THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

NO.: ABBREVATIONS: MEANING: 27 ABD Abdomen

1 % Percentage 28 ABE Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
2 +ve Positive 29 ABG Arterial Blood Gas
3 ≥ Equal or more than 30 ABL Catheter salvage with antibiotic lock
4 ↑ Increase 31 Abx Antibiotics
5 ↓ Reduce 32 AC Acute
6 °C Degree Celsius American College of Cardiology/American Heart
33 ACC/AHA
7 1HRZE Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol Association
8 2EHRZ Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide 34 ACE Angiontensin Converting Enzymes
Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, 35 ACEi Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor
9 2HRZES
Streptomycin 36 Ach Acetylcholine
10 2ᵒ Secondary 37 AChE Acetylcholinesterase
11 4HR Isonizid, Rifampin 38 ACS acute coronary syndrome
12 5HRE Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol 39 ADHF Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
13 A&E Accident and Emergency 40 ADL Activities of daily living
14 A/biotics antibiotics 41 ADP Adenosine Diphosphate
15 A/E Air entry 42 ADPKD Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
16 A/G Albumin / Globulin 43 ADR Adverse Drug Reaction
17 A/W accompanied with 44 AEBA Acute Exacerbation of Bronchial Asthma
18 a/w associated with Acute Exacerbation Chronic Obstructive Airway
45 AECOAD
19 a/w also with Disease
20 A: G Albumin/Globulin ratio Acute Exacerbation Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
46 AECOPD
21 A2RA angiotensin-II receptor antagonist Disease
22 AAP American Academy of Pediatrics 47 AED anti-epileptic drug
23 AAT Alanine Amino Transferase 48 AF Atrial Fibrilation
24 AAT Alpha-1-antitrypsin 49 AFB Acid Fast Bacilli
25 Ab Abnormal 50 AFL Atrial flutter
26 ABC Abacavir 51 AFNT Anterior Fontanelle Normo Tensive
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

52 AFP Alpha-Fetoprotein 80 ARV antiretroviral

53 AGE Acute Gastroenterities 81 ASA Acetylsalicylic Acid
54 AH accuhaler 82 ASD Atrial septal defect
55 AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 83 ASMA Anti-smooth Muscle Antibody
56 AKA Above Knee Amputation 84 ASOT Antisterptolysin O titer
57 AKI Acute kidney injury 85 ASOT Anti-Streptolysin O
58 Alb albumin 86 AST aspartate transaminase
59 ALD Alcoholic Liver Disease 87 AST Aspartate transaminase
60 ALP alkaline phosphatase 88 AST Aspartate Aminotransferase
61 ALT Alanine Transaminase 89 ATV/r) atazanavir + ritonavir
62 AMA Antimitochondrial antibodies 90 AV arteriovenous
63 AMI acute myocardial infarction 91 aVL Automated volt left
64 ANA Anti-nucleus Antibody 92 AVM arteriovenous malformations
65 ANC antenatal clinic 93 AVN Atroven, Ventolin, Normal saline
66 ANCA Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 94 AVN avascular necrosis
67 anti-GBM Anti–glomerular basement membrane 95 AVP Ambulatory Venous Pressure
68 AOR At Owner’s Request 96 AWS Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
69 AP Apical Pulse 97 AXR Abdominal x-ray
70 APC Argon Plasma Coagulation 98 AZT Zidovudine
71 APD Automated Peritoneal Dialysis 99 B/L Bilateral
72 APLS Antiphospholipid syndrome 100 BA Bronchial Asthma
73 APO Acute Pulmonary Oedema 101 Bal Balance
74 APR Abdominoperineal resection 102 BBB Bundle branch block
75 APS acute pain service 103 BCF Brachial Cephalic Fistula
76 APT Antiprothrombin 104 BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
77 APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time 105 BCPPC buffy coat poor packed cell
78 ARBs Angiotensin receptor blockers 106 BCS Blood culture & sensitivity
79 ART Anti-retroviral therapy 107 BD twice a day
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

