Research:
Basic Research Applied Research
● systematic , disciplined investigation
● Use of scientific method
Nursing Research
● Purpose: to develop evidence on
issue of the nursing profession
○ Nursing practice, education,
administration
● Goal: improve quality of life
Clinical Nursing research
● Purpose: to guide bedside practice
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Source of Evidence:
● Tradition
○ Beliefs are truths
○ Based on customs
○ Not always correct
● Authority
○ Expert in fields
○ Not always correct
● Clinical experience
○ Based on nurse’s
observation
○ May be biased
● Trial and error
○ Risky, may cause injury
● Intuition
○ Hunch
○ Instinct
● Logical Reasoning
○ Inductive reasoning
■ Specific to general
○ Deductive reasoning
■ General to specific
● Disciplined research
○ rigorous
○ Systematic
○ Evidence based
Increase knowledge Find solutions to
problems
High level than
basic
Variable:
● Independent Variable:
○ Presumed cause
● Dependent Variable
○ Presumed effect
○ Aka outcome variable
● confounding /extraneous
variables
○ Contaminating variable
Relationship:
● Causal: cause and effect
○ There is a sure (100%)
relationship with one another
○ Causal is a stronger than
Associate
● Associative: there is only a chance
of existence
Cases:
When you give antibiotics there is a chance
to killing the bacteria - casual
When there is a fire, there is a smoke -
causal
When they is a rain, there will be someone
will get wet - causal
When you don't do physical activity you get
diabetes - Associative
Types of Research Design
 ○ Equal risk and benefits
Quantitative Qualitative
● Autonomy
Empirical: Observe Human Experience: ○ Voluntary decision
by the 5 senses ○ Patient has to considered the
● Smell Flexible and risk
● Felt Evolving - till you ● Veracity
● Touch reach to the point of
○ Ver = Truth
● Seen saturation
● Tast ○ Verify = truth
● Hear Narrative and wordy ○ Complete information and it
- interview and implies truth
Logical and transcribing ● Confidentiality:
Planned - with ○ Data is not revealed
methodology, with Observe in Natural ○ Physical Copy: put in a
design, has planned Setting - observe
locked and secure locker
research proposal way of living
● Immersion ○ Anonymity: we can reveal
Numbers, statistics the result as long as data is
not linked to the
Controlled - cannot person/subject
be bring to ■ Remove identifying
everything information (name,
● Cannot the
deviated address, contact
because number, photo, email
Controlled address)
variables INFORM CONSENT:
can be ● It allows subject to Accept or X
disrupted = decline participation
affect the
● Protects autonomy
Validity
○ What principle are we
protecting? Autonomy
○ Explanation, informed
Ethics in Research consent should be served
● Codes of Ethics - serves to protect first
the research subject ● Elements of Informed
● Priority: Safety Consent(VICS)
○ If it implicates Harm then the ○ V- Voluntary
research should not be ■ Willingness is there
implemented ■ No coercion
Ethical Principles: ■ No bribery
● Beneficence ○ I- Informed
○ Benefits ■ Fully inform client and
○ Do Good it must be fully
● Non-maleficence: understood
○ Do no harm ■ Risk, benefits,
○ Mali = wrong process, time frame
● Justice:
 ■
○ C-Competent
■ 18 years old and
above (patient is in
legal age)
■ Coherent: sound
mind, not under the
influence of any
substances
■ Not mentally retarted
○ S-Signature
■ Two signature must
be present
■ 1 subject: 2 witness
(two kind of
signature) - kahit sino
pwede mag witness
CHAPTER ONE:
Chapter II Review of Related Literature
No copy paste = Plagiarism
● To avoid - Paraphrasing and
Citation
Types of Sources:
● Primary Source:
○ Original study
● Secondary source
○ Reports based on an original
study
○ Hearsay
○ Continued study
○ Systemic review, critique
review, reports
● Tertiary
○ Textbook

