hide) used to hide
/would hide. in the closet.

2- I remember my Aunt Susan very well. Every time she came to our house, she (give) used to
give / would give me a big kiss and pinch my cheek.

3- Illiteracy is still a problem in my country, but it (be) used to be much worse.

4- I (be) used to be afraid of flying. My heart (start) would start / used to start pounding every
time I stepped on a plane. But now I’m used to flying and I enjoy it.

5- I (be) used to be an anthropology major. Once I was a member of an archaeological expedition.

Every morning, we (get) would get / used to get up before dawn. After breakfast, we (spend)
would spend / used to spend out entire day in the field. Sometimes one of us (find) would
find / used to find a particularly interesting item, perhaps an arrowhead or a piece of poetry.
When that happened, other members of the group (gather) would gather / used togather
around to see what had been unearthed.

CHAPTER 3: USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

A- PRACTICE EXERCISE: Think of a negative result, then complete the sentence with an
infinitive phrase.

1-That ring is too expensive. Negative result: I can’t buy it. That ring is too expensive for me to buy.
2-I’m too tired. Negative result: I can’t/don’t want to go to the meeting. I’m too tired to go to the
meeting.
3-It’s too late. Negative result: I can’t go out. It’s too late for me to go out.
4-It’s too cold.
5-Nuclear physics is too difficult.
6-I’m too busy.
7-My son is too young.
8-The mountain cliff is too steep.

Now think of a positive result, and complete the sentence with an infinitive phrase.
9-That ring is too expensive, but it isn’t too expensive. Positive result: I can buy it.That ring isn’t too
expensive for me to buy.
10-I’m very tired, but I’m not too tired. Positive result: .............
11-My suitcase is very heavy, but it’s not too heavy.
12-I’m very busy, but I’m not too busy.

B- ERROR ANALYSIS:
Example: I am considering to go to a show tonight.
Correction: I amconsideringgoing to a show tonight.

1-My parents made me promise towrite to themonce a week.

2- I don’t mind having a roommate.
3-Most students want to return home as soon as possible.
4- When I went shopping last Saturday, I saw a man drive his car onto the sidewalk.
5- I asked my roommate to let use his shoe polish.
6-To learn about another country is very interesting.
7-I don’t enjoy playing card games.

50
8-I heard a car door opening and closing.
9-I had my friend lend me his car.
10-I tried very hard not to make any mistakes.
11-You should visit my country. It is very beautiful.
12-The music director tapped his baton to begin the rehearsal.
13-Some people prefer saving their money to spending it.

CHAPTER 4: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

EXERCISE1:Write No in front of the expressions that cannot be used to complete the sentence
correctly.

1-Isabel has .......... assignments. 2-Jake has ...................... homework.

a-three a-three No
b-several b-several No
c-some c-some
d-a lot of d-a lot of
e-too much No e-too much
f-too many f-too many No
g-a few g-a few No
h-a little No h-a little
i-a number of i-a number of No
j-a great deal of No j-a great deal of
k-hardly any k-hardly any
l-no l-no

3-Ann is wearing ........... rings. 4-Sue is wearing .................. jewelry.

a-four a-four No
b-several b-several No
c-some c-some
d- lots of d- lots of
e- too many e- too many No
f-too much No f-too much
g-a few g-a few No
h-a little No h-a little
i- hardly any i- hardly any
j- no j- no

EXERCISE 2: Use many or muchwith the following words, changing the words to plural if necessary.
Pronounce the final –s/-es loudly and clearly
Examples: sentence: many sentences ; water: much water; thief: many thieves

1-furniture Much 16-progress Much

2-desk Many 17-race Many races
3-branch Many branches 18-knowledge Much
4-equipment Much 19-marriage Many marriages
5-machinery Much 20-information Much
6-machine Many machines 21-luck Much
7-woman Many women 22-hypothesis Many
hypotheses
8-piece Many pieces 23-mail Much
51
 9-mouse Many mice 24-office Many offices
10-advice Much 25-slang Much
11-sheep Many sheep 26-roof Many roofs
12-homework Much 27-phenomenon Many
phenomena
13-prize Many prizes 28-human being Many human
beings
14-goose Many geese 29-shelf Many shelves
15-music Much 30-tooth Many teeth

CHAPTER 5: USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITTLE AND LITTLE

EXERCISE: Complete the sentences witha few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little.