108 BD Twice Daily 136 C Celsius

109 BD Twice a day 137 C&S Culture & Sensitivity
110 BD/BID twice a day 138 C. Capsule
111 BE Barrett’s esophagus 139 C.Calcium Corrected calcium
112 BE Both ears 140 c/o complaint of
113 BFMP Blood Film Malaria Parasite 141 C+S culture and sensitivity
114 BHT Bed Head Ticket 142 C3 Complement component 3
115 BID Twice Daily 143 C4 Complement component 4
116 BiPaP Bi-level positive air pressure 144 Ca calcium
117 BLT Bilateral tubal Ligation 145 CA cancer
118 BMAT Bone Marrow Aspiration and Trephine 146 CA 125 cancer antigen 125
119 BMD Bone mineral disease 147 CA 19-9 cancer antigen 19-9
120 BMI Body mass index 148 CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
121 BO Bowel output 149 CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
122 BO Bowel opening 150 CAD Coronary artery disease
123 BO Bowel Opening 151 CAD Coronary artery disease
124 BOA Born Out of Asepsis Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic
152 C-ANCA
125 BP Blood pressure antibody
126 BPH Benign Prostate Hyperplasia 153 CAP Community Acquired Pneumonia
127 bpm beat per minute 154 Cap capsule
128 BS Bowel sound 155 CAPD Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
129 BSI Bloodstream Infection 156 CBC Complete Blood Count
130 BSP brachial systolic pressure 157 CBD Catheter bed drainage
131 BSP Blood sugar profile 158 CBD Common Bile Duct
132 BTL bilateral tubal ligation 159 CBD Continuous bladder drainage
133 BU Blood urea 160 CBD Closed Bladder Drainage
134 BUSE blood urea serum electrolyte 161 CBF Cerebral Blood Flow
135 BW Body weight 162 cc Cubic centimeter
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

163 CCB calcium channel blocker 191 CM Cardiac murmur

164 CCF Congestive Cardiac Failure 192 CM Case Management
165 CCF/CHF Congestive cardiac/ heart failure 193 cm Centimeter
166 CCPD continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis 194 Cm Close monitoring
167 CCU Cardiac Care Unit 195 CMIA Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay
168 CCU Coronary care unit 196 CMR closed manipulative reduction
169 CD cause of death 197 CMV Cyto Megalovirus
170 CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 198 CNS Central Nervous System
171 CE Cardiac Enzyme 199 CO2 Carbon Dioxide
172 CEA Carcinoembryonic 200 COAD Chronic obstructive airway disease
173 CECT Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography 201 COAG Coagulation
174 CEX Catheter exchange over wire 202 COJ Cardiooesophageal Junction
175 CHB Complete Heart Block 203 COJ Carcinoma of Junction
176 CHD Coronary Heart Disease 204 CoNS Coagulase-Negative Streptoccus
177 C-HDL cholesterol-high density lipoprotein 205 Cont Continue
178 CHDW Cardiothoracic High Dependency Ward 206 COPD Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease
179 CI Cardiac index 207 CORO Coronary Angiogram Procedure
180 CIA Cold Induced Asthma 208 CP Cerebral Palsy
181 CIN Contrast Induce Nephropathy 209 CP angle costophrenic angle
182 CK Creatine Kinase 210 CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
183 CKD Chronic kidney disease 211 C-pen Penicillin G
184 CK-MB Creatine Kinase Myocardial Band 212 CPG Clinical Practice Guidelines
185 Cl chloride 213 CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
186 ClCr Creatinine Clearance 214 CPT Child Pugh Turcotte
187 C-LDL cholesterol low density lipoprotein 215 CR cerebral resuscitation
188 CLI Critical Limb Ischemia 216 CR Cardiac rehabilitation
189 cm coming morning 217 CRBSI Catheter-related bloodstream infection
190 CM continue monitoring 218 CrCl creatinine clearance
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

219 CRHD Chronic rheumatic heart disease 246 CV Cardiovascular

220 CRIB Continue rest in bed 247 CVA cerebral vascular accident
221 CRP C reactive protein 248 CVA Cerebral Vascular Accident
222 CRRT continous renal replacement therapy 249 CVC Central Venous Catheter
223 CRT capillary refill time 250 CVD cardiovascular disease
224 CRT Central reaction time 251 CVL central venous line
225 CS caesarean section 252 CVP Central Venous Pressure
226 CS coronary sinus 253 CVS Cardiovascular System
227 CS Culture and Sensitivity 254 CVVH Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration
228 C-sec Caesarean Section 255 CVVHD Continuous veno-venous hemodialysis
229 C-section caesarean section 256 CX cervical
230 CSF cerebrospinal fluid 257 CXR Chest xray
231 CSW cerebral salt wasting 258 D discharge
232 CT Computerized Tomography 259 D Day
233 CT TAP Computed Tomography Thoraic Abdomen Pelvis 260 D/L Discharge Letter
234 CTA computed tomography angiography 261 d/w discuss with
235 CTB computed tomography brain 262 d+c dilation and curettage
236 CTB comprehensive test ban 263 d4T stavudine
237 CTD Connective tissue disease D4T
264 Stavudine + Lamivudine + Efavirenz
238 CTG cardiotocograph 3TC/EFV
239 C-TG cholesterol-triglyceride 265 D5% Dextrose 5%
240 C-TG Cholesterol Triglyceride 266 DBE deep breathing exercise
241 ctHb concentration of total Hemoglobin 267 DBP Diastolic blood pressure
242 C-Total total cholesterol 268 DC Direct Current
243 CTPA CT pulmonary angiography 269 DC Shock Direct Current Shock
244 CTTAP CT for thorax, abdominal and peritoneal region 270 DCDA Dichorionic diamniotic
CTU on 271 Dexa dexamethasone
245 CT urography
Monday 272 DFO Deferoxamine
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