Research problem Primacy >Secondary

● Asking “what is wrong”curiosity and ● It alters the validity
interest
● Curiosity CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
Statement of Purpose
● What you want to happen ● RIGOR OF THE STUDY
● Goals and objectives ● POOR DESIGN =
○ Goal: general
○ Objectives: specific Quantitative Research Design
Research Question: (PIRD - four parts)
● P-Population 1. Experimental
○ Group of people that is being a. Randomized controlled trial /
studies rct
○ respondents b. Strogeste design
● IV -independent variables c. 3 elements bCRM
● R- Relationship 2.
● D-Dependent Variable Control Group
Example: 1. Treatment will provide
Among young adults is sedentary lifetyl room for comparison
associated with hypertension 2. Without treatment =
control group =resistance
● Population : Young adult to experiment
● Relation associated with 3. For comparison- standard
● Sedentary lifestyle - IV 4. No treatment =
● Hypertension - DV 5. With alternative treatment
 6. With placebo
ii. Experimental
1. With main treatment
II. Randomized
● No bias
● Random assignment to experimental
and control group
● Cancel out confronting variable
● How to cancel controntingh
variable? Perform randomization
○ For it allows equivalency
among experimental and
control group
III. Manipulation
● Process of giving treatment
○ Given to experiemental
3. Quasi-Experimental
a. “Almost” - pseudo
b. Absence of randomization
c. Experimental and control
group: non-equivalent \
d. Low validity = has
confronting variable
e. Bias is not decrease
4. Non experimental
a. No manipulation
b. No treatment
c. Researchers are just
bystanders/observers
Types:
Descriptive Design
● Describe and document variables
● Knowing the trend - ex. Amount of
alcohol intake of filipino adults
○ Only has one variable
○ One population
● You do not establish relationship in
descriptive
○ We don't need Independent
descriptive and dependent,
and relationship
Correlational Design
● We have relationship between
variables
● Needed two relationship
○ Independent
○ Dependent
● Ex. Relationship between alcohol
intake and happiness level
○ IV - alcohol intake
○ DV - happiness level
Prospective/Cohort
● Perspective
● Pros = future (progress, protrude)
● Assessment for risk factor - for long
term
○ Follow to the future
● Start with risk factor (EXPOSED
Subject)
○ Then Follow through
○ Assess for (Affected)
● Note: Multiple times you will
encounter with the client -
longitudinal
○ Multiple data collection (10
times)
Retrospective/Case-control
● Base on the pass study
● Look back to the past
● Knowing the exposure
● Affected
○ Then look back
○ Identify the risk factor
● Hindi na binabalikan -
● Only once lang mag kikita, you only
do survey - cross sectional: single
data collection
Prospective > Retrospective
Prospective Retrospective
 ○ Developing the art of
Data is reel time Recall Bias
Becoming a COUPLE
Monitored Not accurate
(inaccuracy of data) Case Study:
● Only entity ang pinag aaralan
● In Depth study of a SINGLE ENTITY
○ Interview
Qualitative ○ Physical examination
● Word for word ○ Laboratory study
● Narrative ○ Gordon’s functional
○ Drug study
Ethnography ● Ex.
● Tribes ○ A case of an Adult Male with
● Cultural patterns and lifeways Asymptomatic COVID-19”
● Knowing traditions, belief system, Participatory Action Research (PAR)
festival, rituals, superstition ● Collaboration between research and
● 2 perspective participants
○ Emic: insider’s view ● Barangay health workers:
■ They answer it word participants (taga doon)
by word ● TYPE: Action research
■ POV of the ● Design: Qualitative Design
participants
○ Etic: outsider’s view SAMPLING
■ Interpretation of the ● Process of selecting a portion of
researcher population
Ex. Ifugaos in the face of modern world ○ Position of population =
sample
Phenomenology: ● Population = the group selected
● Live experience ○ (N)
● Discovering Meaning ● Sample
● Ex. Live experience of NLE ○ (n)
reviewees for the November 2020 ● What is your goal:
licensure exam ○ It assure that each group
● Quality of life: live experience of were equally represented
elderly patient in the elderly home ○ We were able to get all the
● The meaning of diabetes in healthy elements of the sample
lifestyle ○ Representativeness -the
sample must represent the
Grounded Theory population
● Social processes SAMPLE SIZE
○ Relationship of people ● Quantitative
○ All events in the life of people ○ Slovin’s Formula
● “Intimate partner violence”
● Development of theory
 ○ All can be included
○ High representativeness