1-Do you have a few minutes? I’d like to ask you a few questions. I need a little more information.

2-Ann’s previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes (very) few mistakes
in her work.

3-After Rodney tasted the soup, he added a little salt to it.

4-I don’t like a lot of salt on my food. I add very little. salt to my food.

5-The professor lectured very clearly. As a result, very few students had questions at the end of the
class period.

6-I like music. I like to listen to a little music after dinner before I begin studying.

7-Jim is having a lot of trouble adjusting to eighth grade. He seems to be unpopular. Unfortunately, he
has very few friends.

CHAPTER 6: USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

EXERCISE: Add of if necessary. Write ‘X’ if of is not necessary.

1-I know several of Jack’s friends.

2-I’ve made several X friends lately.
3-Some X students are lazy, and some X. students are hard-working.
4-Some of the students in Mrs. Gray’s class are a little lazy.
5-Most X books have an index.
6-Most of Ali’s books are written in Arabic.
7-I bought a few X books yesterday.
8-I’ve read a few of those books.

ERROR ANALYSIS: Some (but not all) of the following sentences contain errors. Find
and correct the errors.

1-It is important for every student to have a book.

2-Each of the students in my class has a book.

3-Spain is one of the countries I want to visit.

4-The teacher gave each of the students a test paper.

52
5-Every student in the class did well on the test.

6-Everypiece of furniture in that room is made of wood.

7-Onepiece of the equipment in our office is broken.

8-I gave a present to each of the women in the room.

9-One of my favourite places in the world is an island in the Caribbean Sea.

10-Each of your suitcases will be checked when you go through the customs.

11-It’s impossible for one human being to know every language in the world.

12-I found each of the errors in this exercise.

CHAPTER 7
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

EXERCISE 1: Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1-Some of the fruit in the bowl (is) rotten.

2-Some of the apples in that bowl ( are) rotten.
3-Half of the students in the class (are) from Arabic-speaking countries.
4-Half of this money (belongs) to you.
5-A lot of the students in this class (are) from Southeast Asia.
6-A lot of clothing in those stores (is) on sale this week.
7-One of my best friends (is) coming to visit me next month.
8-Each boy in this class (has) his own notebook.
9-Each of the boys in this class (has) his own notebook.
10-Every one of the students (is) required to take the final test.
11-None of the animals at the zoo (is/are) free. All of them (is, are) in enclosures.
12-A number of students (are) absent today.
13-The number of students at that university (is) approximately 10,000.
14-One of the chief materials in bones and teeth (is) calcium.
15-(Do) all of the children have their books?
16- (Does) all of this homework have to be finished by tomorrow?
17-Why ( were) some of the students excused from examination?
18- Why (was) one of the students excused from examination?
19-What percentage of the earth’s surface (is) covered by water?
20- What percentage of the people in the world (is) illiterate?
21- (Does) any of you know the answer to that question?

EXERCISE 2: SINGULAR AND PLURAL: Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1-The weather in the southern states (gets) very hot during the summer.
2-The results of Dr. Noll’s experiment ( were) published in a scientific journal.
3-Bob and his friend ( are) coming to the anniversary party tomorrow night.
4-Every man, woman, and child ( is) protected under the law.
5-Washing the dishes ( is) children’s job.
6-A lot of students (are) already here.
7-Some of the furniture in our apartment ( is) second-hand.
8-Some of the desks in the classroom ( are) broken.
9-At least three-quarters of that book on famous Americans (is) about people who lived in the nineteenth
century.
10-One of the countries I would like to visit (is) Italy.
11-Some of the cities I would like to visit (are) Rome and Venice.
12-Each student in the class (has) to have a book.

53
CHAPTER 8
1-There ( aren’t) any letters in the mail for you today.
2-There (isn’t) any mail for you today.
3-There ( are) a lot of problems in the world.
4-There (is) a fly in this room. Where’s the flyswatter?
5-There ( are) over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world.
6-How many kinds of birds ( are) there in the world?
7-Why (isn’t) there a hospital close to those villages?
8-There (is) a green pen on Tim’s desk.
9-There ( are) a blue pen and a yellow notebook on Sue’s desk.
10-There ( are) some pens and notebooks on Jack’s desk.