273 DFU Diabetic Foot Ulcer 301 ECHO Echocardiography

274 DHF Decompesated Heart Failure 302 ED Emergency department
275 DI Diabetes insipidus 303 EDD expected due date
276 DIL Danger in Life 304 EDH epidural hemorrhage
277 DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis 305 EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
278 DKD Diabetic Kidney Disease 306 EEG Electroencephalogram
279 DM Diabetes mellitus 307 EES Erytromycin Ethyl Succinate
280 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 308 EF Ejection fraction
281 DOTS Direct Observational Therapy, Short-Course 309 EFV efavirenz
282 DPA doralis pedis artery 310 EFW estimated fetus weight
283 DPP-4 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 311 EGD Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
284 DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus 312 eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
285 DR Catheter removal with delayed replacement 313 EIA enzyme immunoassay
286 DRE digital rectal exam 314 EIA Exercise Induced Asthma
287 DRNM Dual rhythm no murmur 315 ELISA Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
288 DS Dextrose saline 316 ELLSCS elective lower segment caesarean section
289 DSE Dobutamine stress echocardiography 317 ELSC Emergency lower segment caesarean
290 DSS Diffuse System Sclerosis 318 ELSCS Emergency lower segment caesarean section
291 DTAP Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis 319 EMLSCS emergency lower segment caesarean section
292 DVT Deep vein thrombosis 320 EMOT emergency operation theater
293 Dx Diagnosis 321 ENT Ear, Nose and Throat
294 DXT Dextrose 322 EOC evacuation of clot
295 e.g. for example 323 EOD Every other day
296 EABV effective arterial blood volume 324 ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
297 EBL Estimated Blood Loss 325 ERCP Endoscopic retrograte cannulation of pancreas
298 EBV Epstein-Barr Virus 326 ESA’s Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents
299 ECF extracellular fluid volume 327 ESBL Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase
300 ECG Electrocardiogram 328 ESKD End Stage Kidney Disease
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

329 ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 357 FHVP Free hepatic venous pressure
330 ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 358 Fhx Family history
331 ESRD End-stage Renal Disease 359 fiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen
332 ESRD End Stage Renal Disease 360 FKC fetal kick chart
333 ESRF End Stage Renal Failure 361 FLP Full lipid profile
334 EST exercise stress test 362 FLT Liver function test
335 ET endometrium thickness 363 FM fetal movement
336 ET Ejection time 364 FM Frequency-modulation
337 ETT Endo Tracheal Tube 365 FM Face mask
338 ETT Exercise Tolerance Test 366 FM Flow Mask
339 EUS Endoscopic ultrasonography 367 FOBT Fecal occult blood test
340 EV esophageal varices 368 FPG Fasting Plasma Glucose
341 EVD external ventricular drainage 369 FSL fasting serum lipid
342 EVL Endoscopic Variceal Ligation 370 FSL Fasting Serum Level
343 Ext. extended 371 FSL Function-spacer lipid
344 F/UP follow up 372 FSs Febrile seizures
345 FAST focussed assessment with in trauma 373 FTC Emtricitabine
346 FBC Full blood count 374 FTP frontal temporal
347 FBG Fasting Blood Glucose 375 FTSVD full term spontaneous vaginal delivery
348 FBP Folate-binding Protein 376 FTSVD full term spontaneous vaginal discharge
349 FBS fasting blood sugar 377 g gram
350 FBS/FSL Fasting blood sugar/Fasting serum lipid 378 G gravida
351 FDA Food and Drug Administration 379 G/C general condition
352 FEME Full Examination Microscopic Examination 380 g/dL Gram per deciliter
353 FES fat embolism syndorme 381 g/L Gram per liter
354 FEV1 force expiratory volume in 1 second 382 G1PO First pregnancy and never given birth
355 FFP Fresh frozen plasma 383 G3 B2 3rd gestation 2 births
356 FH fetal heart 384 G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