.
e= margin of error
Example: Simple Random Sampling
● N = 800 ● Uses sampling frame (list)
● E = 5% - use decimal ● Masterlist = sampling frame
○ 0.05 ● Draw lots/fishbowl
● Sample: Stratified Random (big brother ni quota)
● Strata (specific characteristic),
random
● Has sub-groups
● No picking/selection like the quota
sampling
● Fishbowl effect din
Systematic
● Uses sampling Interval (k)
● If walang list it is impossible to
attain this

Ex.
N=1200
e= 5%
Cluster/Multistage
● Successive sampling
● Geographic locations
○ Maraming sample from
different sample
● Dapat each places and
geographic must be securely
represented - to attain
generalization (generalize) data
○ Region
○ Municipality
○ City
○ Barangay
SAMPLE SIZE
● Qualitative
● Rule: Don't stop til you get enough ● Non-probability Sampling
● How do we know if its enough ○ Non random sampling
○ If may DATA SATURATION ○ Not all can be included - not
■ Same data if all has a chance to be part of
recurring the study
■ Data repetition ○ Low representative
TYPES OF SAMPLING
● Probability Sampling Non prob sampling techniques
○ Random
 Mode = pinaka marami, most
1. Convenience
a. Conveniently available frequent
people
b. Weakest but most common
c. G-form given to anyone
available
2. Snowball
a. Networking
b. Referral system
3. Quota
a. Strata - has specific Mean: 60/11 = 5.45; Median = 5; Mode - 7
characteristics
i. All 1st year level
ii. All woman
iii. All taking anaphy
iv. Schools
b. Non random
4. Purposive/judgemental
a. Hand-picking samples
b. Bias
c. Utilization of criteria to Mean: 69/12 = 5.75; Median: 5+7 = 6;
pic Mode: 7 and 9 (Bi-modal; okay lang if
i. Inclusion- what
marami)
you see in them,
eligibility ● Inferential statistic
ii. Exclusion- ground ○ Makes interpretations
for exclusion, red about variable
flags, avoid ○ For Hypothesis testing
■ Pearson r and
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS spearson
● Descriptive Statistic ○ Only inferential stat can
○ Used to extablish the relationship
synthesize/describe data between independent and
○ How many? Percentage dependent variable
○ Determine frequency and
percentage Pearson’s R
■ Frequency ● Establish correlation
count/bilang ○ Only associative lang not
Measures of Central Tendency causation
3 M’s
● Mean- the average 0 No correlation
○ Computation
■ Add all number and 0.1 - 0.3 Low /weak
divide them
0.31 - 0.5 Moderate
● Median= divides into half and /average
arrange from lowest to highets
0.51 - 1 High

(+) = Direct/positive
● If tumaas si IV tataas si DV
● If bababa si IV bababa si DV
(-) = Inverse/negative
● If tumaas si IV baba si DV
● If bababa si IV tataas si DV
● Opposite direction
Ex.
● Eating burnt food and cancer =
direct
● Physical activity and weight =
inverse (more exercise lesser
weight)
● Dehydration and weight = direct
(more hydrated more weight; less
hydrated less weight
● Coffee intake and sleep = inverse
(more coffee = less sleep)
● Temperature and perspiration
(direct) - more temp more sweat
● Eating and appetite = inverse ( if
we eat more appetite decrease)
● Would like to study the lecture
scores- one has lectures and other
has no lecture. Number of passers
was 40, the other was 50. What
statistical tool to use.
T-test
● Differences of Mean of 2 groups
○ Only and exactly two
● Criteria: mean and two groups
● Two types
○ Independent/student
■ Separated/mag ka
hiwalay
■ If 20 ang sample -
separated into 2 = 10
■ Expression of data is
in mean