CHAPTER 9
1-I have a wonderful family. I love them very much, and they love (loves, love) me.
2-I looked up some information about the average American family. I found out that ...it......... (consists,) of 2, 3
children.
3-The soccer team felt unhappy because they had lost in the closing moments of the game.
4-A basketball team is relatively small. ..........It.... (doesn’t,) have as many members as a baseball team.
5-The audience clapped enthusiastically. Obviously ........they.......... had enjoyed the concert.
6-The audience filled the room to overflowing. It (was) larger than I had expected.
7-The crowd became more and more excited as the premier’s motorcade approached. They began to shout and
wave flags in the air.
8-The crowd at the soccer game was huge. ........It........... exceeded 100,000 people.
9-The office staff gave ........their......... boss a gold watch when she retired.
10- The office staff isn’t large. ..........It .......... (consists) of a secretary, a file clerk, and a receptionist.
11-The young couple finally saved enough money to make a downpayment on ..their......... own house.
12-The class is planning a party for the last day of school. .......They........... ( are) going to bring many different
kinds of food and invite some of ......their......... friends to celebrate with .....them................. .
13-The class is too small. .......It............... (is) going to be cancelled.

CHAPTER 10: PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1-A citizen has two primary responsibilities. They should vote in every election, and they should willingly
serve on a jury.
2-Each student in Biology 101 has to spend three hours per week in the laboratory, where they (do)
various experiments by following the directions in their lab manual.
3-A pharmacist fills prescriptions, but their (are) not allowed to prescribe medicine. By law, only a doctor
can prescribe medicine.
4-Anyone can learn how to dance if they(want) to.
5-Hmmm. Someone forgot their umbrella. I wonder whose it is.
6-Everyone who came to the picnic brought their own food.
7-
A: Is that your notebook?
B: No. It belongs to one of the other students.
A: Look on the inside cover. Did they write their name there?
8-A dog makes a good pet if it(is) properly trained.
9-Tom’s cat is named Maybelle Alice. She is very independent. She obeys Tom only if she feels like it.

*If the sex of a particular animal is known, usually she or he is used instead of it.

CHAPTER 11

54
EXERCISE 1: Supply a form of other in the following.

1- I got three letters. One was from my father. Another one was from my sister. The other
letter was from my girlfriend.
2- Look at your hand. There is a total of five fingers. One is your thumb. (a) Another is your index
finger. (b) Another one is your middle finger. (c) Another finger is your ring finger. And (d) the
other finger (the last of the five) is your little finger.
3- Look at your hands. One is your right hand. The other is your left hand.
4- I invited five people to my party. Out of the five people, only John and Mary can come. The
others can’t come.
5- I invited five people to my party. Out of the five people, only John and Mary can come. The
other people can’t come.
6- I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any others that you could lend me?
7- I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any other books that you could
lend me?
8- There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one of the means of transportation.
The train is another .
9- There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one. Others are the train, the
automobile, and the horse.
10- There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen and the other is Pat
Hendricks.
11- Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesn’t read any other newspapers.
12- Some people prefer classical music, but others prefer rock music.
13- Mr. And Mrs. Jay are a happily married couple. They love each other/one another. They
support each other/one another.. They like each other/one another.
14- He will graduate in another two years.
15- I’m almost finished. I just need another five minutes.

EXERCISE 2: Supply a form of other in the following.

1- One common preposition from. Another common one is in. Others are by, for, andof. The most
frequently used prepositions in English are at, by, for, from, in, of, to, and with. What are some
other prepositions?
2- Two countries border on the United States. One is Canada. The other is Mexico.
3- One of the countries I would like to visit is Sweden. Another is Mexico. Of course, besides
these two countries, there are many other places I would like to see.

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the right form of other

1- I speak two languages. One is French, the other is English.
2- I speak three languages. One is French, the others are English and Spanish.
3- I lost my textbook, so I had to buy another.
4- Some people have straight hair, but others have.....
5- I’m still thirsty, I’d like another glass of .....
6- George Washington is one American hero. Abraham Lincoln is another.
7- I have two books. One is green; the other is brown.
8- Some TV programs are excellent, but others are not ...
9- Some people need at least eight hours of sleep each night, but others need more.
10- Only two of the students failed the quiz. All of the others succeeded.
11- Mary and John are in love. They love each other/one another.
12- There are three colors that I especially like. One is yellow; the others are green and brown.
13- I have two candy bars. I want only one of them. Would you like the other?
14- I’m still hungry, I’d like another apple.
15- There are three places in particular that I would like to visit while I am in (the United States).
One is the Empire State Building, the others are the Grand Canyon and Lyncoln Memorial.