385 GA general gynae 413 GXM grouping & cross matching

386 GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 414 GXM Cross matching
387 GAVE Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia 415 GXM Group & cross matching for surgery
388 GB Gallbladder 416 Gy Gray
389 GBS group B streptococcus 417 H Hourly
390 GCS Glasgow coma scale 418 H. pylori Helicobacter pylori
391 GDM Gestation Diabetes Mellitus 419 H/O History of
392 GEN General 420 H2 Histamine
393 GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 421 H2O Water
394 GFR Glomerulus filtration rate 422 H2RA H2 receptor antagonist
395 GHKL General Hospital Kuala Lumpur 423 HAART Highly Active Anti Retro viral Therapy
396 GI Gastrointestinal 424 HAP Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
397 GIST Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor 425 HAV Hepatitis A Virus
398 GIT Gastrointestinal tract 426 Hb Haemoglobin
399 GJ Gastro Jejunostomy 427 Hb hemoglobin
400 Glob Globulin 428 HbA1c Glycalated Haemoglobin
401 GM Glucose monitoring 429 HBS Hepato-Biliary System
402 GN Glomerulonephritis 430 HBV Hepatitis B Virus
403 GOO Gastric Outlet Obstruction 431 HC head circumference
404 GORD Gastro oesophagus reflux disease 432 HCAP Health care-associated pneumonia
405 GP General practitioner 433 HCG beta human chorionic gonadotropin
406 GRACE Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events 434 HCl hydrochloric acid
407 GSH glutathione. 435 HCO3 Bicarbonate
408 GSH Glomerulus stimulating hormone 436 Hct Hematocrit
409 GSH gonadotropin stimulating hormone 437 HCV Hepatitis C Virus
410 GTC Generalized Tonic-clonic 438 HD Haemodialysis
411 GTN Glyceryl Trinitrate 439 HD Heart disease
412 GUTT drops 440 HDL High-density lipoprotein
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

441 HDU Hemodialysis unit 469 HR human resources

442 HDW high depency ward 470 hr Hour
443 HDW Hemoglobin Distribution Width 471 HR heart rate
444 Hep Hepatitis 472 Hrly hourly
445 Hep B Hepatitis B 473 HRT Hormone Replacement Therapy
446 HER Ethambutol, Isoniazide, Rifampicin 474 HS Hospital Selayang
447 HF Heart failure 475 HS At bedtime
448 HFM Hudson face mask 476 HSB Hospital Sungai Buloh
449 HFM Hand foot and mouth 477 HSD5% Half Saline Dextrose 5 %
450 HFM Hollow fibre membrane 478 HSDG Hospital Serdang
451 HFM High flow mask 479 HSV Herpes Simplex Virus
452 HH handihaler 480 HSV-1 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
453 HHS Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome 481 HTAR Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah
454 Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b 482 HTJS Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban
455 HIE Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 483 HTK Hospital Tanjung Karang
456 HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 484 HTN hypertension
457 HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus 485 HUKM Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
458 HKKB Hospital Kuala Kubu Bharu 486 HVPG Hepatic venous pressure gradient
459 HKL Hospital Kuala Lumpur 487 Hx history
460 HM Hartmann’s infusion 488 I&D incision & drainage
461 HM Human Milk 489 I/O input/ouput
462 HO Houseman Officer 490 IC intracoronary
463 HOPI history of presenting illness 491 ICB intracranial bleeding
464 HPE Hepatic portoenterostomy 492 ICH intracerebral hemorrhage
465 HPE Histopathological examination 493 ICP intracranial pressure
466 HPT Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid 494 ICR Intercostal retraction
467 HPT Hypertension 495 ICS inhaled corticosteroid
468 HPV human papilloma virus 496 ICU intensive care unit
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

497 ID Infectious disease 524 IS Incentive spirometry

498 ID5 Intravenous Dextrose 5% 525 ISDN isosorbide dinitrate
499 IDM Intensive Diabetic Management 526 ISMN isosorbide mononitrate
500 IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America 527 Iso Isolation
501 IEM Inborn Error of Metabolism 528 IU International Unit
502 IES Internal or external symptom 529 IUCD intrauterine contraceptive device
503 IFN interferon 530 IUD intrauterine death
504 Ig Immunoglobulin 531 IV intravascular/intravenous
505 IgA Immunoglobulin A 532 IVC intraventricular catheter
Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent 533 IVC Inferior vena cava
506 IgM ELISA
Assay 534 IVCD Intraventricular conduction defect
507 IHD Ischemic Heart Disease 535 IVD intravascular device
508 IHD Ischemic Heart Disease 536 IVD Intravenous dextrose
509 IJC intrajugular catheter 537 IVD Intravenous Drip
510 IJN Institute Jantung Negara 538 IVDU IV Drug user
511 IJN Institusi Jantung Negara 539 IVH intraventricular hemorrhage
512 IL-1 Interleukin-1 540 IVI Intravenous infusion
513 IL-6 Interleukin-6 541 IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin
514 ILN interlocking nail 542 Ix Investigation
515 IM Intramuscular 543 JPA Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam
516 IMP Impression 544 JVP jugular venous pressure
517 IMR infant mortality rate 545 K Potassium
518 Inj Injection 546 K/C/O Known case of
519 INR international normalized ratio 547 KB Kota Bharu
520 INS Intravenous normal saline 548 KCL Potassium chloride
521 IP Intraperitoneal 549 KDOQI Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative
522 IPJ Interphalangeal joint 550 Ket ketone
523 IPV Polio Vaccine 551 kg kilogram
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

