FERTILIZATION & IMPLANTATION

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PREPARED BY MRS.RESHMA AJAY, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
.
 DEFINITION
• FERTILIZATION:It is the process during which
a male gamete (sperm) unites with a female
gamete (oocyte ) to form a single cell
(ZYGOTE).
• IMPLANTATION: It is the process by which
the Blastocyst penetrates the superficial
(Compact) layer of the endometrium of the
uterus.
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• Chemical signals
from oocyte attract
the sperms.
• Ends up with
intermingling of the
maternal and
paternal
chromosomes.
• SITE: ampulla of the
uterine tube.

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 Phases of Fertilization
• 1- Passage of sperm
through corona radiata,
under the effect of
hyaluronidase enzyme
• 2- Penetration of the zona
pellucida by head of
sperms through acrosine
E. from acrosome of one
sperm.
• 3- Fusion of the plasma
membrane of the oocyte
and that of the sperm.
so sperm’s plasma
membrane remains
behind.
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Its tail is detached and
degenerated.
 Zona reaction : it is a change in
properties of zona pellucida that
makes it impermeable to other
sperms.
• Embryo's chromosomal sex is
determined at the time of
fertilization.
• Sex is determined by the type of
sperm (X or Y) that fertilizes
the oocyte.
• repeated mitotic divisions of the
zygote.
• Rapid increase in the number of
the cells.
• These smaller embryonic cells
are called Blastomeres. 无忧PPT整理发布
zygote

• Normally occurs in the uterine

tube.
 REVIEW OF
FERTILIZATION
• 0 hours: fertilization
• 24 hours: 2 cell stage of
zygote.
• 42 hours: 4 cell stage.
• 72 hours: 12 cell stage.
• 96 hours: morula enters
uterine cavity(mulberry like
ball).

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• When there are 12-32 blastomeres the developing
human is called MORULA.
• 5th day: blastocyst.(morula expands with fluid)
• Blastocyst It is formed of :(1) Trophoblast .
• (2) Inner cell mass. (3) Blastocyst cavity.
• trophoblast cells: forms placenta against uterine
cavity.
• embryoblast cells: continusly divide - embryo- baby

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 IMPLANTATION
• 7th day: implantation/ Nidation.(complete by 11-
12 days)
• At posterior wall of the uterus near the fundus.
• Definition :
• It is the process by which the Blastocyst
penetrates the superficial (Compact) layer of
the endometrium of the uterus.
• if implantation successful, the developing
placenta will begin to produce the hormone
HCG.
• This is the hormone detectable by无忧PPT整理发布
home and
clinical pregnancy tests.
By the 5th day the Zona pellucida degenerates.
Blastocyst begins implantation by the 6th day.
Trophoblast cells penetrate the epithelium of the endometrium.
Penetration results from proteolytic enzymes (eg.COX-2)
produced by the trophoblast.

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6th day
7th day
• DECIDUA: name of uterine endometrium during
pregnancy.
• Three areas of decidua:
• Decidua basalis: this portion of deciduas lies
between the blastocyst and uterine muscle. This
part later forms the placenta.
• Deciduas capsularis: this is superficial compact
layer which overlies blastocyst.
• Decidua parietalis: it is the deciduas lining the
rest of the uterine cavity.
• 11th day: implantation completed.无忧PPT整理发布
• .after blastocyst embeded into endometrium,
outer trophoblastic cells proliferate to form 3
• Outer- syncytiotrophoblast – which makes
nutrients in the maternal blood.
• inner- cytotrophoblast- which produce the
hormone-HCG
• third – mesoderm- which develops to chorionic
vesicle with its membrane called chorion. It forms
body stalk and umbilical cord.
• finger like buds of trophoblastic layer – chorionic
villi.
• 12th day: primary villi,16th day: secondary villi.
• 21st day: tertiary villi. 无忧PPT整理发布
• cells of inner cell mass differentiated in to 3
layers:Ectoderm , endoderm, mesoderm.
• Ectoderm- develops into central and peripheral
nervous system and the epidermis.
• Endoderm- forms the dermis, skeleton, major
parts of urinary bladder, skeletal and smooth
muscles.
• Mesoderm- forms heart, blood vessels, liver,
pancreas, bones and muscles.
• 21- 22nd day: foetal heart, Feto- placental
circulation.
• 21- 40 day: Chorion frondosum.
• 40- 50 day: cotyledons 无忧PPT整理发布
• Embryo is a developing off spring till eight
weeks of implantation.
Embryology and fetal development
3 stages of growth
• the stage of zygote- before implantation.
• the stage of embryo- 2nd to 8 weeks.
• the stage of fetus- later in the pregnancy.
• The embryo is connected to the placenta by the
umbilical cord. The placenta act as a filter and
as a barrier.
• when entire growing organism finally becomes
clearly identifiable as human, it leaves the
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stage of embryo and enters the stage of fetus.
 Development of fetus

first trimester: the following changes

occur at the end of first trimester:
• All organs are formed and heart starts
to beat.
• The fetus become less vulnerable to
the effect of most drugs, infections.
• Facial features are forming无忧PPT整理发布
& rapid
development of brain.
• external sex organs are visible-
difficult in identification.
• Rudimentary kidneys excrete small
amount of urine in to amniotic sac.
• fetus about 2.9 inches long &
weights about 14 gms.

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Second trimester (4,5,6 months- fast fetal
growth).
• Fetal heart sounds starts to hear with
stethoscope.eyes remains closed,body growth
accelerates.
• Vernix caseosa present, skin is wrinkled,
appears pink.
• Sex is obvious,fetus Moves freely inside the
uterus.
• Skeleton calcified, birth survival possible, but
risk. 无忧PPT整理发布
• Average crown – rump length is 20 cm &
weights-568gms.
Third trimester (7,8,9 month)
• skin- whitish pink, sucking reflex is
stronger & eyes begins to open and shut.
• Skull is formes, hairs in single strands.
• Fetus 31cm long, weights about 3000gms.

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