EXERCISE 4: ERROR ANALYSIS

The following sentences are adapted from student writing and contain typical errors. Test your
skill by finding and correcting these errors.

1- That book contains many different kinds of stories and articles.

2- There are a lot of differences between the United States and my country.
3- The English is one of the most important languages in the world.
4- She is always willing to help her friends in every possible way .

55
 5- I don’t have time to do all of my homework.
6- He succeeded in creating one of the best armies in the world.
7- There is a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a great deal of equipment in the research laboratory, but
undergraduates are not allowed to use it.
8- All of the guests enjoyed themselves at the reception.
9- I have a five-year old daughter and a three- year old son.
10- I am not accustomed to x cold weather.
11- Each state in the country has a different language.
12- Most people in my apartment building are friendly.
13- A political leader should have the ability to adapt themselves to a changing world./Political
leaders should have the ability to adapt themselves to a changing world.

EXERCISE 5: ERROR ANALYSIS

The following sentences are adapted from student compositions and contain typical errors. Test
your skill by seeing how many of the errors you can find and correct.

1- It is important to be polite to people who live in the same building as you.

2- She lives in a hotel (that is) restricted to senior citizens.
3- My sister has two children, whose X names are Ali and Talal.
4- He comes from Venezuela, ___ a Spanish-speaking country.
5- There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of which are located in Bangkok, the capital city.
6- I would like to write about several problems which I have faced ___ since I came to the United
States.
7- There is a small wooden screen that separates the bed from the rest of the room. / There is a
small wooden screen separating the bed from the rest of the room
8- At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives (that) I had never met ___ before.
9- It is almost impossible to find two people whose__ opinions are the same.
10- On the wall, there is a colourful poster which __ consists of a group of young people __ dancing.

EXERCISE 6: PREPOSITIONS

Supply appropriate prepositions

1- Max is known for his honesty.

2- Mr. And Mrs. Jones have always been faithful to each other.
3- Do you promise to come? I’m counting on you to be there.
4- Trucks are prohibited from using residential streets.
5- The little girl is afraid of an imaginary bear that lives in her closet.
6- Do you take good care of your health?
7- I’m worried about this problem.
8- I don’t agree with you.
9- We decided on eight o’clock as the time we should meet.
10- Who did you vote for in the election?
11- How many students were absent from class yesterday?
12- It is important to be polite to other people.
13- The farmers are hoping for rain.
14- Jason was late because he wasn’t aware of the time.
15- We will fight for our rights.

EXERCISE 7: PHRASAL VERBS

Supply the appropriate prepositions for the following two-word or three-word verbs.

1- A: Are you ready to leave?

B: Almost. I’ll be ready to go just as soon as I get through putting the clean dishes away.
2- A: I’m going crazy! I’ve been trying to solve this math problem for the last hour and I still can’t
get it.
B: Why don’t you give up for a while? Take a break and then go back to it.
3- A: I hear you had a frightening experience yesterday. What happened?
B: Ed suddenly got dizzy and then passed out . I tried to revive him, but he was out cold.
Luckily there was a doctor in the building.
4- A: What happened when the pilot of the plane passed out during the flight?

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 B: The co-pilot took over
5- Cindy is only three. She likes to play with the older kids, but when they’re running and playing,
she can’t keep up with them.
6- A: I made a mistake in my composition. What should I do?
B: Since it’s an in-class composition, just cross it out .
7- A: I need my dictionary, but I lent it to Joe.
B: Why don’t you get it back from him?

8- A: I wish the teacher wouldn’t call on me in class.

B: Why not?
A: I get nervous.
B: Why?
A: I don’t know.
9- A: I took a plane from Atlanta to Miami. I got on the plane in Atlanta. I got off the plane in Miami.
10- It was a snowy winter day, but I still had to drive to work. First I got in the car to start the engine.
Then I got out of the car to scrape the snow and ice from the windows.
11- Last year I took a train trip. I got on the train in Chicago. I got off the train in Des Moines.
12- Phyllis takes the bus to work. She gets on the bus at Lindbergh Boulevard and gets off the bus
about two blocks from her office on Tower street.