552 KIV keep in view 580 LL leaking liquor

553 KK Klinik Kesihatan 581 LL Lower limb/ Left leg
554 KKB Klinik Kuala Kubu 582 LL Lower Limbs
555 KKM Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia 583 LMP last menstrual period
556 KMnO4 Potassium permanganate 584 LMWH low molecular weight heparin
557 KNBM keep nil by mouth 585 LN Lupus Nephritis
558 KPJ Kumpulan Perubatan Johor 586 LN Lymph node
559 KUB Kidney, ureter and bladder 587 LN Biopsy Lymph Node Biopsy
560 L Lymphocyte 588 LOA loss of appetite
561 L/L or LL lower limb 589 LOC Loss of Conscious
562 LA local anesthetic 590 LOW Loss of weight
563 LA Long acting 591 LP Lumbar puncture
564 LA Local application 592 LPC Labour progress chart
565 LAAC long-acting anti-cholinergic 593 LPV/r lopinavir/ritonavir
566 LABA long-acting beta-agonist 594 LRTI Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
567 Lac lactulose 595 LTOT Long Term Oxygen Therapy
568 Lact Lactose 596 LUTS Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
569 LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block 597 LV Left ventricles
570 LBW low birth weight 598 LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
571 LCB left costal border 599 LVF Left ventricular function
572 LCB last child birth 600 LVH left ventricular hypertrophy
573 LD Loading dose 601 LZ Lower zone
574 LDH Lactate dehydrogenase 602 m meter
575 LDL low density lipoprotein 603 MA Medical Assistant
576 LE left eye 604 MAC Mastectomy and axillary clearance
577 Leu leucocyte 605 MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
578 LFT Liver Function Test 606 MAP mean arterial pressure
579 LIF left illiac fossa 607 mb motorbike
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

608 MBG mean blood glucose 635 mmol/L millimoles per liter
609 MCA middle cerebral artery 636 MMP matrix-metalloproteinases
610 mcg microgram 637 MMR measles, mumps, rubella
611 MCH Mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin 638 Mmrc Modified British medical research council
612 MCHC Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration 639 MMT Magnesium Trisilicate
613 MCPJ Metacarpophalangeal Joint 640 MO Medical officer
614 MCV Mean corpuscular (cell) volume 641 MOE Ministry of Education
615 MD Maintenance Dose 642 MOGTT modified oral glucose tolerance test
616 MD Medical doctor 643 MOH Ministry of Health
617 MDI Metered Dose Inhaler 644 MOPD Medical Outpatient Department
618 MDR Multi-drug resistant 645 MOT Mode of transmission
619 MDRD Modification of diet in renal disease 646 MPV Mean platelet volume
620 MFU Movement fetal 647 MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
621 mg milligrams 648 MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
622 Mg / Mg2+ Magnesium 649 MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
623 MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate 650 MRO multidrug resistant organisms
624 MGTT meal glucose tolerance test 651 MRSA Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory 652 MRSS Modified Rodnan Skin Score
625 MHRA
Agency 653 MSSA Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus
626 MI Myocardial Infraction 654 MTB Miliary Tuberculosis
627 Min. Minimum 655 MTCT mother-to-child transmission
628 Mix Mixture 656 mth month
629 Mixt Mixture 657 MTP metatarsophalangeal
630 ml millilitre 658 MV mitral valve
631 ml/min millilitre per minute 659 MVA Motor Vehicle Accident
632 MLS midline shift 660 MVT Multivitamin
633 mm millimeter 661 mx management
634 mmHg Millimetre mercury 662 MZ Middle zone
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