○ Dependent/paired
■ magkasama /
together
■ All will receive
treatment
■ Use the pre and post
Chi-squared (X2) test test will be
● Differences Frequency and assessed
proportion (%) ■ Mean from pre test
● In CBQ- differences and proportion, and post test
comparison of frequency and ■ pretest= no
percentage (proportion) treatment /
● Would like to study the lecture alternative
scores- one has lectures and other treatment/ placebo
has no lecture. Other was 90% and ANOVA (analysis of variance)
the other was 80%. What statistical ● Kapatid ni t test
tool to use. ● Differences of means of 3 or more
○ Has two groups groups
○ Percentage was mentioned ○ Ex. 30 study
■ Ten with treatment
 ■ Ten With placebo
■ Ten With alternative
● You would like to know best 1. Research refers to a systematic and
teaching strategies disciplined inquiry that seeks to answer questions and
solve problems using a structured series of steps. The
○ Ten with treatment (lecture) goal of clinical nursing research is to:*
○ Ten With placebo (no)
○ Ten With alternative
1/1
(handouts)

a) Understand challenges and create improvements

Spearman Rho
in nursing education.
● No - and + (no direction)
● Only high low and moderate b) Develop and expand the body of scientific
knowledge.
Data Collection Methods
c) Update best practice in nursing and improve
quality of life.
1. Observation
a. Rating scales, checklist
d) Prove that sound evidence is an excellent basis
b. Participants observation: for clinical nursing practice.
observes people in natural
environment
c. Problem: Hawthorne effect
i. Knowledge of being
observe -> changes in 2. Quantitative research is different from
behavior -> generate qualitative research in all the following ways except:*
inaccurate result
2. Self- reports 1/1
a. Responses to questions,
most common
b. Quantitative: questionnaire a. Quantitative research is based on numerical and
narrative data, while qualitative research is based
c. Qualitative on objective and statistical inputs.

b. Qualitative research is best conducted in a

Kind of Self report method location which the subjects consider as their habitat.

Semi structured List of topics/question

c. Increasing validity and decreasing bias is
interview
essential for quantitative research.

Unstructured No previous knowledge

interview d. In qualitative research, the design and
procedures are seen as flexible and allows for
change.
Focus group 5 to 10 people
discussion

3. Which of the following statements

3. Biophysiologic measure demonstrate an associative relationship?*
a. Assessment of clinical
variables
0/1 c. Informed consent for

a. An increase in the serum sodium level of a client d. No assent needed

caused the increase in blood volume and pressure.

b. A black cat that passed by the road caused bad

luck to a motorist and suffered from a vehicular
accident.
c. Sedentary lifestyle of Ms. Patricia is more likely to
increase her chances of developing diabetes
mellitus.
6. An ICU nurse taking up her master’s degree
came up with the research title “Effects of Hospital
Visitation on Anxiety among Intensive Care Unit
Patients in Cebu” for her thesis. Which is the
independent variable?*

1/1
d. A fire alarm that set off in the building has
resulted in rapid evacuaiton of the tenants.
a. Intensive Care Unit Patients

b. Anxiety
4. A participant in your study is asking if you
can provide him the treatment dosage that is 5 times c. Cebu
higher than prescribed. Upon reading the BON
Resolution No. 220, the best response is to:*
d. Hospital Visitation

1/1
7. In the same research title mentioned above,
which is the dependent variable?*
a. Follow the wishes of the participant in order to
protect right to self-determination.
1/1

b. Decline the request since this may deplete the

funds of the research project. a. Intensive Care Unit Patients

c. Explain that the priority of the study is to protect b. Hospital Visitation

the safety of the participants at all times.
c. Anxiety
d. Report the statement of the participant to your
co-researchers to discuss possible actions to take.
d. Effects

8. A nursing student wanted to study whether

5. On the other hand, if the subject is already
18 years old or above, which document is used to
protect their autonomy?*
health education affects the knowledge on self-care
practices among patients with diabetes mellitus.
Which of the following would be his independent
variable?*

1/1
1/1

a. Self-care practices
a. Verbal assent

b. Diabetes Mellitus
b. Assent form
 c. Knowledge d. Students

d. Health education 12. A nurse seeks to determine the barriers to

contraceptive use among postpartum adolescents.
She identified the following inclusion criteria in
recruiting her subjects: (1) aged 14 – 17 years old;
and (2) had been pregnant. The exclusion criteria
were: (1) acutely ill or in a medical emergency; and
9. In the above study, which of the following is (2) mental or physical disabilities. What kind of
the dependent variable?* sampling design did the nurse employ?*