EXERCISE 8: ERROR ANALYSIS

All of the following sentences contain errors. These sentences are from student compositions.
Test your skill by seeing how many of the errors you can find and correct.

1- Tell the taxi driver where you want to go.

2- My roommate came into the room and asked me why I wasn’t in class. I said I was waiting
for a telephone call from my family.
3- It was my first day at the university, and I WAS on my way to my first class. I wondered who
else would be in the class. What the teacher would be like_._
4- He asked me x what I intended to do after I HAD graduated.
5- Many people in the United States don’t know much about geography. For example, people will
ask you where Japan is located.
6- What x a patient tells a doctor x is confidential.
7- The reason why I decided to come here, is because this university has a good meteorology
department.

EXERCISE 9: PHRASAL VERBS

Supply appropriate prepositions for the following two-word or three-word verbs.

1- A: Why don’t we try to call on the O’Briens sometime this weekend? We haven’t seen them for
a long time.
B: Sounds like a good idea. I’d like to see them again.
2- A: Did you GO over / through your paper carefully before you handed it in ?
B: Yes. I looked it over carefully.
3- A: Do you believe his story about being late because he had a flat tire?
B: No. I think he made it up.
4- A: Could you pick up a newspaper on your way home from work tonight?
B: Sure.
5- A: Did you hear the bad news?
B: About what?
A: Gary’s grandmother passed away. Gary went home to be with his family and attend the
funeral.
6- A: I like your new shoes.
B: Thanks. I had to try on almost a dozen pairs before I decided to get these.
7- A: Have you decided to accept that new job?
B: Not yet. I’m still thinking it over.
8- A: I’m tired. I wish I could get out of going to the meeting tonight.
B: Do you have to go?
9- A: Why hasn’t Mary been in class for the last two weeks?
B: She dropped out of school.

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 10- A: What time does your plane TAKE off?
B: 10:40.
A: How long does the flight take?
B: I think we get in around 12:30.
11- A: Do you like living in the dorm?
B: It’s okay. I’ve learned to put up with all the noise.
12- What brought in/about your decision to quit your job?
B: I couldn’t get along with my boss.

CHAPTER 12
USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS: BOTH.......AND; NOT ONLY.....BUT
ALSO;EITHER.......OR; NEITHER........NOR

EXERCISE 1: Supply is or are in the following.

1- Both the teacher and the student are here.

2- Neither the teacher nor the student is here.
3- Not only the teacher bur also the student is here.
4- Not only the teacher but also the students are here.
5- Either the students or the teacher is planning to come.
6- Either the teacher or the students are planning to come.

EXERCISE 2: ERROR ANALYSIS

What is wrong with the following sentences?
1- Either John will call Mary or Bob.
Either John will call Mary or Bob will. / Either John or Bob will call Mary. / John will call
either Mary or Bob.
2- Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat.
Not only did Sue see the mouse but she also saw the cat. / Sue saw not only the mouse but
also the cat./ Sue not only saw the mouse but also saw the cat.
3- Both my mother talked to the teacher and my father.
Both my mother and father talked to the teacher.

EXERCISE 3: Answer the questions. Use paired conjunctions.

A-Use “both.....and”.
1- You have met his father. Have you met his mother?
Yes, I have met both his father and his mother.
2- The driver was injured in the accident. Was the passenger injured in the accident?
Yes, both the driver and the passenger were injured in the accident.

3- Wheat is grown in Kansas. Is corn grown in Kansas?

Yes, both wheat and corn are grown in Kansas.
4- He buys used cars. Does he sell used cars?
Yes, he both buys and sells used cars
5- You had lunch with your friends. Did you have dinner with them?
Yes, I had both lunch and dinner with my friends.
6- The city suffers from air pollution. Does it suffer from water pollution?
Yes, the city suffers from both air pollution and water pollution
B-Use ‘’not only......... but also.”

7- I know you’re studying math. Are you studying chemistry too?

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 Yes, I’m studying not only math but also chemistry. / Yes, not only am I studying math but
I’m also studying chemistry.
8- I know his cousin is living with him. Is his mother-in-law living with him too?
Yes, he‘s living with not only his cousin but also his mother-in-law. / Yes, not only is he
living with cousin but also with his mother-in-law.

9- I know your country has good universities. Does the United States have good universities too?
Yes, not only does my country have good universities but also the USA has good
universities. / Yes, not only my country but also the USA has good universities.