663 N Normal 690 NICU Neonates Intensive Care Unit

664 N Neutrophil 691 NIDDM non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
665 N/A Not applicable or Not available 692 NIL Nihil (nothing) / not available
666 N/A Not applicable 693 Nil Not in list
667 N/S Normal saline 694 NIPPV Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
668 Na sodium 695 NIV non-invasive ventilation
669 NAC N-acetyl cysteine 696 NKDA Not known drug allergy
670 NaCl sodium chloride 697 NKMI No Known Medical Illness
671 NAD No abnormally detected 698 NKSH No known social history
672 NAR No active resuscitation 699 NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
673 NBM No bowel movement 700 NNJ Neonatal jaundice
674 NBM Nil by mouth 701 NNRTI Non - Nucleoside reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
675 NBO Nil by oral 702 Norad Noradrenaline
676 NBO No bowel output 703 NP Nasal Prongs
677 NBO / BNO No Bowel Opening 704 NP Nasal Prong
678 NCVD National Cardiovascular Disease Database 705 NP02 nasal prong oxygen
679 NDHP Non- dihydropyridine 706 NPA Nasopharyngeal airways
680 Neb Nebulizer 707 NPAIF Nasopharyngeal aspirates Immunofluorenscence
681 Neb AVN Nebulizer (ipratropium bromide and salbutamol) 708 NRS Numeric rating scale
682 NECT Non-enhanced computer tomographic 709 NRTI Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
683 NETs Neutrophil extracellular traps 710 NS Normal saline
684 Neut Neutrophils 711 NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
685 NG nasogastric 712 NSR Normal sinus rhythm
686 NG No growth 713 NSTEMI Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination 714 NVP nevirapine
687 NHANES III
Survey 715 NYHA New York Heart Association
688 NIBP non-invasive blood pressure 716 º Degree
689 NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 717 O&G obstetrics and gynecology
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

718 o/e on examination 746 P para

719 O2 Oxygen 747 P/A per abdomen
720 OA Osteoarthritis 748 P/C Paediatrics clinic
721 OAD Oral Antidiabetic Drug 749 p/w Present With
722 Obs obstetrics 750 P/W Presenting With
723 OCP oral contraceptive 751 PA placenta abruption
724 OD Once a Day 752 PA Physician Assistant
725 OGDS Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy 753 PA Popliteal Artery
726 OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 754 PA Per Abdominal
727 OHA Oral Hypoglycemic Agent 755 PAC pulmonary artery catheter
728 OI Opportunistic Infection 756 PAC Premature Atrial Contraction
729 OM Osteomyelitis 757 Paed Paediatric
730 OM outer membrane Perinuclear pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic
758 P-ANCA
731 OM Otitis Media antibody
732 OM At Morning 759 PBF Pulmonary blood flow/ peripheral blood flow
733 OMFS oral maxillofacial surgery 760 PC packed cells
734 ON At Night 761 PC Plasma Cell
735 ONS Oral Nutrition Supplements 762 PC Platelet Count
736 OP operation 763 PCA Patient-Controlled Analgesia
737 OPV oral polio vaccine 764 PCAF protein associated factor
738 ORIF Open Reduction and Internal Fixation 765 PCAM Patient Controlled Analgesia Morphine
739 ORS Oral Dehydration Salt 766 PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
740 os ovarian stimulation 767 PCM Paracetamol
741 os cervical opening 768 pCO2 Partial Cressure Carbon Dioxide
742 OT Operating Theatre 769 PCP Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
743 OT Occupational Therapy 770 PCR polymerase chain reaction
744 OTC Over the Counter 771 PCV Packed Cell Volume
745 OV per vaginal 772 PCWP Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

773 PD Peritoneal Dialysis 801 POC Point of care

774 PE Pre eclampsia 802 POD post operation day
775 PE Pericardial Effusion 803 POD pouch of douglas
776 PE Pulmonary Embolism 804 POP plaster of paris
777 Peads Paediatrics 805 post CVL Post Central Venous Line
778 PEF Peak Expiratory Flow 806 PPI Proton pump inhibitor
779 PEFR peak expiratory flow rate 807 PPK Penolong Pegawai Kesihatan
780 PEP Post-Exposure Prophylaxis 808 PPUM Pusat Perubatan Universiti Malaysia
781 PET Peritoneal Equilibration Test 809 PR pulse rate
782 PH Pulmonary hypertension 810 PR per rectal
783 PHDU Paediatric High Dependency Unit 811 PR exam Rectal Exam
784 Physio Physiotherapy 812 PRN when necessary
785 PI protease inhibitors 813 PS pain score
786 PI Protease Inhibitor 814 PSA protein specific antigen
787 PICC peripherally inserted central cathether 815 PSE present state examination
788 PICU Paediatrics ICU 816 PSM Pansystolic murmur
789 PID pelvic inflammatory disease 817 PSY Psychology
790 PIH Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation 818 Pt patient
791 PIP Proximal Interphalangeal 819 PT prothrombin time
792 Plt Platelet 820 PTA posterial tibial artery
793 pm At Night 821 PTB Pulmonary tuberculosis
794 PMTCT prevention of mother-to-child transmission 822 PTBR Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor
795 PNC postnatal clinic 823 PTD prior to discharge
796 PND Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea 824 PTD post trauma day
797 PO Per Orally 825 PTH Parathyroid hormone
798 pO2 Partial Pressure Oxygen 826 PU Passed urine
799 PO4 phosphate 827 PU/BO Passed Urine/Bowel Opening
800 POBA Plain Old Balloon Angioplastry 828 PUD Peptic ulcer disease
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