0/1 1/1

Self-care practices a. Convenience

b. Diabetes Mellitus b. Purposive

c. Knowledge c. Stratified Random

d. Health education d. Cluster

10. Which is the dependent variable in the

following: “The Role of Feedback in Enhancing
Students’ Academic Performance in Colleges”?*
13. Which of the following sampling designs
would least likely result in selection threat to validity?*
1/1

1/1
a. Academic Performance

b. Colleges a. Snowball

c. Feedback b. Quota

d. Students c. Simple Random

d. Purposive

14. Given the research title “The relationship

11. In the above study, which is the independent between clinical performance and years of experience
variable?* of staff nurses in Manila,” which is the independent
variable?*
1/1
1/1
a. Academic Performance
a. Clinical performance
b. Colleges
b. Staff nurses
c. Feedback
 c. Manila a. In quasi-experimental designs, there are possible
confounding variables.

d. Years of experience
b. Experimental designs are more practical and
acceptable.
15. The following are the elements of an
experimental design. Which of the following is most
capable of strengthening the claim of the experiment? c. Quasi-experimental designs offer more flexibility
* in performing research.

1/1 d. Experimental designs involve manipulation.

a. Control group

b. Randomization 18. In participatory action research (PAR),

researchers and participants collaborate in conducting
research and empowering people. Which of the
c. Manipulation following is the type of PAR?*

d. Integration
1/1

a. Qualitative

16. Nurse Kim seeks to understand the b. Quantitative

correlation of hair dye and skin cancer. She gathered
2 groups of women who do and do not have skin
cancer and asked which among them regularly dyed c. Action research
their hair in the past. She utilized which design?*

d. Survey
0/1

a. Cohort
19. Which of the following is a type of probability
b. Prospective sampling method?*

c. Longitudinal 1/1

d. Retrospective
a. Simple random sampling

b. Purposive sampling

17. Why do quasi-experimental designs yield c. Quota sampling

conclusions that are weaker that those from
experimental designs?*
d. Snowball sampling

1/1
20. Nurse Minnie interpreted the Pearson’s r c. Pearson’s r
value in her study as low positive correlation. Which
of the following values might she have computed?*
d. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

1/1
23. Which of the following demonstrates
convenience sampling?*
a. + 0.45
0/1
b. – 1.0

a. Asking for student nurses to volunteer as

c. + 0.21 subjects

d. + 0.82 b. Selecting the subjects through lottery method

c. Recruiting participants through social media

networks

21. A study would like to determine the

d. Using random numbers to number the population
correlation of health teaching duration to the
improvement in skills of diabetic patients. The results
showed that the 5-day duration yielded 70% skills
improvement, and 10-day duration yielded 80% skills
improvement. Which statistical test will she use to
analyze the data?*
24. Which of the following demonstrates
systematic sampling?*
0/1
1/1
a. t-test
a. Selecting every 15th person in the population
b. Chi-squared test
b. Conducting 4 successive randomizations
c. Pearson’s r
c. Defining the exclusion criteria
d. ANOVA
d. Asking for referrals

25. Which of the following statements is true

regarding sampling?*
22. A researcher gathered a sample of 150
subjects and divided them into 3 groups receiving
different treatments. He subjected them to a test and 1/1
compared the mean scores. Which statistical test is
suitable?*
a. Non-probability sampling is better than probability
sampling.
1/1

b. Probability sampling has high

a. t-test representativeness.

b. Chi-squared test
 c. Non-probability sampling gives a chance for all to c. Under what conditions does a decubitus ulcer
be selected. heal most quickly?

d. Probability sampling involves non-random d. How does frequency of medication administration

methods. impact the degree of pain experienced following
knee replacement surgery?