10- I know you lost your wallet. Did you lose your keys too?

Yes, not only did I lose my wallet but I also lost my keys. / Yes, I lost not only my wallet
but also my keys.
11- I know she goes to school. Does she have a full-time job too?
Yes, she not only goes to school but also has a full-time job. / Yes, not only does she go
to school but she also has a full-time job.

12- I know he bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too?
Yes, he bought not only a coat but also a new pair of shoes. / Yes, not only did he buy a coat but
he also bought a new pair of shoes.

C-Use “either.......or.”

13- John has your book, or Mary has your book. Is that right?
Yes, either John or Mary has my book.

14- Paul will be candidate, or Remy will be candidate. Is that right?

Yes, either Paul or Remy will be candidate. / Yes, either Paul will be candidate or Remy
will.

CHAPTER 13: VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH

EXERCISE 1: Supply appropriate completions in the following.

1- Our classroom doesn’t have any windows. I wish our classroom had windows.
2- The sun isn’t shining. I wish the sun were shining right now.
3- I didn’t go shopping. I wish I had gone shopping.
4- I don’t know how to dance. I wish I knew how to dance.
5- You didn’t tell them about it. I wish you had told them about it.
6- It’s cold today. I’m not wearing a coat. I wish I were wearing a coat.
7- I don’t have enough money to buy that book. I wish I had enough money.

EXERCISE 2: (VERB FORM REVIEW) The following is based on compositions written by students
who were members of a multicultural class. Write the verbs in the parentheses correctly.

Next week, when I (1-finish) have finished (2-take) taking my final examinations, I (3-finish,
also) have also finished one of the best experiences I (4-have, ever) have ever had in my lifetime. In
the last four months, I (5-learn) learned more about foreign cultures than I (6-anticipate) had
anticipated before (7-come) coming to the United States. (8-Live) Living in a foreign country and (9-
go) going to school with people from various parts of the world (10- give) gave me the opportunity (11-
encounter) to encounter and (12-interact) interact with people from different cultures. I (13-like) would
like to share some of my experiences and thoughts with you.
When I first (14-arrive) arrived , I (15-know) knew no one and I (16-need) needed/used to
need all my fingers (17-communicate) to communicate what I was trying to say in English. All of the
international students were in the same situation. When we (18-can, find, not) were not able to
find/could not find the right word, we (19-use) used/would use/used to use strange movements and
gestures (20-communicate) to communicate our meaning.
(21-Know) Knowing some common phrases, such as “How are you?” “Fine, thank you, and you?” and
“What country are you from?”, (22-be) was very useful.

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EXERCISE 3: ERROR ANALYSIS: Find and correct the errors in parallel structure in the
following sentences.
1- a) By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and money.
b)By obeying the speed limit, we can save not only energy but also lives, and money
2- My home offers me a feeling of security, warmth, and love.
3- The pioneers labored not only to clear away the forest but also plant crops./ Not only did the
pioneers labored not only to clear away the forest but also plant crops.
4- When I refused to help her, she not only became very angry but also shouted at me.
5- In my spare time, I don’t only enjoy taking care of my aquarium but also working on my stamp
collection.
6- Either Mr. Anderson or Ms. Wiggins is going to teach our class today.
7- a) I enjoy not only reading novels but also reading magazines. /b) I enjoy reading not only novels
but also magazines.
8- Oxygen is plentiful. Both air and water contain oxygen.

CHAPTER 14: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

EXERCISE 1: In the following dialogues, try to decide whether the speakers would probably use a/an
or the.
1-A: I have an idea. Let’s go on a picnic Saturday.
B: Okay.
2-A: Did you have fun at the picnic yesterday?
B: Sure did. And you?
3-A: You’d better have a good reason for being late!
B: I do.
4-A: Did you think the reason Jack gave for being late was believable?
B: Not really.
5-A: Where’s my blue shirt?
B: It’s in the washing machine. You’ll have to wear a different shirt.
6-A-I wish we had a washing machine.
B: So do I. It would make it a lot easier to do our laundry.
7-A: What happened to your bicycle? The front wheel is bent.
B: I ran into a parked car when I swerved to avoid a big pothole in the street.
A: Did you damage the car?
B: A little.
A: What did you do?
B: I left a note for the owner of the car.
A: What did you write on the note?
B: My name and address. I also wrote ......an......... apology.
8-A: Can you repair my car for me?
B: What’s wrong with it?
A: the radiator has a leak, and one of the windshield wipers doesn’t work.
B: Can you show me where the leak is?
9-A:Have you seen my boots?
B: They’re in the closet in the front hallway.

EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences with a/an, theor O.

1- beef is a kind of  meat.
2- The beef we had for dinner last night was excellent.
3- Jack is wearing a straw hat today.
4- Jack likes to wear X hats.
5- A hat is an article of clothing.
6- X hats are X articles of clothing.
7- The brown hat on that hook over there belongs to Mark.
8- Everyone has X problems in X life.
9- My grandfather had a long life.
10- That book is about the life of Helen Keller.
11- Tommy wants to be an engineer when he grows up.
12- The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by an engineer.
13- The engineer who designed the Brooklyn Bridge won a prize.

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CHAPTER 16: ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1
1B 2C 3 A 4D 5C 6C
7C 8C 9D 10 D 11 D

EXERCISE 2

1-haven’t had 5-haven’t decided 9-it’s beginning 13-I’ve been 17-since I saw her
doing
2-didn’t go 6-is being 10-got 14-did she go 18-for 20 years
3-is wearing 7-wasn’t reading 11-wasn’t 15-I’ve been
playing
4-has grown 8-didn’t have 12-you’ve been 16-do you come

EXERCISE 3

1-have you seen 5-have you lived/have been 9-have been waiting/have been
living/have you been here
2-did you go 6-did you have 10-does it take
3-are you going 7-have seen 11-have you finished
4-do you watch 8-was she wearing 12-have you (ever) been

EXERCISE 4

1-haven’t seen 12-is she getting 23-have you seen

2-you look/you’re looking 13-does she like 24-has he been
3-are you going 14-she thinks 25-I saw
4-are you meeting 15-are you working 26-he went
5-I’m going 16-spoke 27-he’d been
6-do you often go 17-you were working 28-he decided / he’d decided
7-are you going 18-went 29-he was really looking
forward
8-I’m meeting 19-I started / I had started 30-is he doing
9-has been 20-I lost 31-I haven’t heard
10-I’ve been waiting 21-you haven’t had 32-he left
11-has just started 22-I’ve had

EXERCISE 5

1-invented 6-was looking 11-does this word mean..... I’ve

never seen
2-it’s gone/it has gone 7-she’s been teaching 12-Did you get .... it had already
begun
3-had gone................left 8-I bought..... I haven’t worn 13-knocked....was.....she had
gone....she didn’t want
4-did you do........ Did you go 9-I saw...... was..... I’d seen..... I 14-He had never used.... he
remembered......it was didn’t know
5-have you had 10-Have you heard....She 15-went.... she needed .....she
was....died.....She wrote..... had been sitting
Have you read

EXERCISE 6

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1-used to go 6-used to have
2-was looking 7-was living
3-used to drive 8-was playing
4-was driving 9-used to play
5-were working 10-was wearing

EXERCISE 7

1-I’m going to Jamaica 6-What are you going to have?

2- I’m going to the dentist 7-I’ll turn on the light
3-No, we’re going to hire a car 8-I’m going to turn on the light
4-I’ll look after the children
5-I’m having lunch with Sue

EXERCISE 8

1-are you doing 6-I’m seeing 11-are you meeting

2-I’ll come 7-shall I ask 12-I’ll be
3-shall we meet 8-I’ll see
4-begins 9-are going
5-I’ll meet 10-does the film begin

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 CONCLUSION

“Hurray! I’ve been able to do most of the exercises in the booklet! I’m sure to
succeed!”
Yes.! You should normally be ready. Retain that the chapters you have gone
through are very important, however, this is surely not enough to make a candidate
succeed in the competition. Therefore, any grammar book available should be
consulted for deeper research and preparation.
Candidates should read as much as possible. This permits to be aware of
sentence structures and mechanisms used in English.
Moreover, do not expect to work on language exercises designed exactly in the
same formats, even if they target the same contents.
Compose yourself in front of the exercises: read the instructions very carefully!
Always remember you are undergoing a competition. Work very seriously and
secretly. If you make your work public, other candidates will copy from you this time;
will they help you with the other subjects at other times?

KEEP ON WORKING!

GOOD LUCK!!!!

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