829 PV per vaginal 857 RF Renal function

830 PV Pulse Volume 858 RFT Renal Function Test
831 PV vaginal 859 RHC Right Hypochondrium
832 PVC Premature Ventricular Contraction 860 RIF Right Iliac Fossa
833 q Every 861 RLC Right left cellulitis
834 q24 hour Every 24 hour 862 RN Registration number
835 Q4H Every 4 hours 863 RN Runny Nose
836 Q6H Every 6 hour 864 RNA ribonucleic acid
837 QFT Quantiferon 865 ROF Restriction of Fluid
838 qh Every hour 866 ROM range of movement
839 QID Four Times a Day 867 ROP Retinopathy of Prematurity
840 QwMI Q wave Myocardial Infarction 868 RP Renal Profile
841 R Resistant 869 RPGN Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
842 R/L Right / Left 870 RR respiratory rate
843 R/O Rule Out 871 RRT Renal Replacement Therapy
844 R/T Ryle's Tube 872 RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus
845 R/V Review 873 RT Ryle’s Tube
846 RA Room air 874 RT Room Temperature
847 RA Right Atrium 875 RTF Ryles’ Tube Feeding
848 RAI Radioactive Iodine 876 RTFF ryle's tube free flow
849 RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block 877 RU Residual urine
850 RBC Red blood cell 878 RV Respiratory Virus
851 RBG Random blood glucose 879 RV Right Ventricular
852 RBS random blood sugar 880 RVD Retrovirus Disease
853 RCA Right Coronary Artery 881 RX Prescription
854 RDW Red Cell Distribution Width 882 S Sensitive
855 Reqd Required 883 S&C suction and curettage
856 RESP Respiratory 884 S/C subcutaneous
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

885 S/L sublingual 906 SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

886 S/L GTN Sublingual Glycerin Nitrate 907 SLE Systemic Lupus Erythemous
887 SAAC short acting anticholinergic 908 SLS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
888 SAB spontaneous abortion 909 SN Sinus Node
889 SABA short acting beta agonist 910 SNT Soft, Non-Tender
890 SAH subarachnoid haemorrhage 911 SOB Shortness of Breath
891 SaO2 Saturation Level of Oxygen 912 SOD sure of date
892 SBP systolic blood pressure 913 SOL Space Occupying Lesion
893 SC subcutaneous 914 SOPD surgical outpatient department
894 Scps Scoops 915 SOPD Septo-optic-pituitary dysplasia
895 SCr serum creatinine 916 sp. species
896 SCR Subcostal recession 917 SPO2 Percentage Oxygen Saturation
897 SCr Serum Creatinine 918 Spp Species
898 SCR Subcostal Retraction 919 SPPK Sektor Percetakan, Pengedaran dan Keselamatan
899 SDH subdural hemorrhage 920 SR Sinus Rhythm
900 sdNVP single dose oral nevirapine 921 SR Sustained Release
894 Scps Scoops 922 SR Sedimentation Rate
895 SCr serum creatinine 923 SSI Surgical site infection
896 SCR Subcostal recession 924 St station
897 SCr Serum Creatinine 925 START short term antiretroviral therapy
898 SCR Subcostal Retraction 926 STAT Immediately
899 SDH subdural hemorrhage 927 STD sexually transmitted disease
900 sdNVP single dose oral nevirapine 928 STEMI ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
901 SE Status Epilepticus 929 STI soft tissue injury
902 secs Seconds 930 STK Streptokinase
903 SFNG So Far No Growth 931 STO suture to open
904 SG specific gravity 932 STO Surgical Time-Out
905 SIMV synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation 933 Supp Suppository
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