26. Which statement best describes qualitative

research?* 29. Given the following distribution, which is the
median score? 7 4 2 9 1 3 3 2 7.*

1/1
1/1

a. Studies are conducted in natural settings.

a. 4

b. Data are collected from a large number of

subjects. b. 3

c. Data collected tend to be numeric. c. 2

d. The research design is systematic and objective. d. 7

27. What does a critique of a research study

always include?*

30. The following are components of a research

0/1 question, except:*

a. Determining its strengths and weaknesses 1/1

b. Researching similar studies

a. Independent variable

c. Using critical listening skills

b. Population

d. Explaining your own personal opinions

c. Comparison

28. For which of the following research

d. Relationship
questions would qualitative methods be most
appropriate?*

1/1

a. Which pain medications decrease the need for
sleep medication in elderly patients?
b. What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-
worker women?
1. A researcher divided the province into
cities and randomly selected from those with the
highest populations. He further randomly
sampled those who are aged 18 and above.
What type of sampling did the researcher
employ?*

0/1
 a. Stratified c. Importance of conceptual literature

b. Simple Random d. Purpose of the review

c. Systematic 4. Which of the following is an example of

a primary source in a research study?*
d. Cluster
1/1

a. A published commentary on the findings of

2. What should be included in “scholarly another study
literature”?*
b. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all
0/1 research in the area of attention deficit
disorder

a. Conceptual and theoretical literature from c. A textbook of medical-surgical nursing

primary sources only

d. An original journal article about cancer

prevention

b. Unpublished reports of research only

c. Research reports reported in primary

sources only

d. Primary and secondary sources 5. What is the first step in the qualitative
research process?*

1/1

3. Reviews of the literature are conducted

for PURPOSES OF RESEARCH as well as for a. Data analysis
the CONSUMER OF RESEARCH. How are
these reviews similar?*
b. Sample

0/1 c. Review of literature

a. Amount of literature required to be reviewed

b. The nature of literature for review d. Study design

6. The research process steps may be a. A relationship between two or more
noted in an article’s abstract, except:* variables

1/1 b. An operational definition of each variable

a. Identifying the phenomenon

b. Research question study purpose c. The population being tested

c. Literature review d. Independent and dependent variables

d. Design 9. Which criteria is used to determine

testability of a hypothesis?*

1/1

7. Which of the following hypotheses is

indicative of an experimental research design?* a. Avoiding use of quantifiable words such as
greater than or less than

1/1
b. A hypothesis stated in such a way that it can
be clearly supported or not supported
a. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters will be
positively related to urinary tract infections.

b. The incidence of urinary tract infections will

be greater in patients whose Foley catheters c. The use of biased words in a hypothesis
are irrigated frequently than in those whose
Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently. d. Data-collection efforts that prove the validity
of the hypothesis

c. Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters is

associated with urinary tract infections. 10. Given the following distribution, compute
for the mean score: 7 4 2 9 1 3 3 2 7.*
d. The incidence of urinary tract infections will
not increase in patients with Foley catheters.
1/1

a. 38

8. The following are elements of a

b. 1
research question, except:*

c. 26
1/1
 d. 4

13. The following are components of a

clinical question, except:*

0/1
11. Given the following distribution of 10
scores from an exam of obstetric nursing,
a. Intervention
provide the mode score: 95 90 89 89 90 91 92
89 93 94.*
b. Outcome

1/1
c. Comparison

a. 94

b. 90
d. Relationship

c. 89

14. The following are elements of a

research question, aside from:*
d. 91

1/1

a. Independent and dependent variables

12. You plan to conduct a survey on the
eating habits of preschoolers in a barangay. The
population of preschoolers is 1, 400 with a set b. Relationship
margin of error of 5%. Compute for the sample
size*
c. Population

1/1 d. Outcome

a. 311

b. 297 15. In the RESEARCH question, “Among

senior citizens in Manila, is the free cinema
c. 302 screening associated with their happiness
levels?”, the “free cinema screening” is referred
to as:*
d. 465

1/1
 a. Population d. Pediatric patients

b. Dependent variable

c. Independent variable 18. The following are characteristics of a

qualitative design, except:*

1/1
d. Intervention

a. Naturalistic

b. Flexible
16. In the CLINICAL question, “Is chlorhexidine
solution more effective than povidone-iodine
c. Controlled
solution in reducing bacterial growth among
pediatric patients?”, which is the intervention?*

1/1
d. Narrative data

a. Povidone-iodine solution

b. Chlorhexidine solution
19. The title of a study is, “Discovering
meaning in the experiences of Metro Manila
college students who moved from provinces.”
The design of the study is most likely:*
c. Reducing bacterial growth
1/1
d. Pediatric patients

a. Correlational

b. Randomized controlled trial

17. In the above clinical question, which is
considered as the comparison?*
c. Ethnography

1/1 d. Phenomenology

a. Povidone-iodine solution

b. Chlorhexidine solution 20. A student nurse arrived at a sitio of

Igorot people with the purpose of observing and
c. Reducing bacterial growth
studying their culture and lifeways. The design a. Empirical – based on hunches and intuition
of the study is most likely:*
b. Firm/rigid research proposal
1/1

a. Ethnography
c. Analysis of transcripts of interviews

d. Understands human experience

b. Case Study

c. Participatory action research

23. Nurse Nikki knows that the hallmark of a
d. Phenomenology quasi-experimental design is the:*

1/1

21. A group of community health nurses a. Manipulation of independent variable

were gathered by the municipal health officer to
conduct community diagnosis and implement
programs based on the results of their b. Presence of control group
assessment. Which of the following research
designs was used?* c. Use of a treatment

1/1 d. Absence of randomization

a. Descriptive

b. Case Study

c. Participatory action research 24. The following statements are true about
null hypothesis except:*

1/1
d. Phenomenology
a. It is formulated at the beginning of a study.

b. Null hypothesis is denoted by “H0.”

22. Which of the following is a characteristic
of a quantitative study?* c. It may start with “There is no significant
difference…”
1/1
d. Null hypothesis predicts a possible
relationship between two variables.
 27. The results of a prospective study is
considered as more reliable than those of a
retrospective study because:*
25. Which among the following hypotheses
is considered non-directional?*
1/1
0/1
a. Prospective study is cheaper and requires
less resources.
a. Longer duration of playing video games
increases the risk of developing carpal tunnel
syndrome. b. The status of subjects can be followed and
monitored.
b. There is a significant difference between
white rice and brown rice in decreasing the risk
for diabetes mellitus.
c. There is lesser recall bias in a retrospective
study.

c. Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with d. Prospective study is easier to conduct than

the rate of development of infants. retrospective.

d. There is no significant difference between

staying up late and waking up early to study in
increasing exam scores.
28. In many cases, a non-experimental
design is more applicable than an experimental
design because:*

26. A prospective/cohort design involves the 0/1

use of multiple data collection points to gather
complete data about the subjects. Multiple data
collection is called:* a. There are independent variables that cannot
be manipulated.

1/1
b. A non-experimental design is more
affordable.
a. Longitudinal
c. Safety of subjects are considered second
priority.

b. Survey

c. Cross-sectional d. An experimental design is meticulous and

requires a huge amount of time.
d. Case-control
 a. Voluntary

29. A researcher is observing the b. Coherence of subject

performance of staff nurses in wound dressing.
Because the nurses know that they are being c. Signature of parent
observed, the researcher must be aware that
this might cause a bias called:*

1/1
d. Legal age of subject

a. Selection bias

b. Rosenthal effect
32. The principle that refers to treating all
research participants fairly and subjecting them
c. Hawthorne effect to equal risks and benefits:*

1/1

d. Personal bias
a. Autonomy

b. Justice

30. Which of the following is considered as

an in vitro biophysiologic measure?*

c. Self-determination
0/1
d. Fidelity
a. Blood pressure

b. Pulse oximetry
33. An experimental study design can also
c. Pupillary response be called a:*