934 supp Supplements 962 TB Tuberculosis

935 SVD spontaneous vaginal delivery 963 TBLB Transbronchial Lung Biopsy
936 SVD spontaneous vaginal discharge 964 TCA Team Care Arrangements
937 SVG Salvage Without Antibiotic Lock 965 TCA To Come Again
938 SVT Sub Ventricular Tachycardia 966 TCO2 Total Carbon Dioxide
939 SVT Sinus Venous Thrombosis 967 TDF tenofovir
940 Sx Symptoms 968 TDM Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
941 Syr Syrup 969 TDS / TID Three Times per Day
942 Syr. FAC Syrup Ferrous Ammonium Citrate thromboembolic deterrent stocking for DVT
970 TED
943 T Temperature prophylaxis
944 T / tab Tablet TED
971 Thrombo Embolic Deterrent Stocking
945 T&S toilet & suture Stocking
946 T. tablet 972 TEE Transesophageal echocardiography
947 T. Bilirubbin total bilirubbin 973 Temp Temprerature
948 T. Bilirubin Total Bilirubin 974 TFT Thrombus formation time
949 T. C Total Cholesterol 975 TFT Thyroid Function Test
950 T. Protein total protein 976 TG Triglyceride
951 T. Protein Total Protein 977 TH Turbohaler
952 T.Bilirubin total bilirubin 978 THR total hip replacement
953 T/A to allow 979 TIA transient ischemic attack
954 T/O Transfer out 980 tib/fib tibia/fibia
955 T/O Total Obstruction 981 TID/TDS three times a day
956 T/Temp Temperature 982 TIPS Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
957 T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 983 TK Tenckhoff
958 T4 Thyroxine 984 TK catheter Tenckhoff catheter
959 T4 Tetraiodothyronine 985 TM Tympanic Membrane
960 TAP Therapy 986 TMO Transcaruncular medial orbitory
961 TAS trans abdominal sonography 987 TMP/SMX Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

988 TNF tumor necrosis factor 1016 UBG Urobilinogen

989 TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha 1017 UF Urine flow
990 TNM Tumour, Node, Metastasis 1018 UF Ultrafiltration
991 TOC tightness of chest 1019 UFEME urine full examination microscopic examination
992 TP Total Protein 1020 UFH Unfractionated Heparin
993 TPM Temporary Pacemaker 1021 UGIB upper gastrointestinal bleeding
994 TPN Total Parenteral Nutrition 1022 UHT Ultra-High-Temperature
995 TRA To rule out 1023 UiTM Universitit Teknologi Mara
996 TRALI Transfusion related acute lung injury 1024 UL Upper Limb
997 TRB Total Red Blood Cell 1025 ULAR Ultra-low anterior resection
998 TRO To Rule Out 1026 umol/L Micromol per Liter
999 Trop-I Troponin-I 1027 ung Ointment
1000 Trop-T Troponin-T 1028 UO urine output
1001 TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 1029 UPH Urine pH
1002 TURP Transurethral Resection of the Prostate 1030 UPT urine pregnancy test
1003 TWBC Total White Blood Cell 1031 URO urology
1004 TWC total white cell 1032 URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
1005 Tx Treatment 1033 US ultrasound
1006 u Units 1034 US KUB ultrasound kidneys, ureters, bladder
1007 U. Urine 1035 USG Ultrasonography
1008 U/L Upper Limb 1036 USG HBS Ultrasonography hepatobiliary scintigraphy
1009 U/L unlikely 1037 USG KUB ultrasonography of kidney, ureter and bladder
1010 u/l underlying 1038 Ut uterus
1011 U/O Urine Output 1039 UTI urinary tract infection
1012 U/S Ultrasound 1040 UUN Urine Urea Nitrogen
1013 U/S HBS Ultrasound Hepatobiliary Scintography 1041 UZ Upper Zone
1014 UA Urine albumin 1042 V/E vaginal examination
1015 UA Unstable Angina 1043 V/S vital sign
 THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR CLERKING CASES

1044 V/V vulvar/vagina 1072 ZDV zidovudine

1045 VAC vacuum-assisted closure 1073 θ Pints
1046 VAN Vascular Access nurse
1047 VAP Ventilator Associates Pneumonia
1048 VBAC vaginal birth after Caesarean
1049 VBG venous blood gas
1050 VBG Vertical-Banded Gastroplasty
1051 VE vaginal examination
1052 -ve negative
1053 VF Ventricular Fibrillation
1054 VM ventimask
1055 VP shunt ventriculoperitoneal shunt
1056 VS vital signs
1057 VT Ventricular Tachycardia
1058 VUR Vesicoutaral Reflux
1059 W/hold Withhold
1060 w/o watch out
1061 w/out watch out
1062 W/up Work Up
1063 w/v Weight/Volume
1064 WBC white blood cell
1065 WCC white cell count
1066 WD Wound Debridement
1067 WE Wound excision
1068 WHO World Health Organization
1069 WHVP Wedged Hepatic Vein Pressure
1070 WI Wound Inspection
1071 XOA X-ray on arrival