1/1

d. Urine osmolarity
a. Case-control experiment

b. Randomized controlled trial

31. The following are elements of a validly

obtained informed consent form, except:*

c. Quasi-experiment
1/1
 d. Non-random controlled experiment
34. Research refers to a systematic and
disciplined inquiry that seeks to answer
questions and solve problems using a structured
series of steps. The goal of clinical nursing
research is to:*
1/1
a) Understand challenges and create
improvements in nursing education.
b) Develop and expand the body of scientific
knowledge.
c) Update best practice in nursing and improve
quality of life.
d) Prove that sound evidence is an excellent
basis for clinical nursing practice.
35. Nurse Alicia is conducting a study to
determine the environmental factors that affect
the satisfaction of patients in their hospital. She
plans to utilize the results in order to create
changes in their health facility. What type of
research does she perform?*
1/1
a. Basic research
b. Applied research
c. Mixed methods
d. Descriptive study
36. Quantitative research is different from
qualitative research in all the following ways
except*
1/1
a. Quantitative research is based on numerical
and narrative data, while qualitative research is
based on objective and statistical inputs.
b. Qualitative research is best conducted in a
location which the subjects consider as their
habitat.
c. Increasing validity and decreasing bias is
essential for quantitative research.
d. In qualitative research, the design and
procedures are seen as flexible and allows for
change.
37. Which of the following statements
demonstrate an associative relationship?*
1/1
a. An increase in the serum sodium level of a
client caused the increase in blood volume and
pressure.
b. A black cat that passed by the road caused
bad luck to a motorist and suffered from a
vehicular accident.
c. Sedentary lifestyle of Ms. Patricia is more
likely to increase her chances of developing
diabetes mellitus.
 d. A fire alarm that set off in the building has d. Report the statement of the participant to
resulted in rapid evacuaiton of the tenants. your co-researchers to discuss possible
actions to take.

38. This step requires the writing of an

abstract which serves as the summary of the 40. The following are purposes of reviewing
research from introduction to conclusion:* existing related literature except:*

1/1 1/1

a. Finalizing the research plan. a. Lengthen the content of the research paper.

b. Conducting a thesis defense to a panel of

faculty.
b. Determine similarities of the study with
c. Data encoding and analysis. other conducted studies.

d. Communicating the research findings. c. Identify gaps in knowledge where the

researcher can fill in.

d. Illuminate the significance of the study.

39. A participant in your study is asking if

you can provide him the treatment dosage that 41. Which of the following activities is truly
is 5 times higher than prescribed. Upon reading involved in reviewing related literature?*
the BON Resolution No. 220, the best response
is to:*
0/1

1/1
a. Obtaining research articles up to 20 years
ago.
a. Follow the wishes of the participant in order
to protect right to self-determination.

b. Decline the request since this may deplete

the funds of the research project. b. Copying passages and statements from the
original text directly.

c. Explain that the priority of the study is to

protect the safety of the participants at all c. Synthesizing existing literature and relating
times. it to the current study.
 d. Adding subjective inputs at the end of the 44. Which of the following biophysiologic
section. measures is considered as in vitro?*

1/1

42. Which of the following is a ratio level of a. Tonometry

measurement?*

b. Complete blood count

0/1

a. Class ranking
c. Audiometry

d. X-ray
b. Nationality

c. Sex
45. Nurse Arthur interpreted the Pearson’s r
d. Systolic Blood pressure value in his study as high negative correlation.
Which of the following values might he have
computed?*

1/1
43. A study aims to determine the effect of a
new drug for treatment of multi-drug resistant
tuberculosis. The researchers administered the a. + 0.31
treatment to the participants, both groups having
no knowledge on which tablets are placebo.
Which principle in minimizing bias was utilized?* b. – 0.48

c. + 0.25
0/1

d. - 0.82
a. Double-blind

b. Single-blind

c. Reflexivity

d. Reliability 46. Which statistical test will you utilize if

you would like to compare the mean scores of
two different groups who took a quiz in OB
nursing?*

0/1
 a. Paired t-test d. Descriptive

b. Independent t-test

c. Multiple regression 49. Which of the following is not a part of the

recommended abstract format?*

1/1
d. ANOVA

a. Methods

b. Discussion
47. Which statistical test will you utilize if
you would like to compare the mean scores from
c. References
the pre-test and post-test of a group who were
given lectures on pediatric nursing?*
d. Literature review

0/1

a. Student t-test

b. Dependent t-test
50. Which research dissemination methods
is most likely to reach the widest span of
c. ANOVA audience, and thus, is most effective?*

0/1

d. Chi-squared test
a. Oral presentation

b. Poster presentation

48. A meta-synthesis involves a synthesis of

c. Publication
which kind of studies?*

d. Social media post

1/1

a. Quantitative

b. Survey

c. Qualitative