OPTICS Revised + Extra Qs

ARAB BOARD Q BANK OF
OPHTHALMOLOGY
OPTICS & REFRACTION
(2011 to 2017)
Arab Board Ophthalmology Part 1 Optics & Refraction
2011
1. With regards to pinhole imaging, the LEAST appropriate statement is: 1. Answer. B
A. Geometrical optics regards every object point as a point source of light.
B. Light radiates in one direction from object point.
C. For every object point there is a corresponding point in the image.
D. Transverse magnification applies to pinhole Imaging.
E. The light travel from object point to conjugate image point
2. The final image of the following combination of lenses is located: 2. Answer. C
+5 +8 Use 1/v+1/u=F
for each lens by
1m 45cm considering 1st lens’s
image as object of 2nd
lens
A. 20cm in front of the second lens
B. 25cm in front of the second lens
C. 33cm behind the second lens
D. 25cm in front of the first lens
E. 33cm in front of the second lens
3. In anterior chamber angle viewing:

3. Answer. B
A. The Gonioscopy lens prevents total internal reflection at the tear film air interface. A, cornea : air
B. Light from the angle undergo total internal reflection due to light angle of incidence interface
exceeding critical angle.
C. The eye critical angle is 57.50°.
D. The critical angle is the angle at which the refracted light is deviated 90° to the
interface.
E. Total internal reflection principle is found useful only in Gonioscopy system.
4. Ophthalmic prisms are used in all of the following Except: 4. Answer. D
A. Spectacle lenses
B. Operating microscope
C. Indirect ophthalmoscope
D. Panfundoscopic lenses
E. Slit lamp microscopy
1
5. In spectacle corrected myopic eyes the image is formed: 5. Answer. D
A. In front of the retina

B. Behind the lens
C. At the pupillary margin
D. At the retina
E. Behind the retina
6. In accommodation the least appropriate statement is: 6. Answer. E

A. The point of focus moves forward in the eye during accommodation.
B. The far point moves closer to the eye.
C. The refractive power of the eye increases during accommodation.
D. There is an alteration in crystalline lens shape during accommodation.
E. Accommodation effort occurs when the ciliary muscle relaxes and the zonules
fibers contract in response to parasympathetic innervations
7. Regarding amplitude of accommodation measurements, the LEAST appropriate

statement is: 7. Answer. E
A. Binocular amplitude of accommodation exceeds the monocular measurement

B. When measuring accommodation amplitude it must be done independently for
each eye.
C. Accommodation amplitude measurements determine the value of add when
prescribing glasses.
D. The least accurate method of measuring accommodation amplitude is near
points of accommodation.
E. Accommodation amplitude measures less in hyperopic eyes.
8. Retinoscopy is performed using: 8. Answer. B
A. Convex mirror setting B, or plane mirror

B. Concave mirror setting
C. Concave lens setting
D. Plano mirror setting
E. Plano lens setting
9. A low vision patient with 20/100 vision in each eye, the MOST appropriate
glasses prescription will be: 9. Answer. E
A. +10.00 D single vision reading glasses.

B. +10.00 D half glass reader within 10 BI prism for each lens.
C. +10.00 D half reader with 12 BI prism for each leans.
D. X 10 magnifier.
E. +5.00 D single vision reading glasses with total 10 BI prism.
2
10. Where is the focal point if the power of the schematic eye is +55.0 D: 10. Answer. C
A. On the retina
B. 5.5 cm from the cornea
C. 18.1 mm from the cornea
D. 1.81 cm anterior to the retina
E. 1.81 cm posterior to the retina
11. The spherical equivalent of: -2.00 + 3.00 X90° is: 11. Answer. A
A. -0.50 DS
B. +1.50 DS
C. +1.00 DS
D. -2.00 DS
E. +5.00 D
12. 44 years old patient has a refractive error of 4.00 D hyperopia and …… amplitude of 12. Answer. C
+4.00 D needs to read comfortably at 50 cm his prescription
A. +4.00 D distance with +2.00 add <few words are unreadable>
B. +4.00 D distance with +6.00 add C, near point is 33 cm > 50

C. +4.00 D distance single vision glasses cm is within range > no need
for add
D. +2.00 D distance with +4.00 add
E. +4.00 D distance with +2.00D add
13. If an anterior chamber lens with A constant of 116.0 is to be implanted instead of 13. Answer. C
posterior chamber lens of 17.00D and a constant of 118.0 the anterior chamber
lens power should be: AC IOL is 2 D lesser
than PC
A. 19.00D
B. 21.00D
C. 15.00D
D. 18.00D
E. 17.00D
14. Keratometry utilizes Purkinje image number: 14. Answer. A
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
E. Two and Three
3
15. A patient requires +2.00D to see at distance, his cycloplegic refraction is +5.00D 15. Answer. A
hit absolute hyperopia is:
A. +2.00D
B. +5.00D
C. +7.00D
D. +3.00D
E. +3.50D
16. Answer. E
16. The LEAST appropriate statement regarding lensmeter:
A. Used to measure prisms coupled with spectacles.

B. Utilize the Badal principal.
C. Automated and manual lensmeters utilize the same principals.
D. Used to measure spherical and cylindrical power of a lens.
E. When measuring a lens its back surface should be facing the examiner.
17. With regards to meridional magnification, the LEAST appropriate statement is: 17. Answer. A
A. It is caused by irregular astigmatism only.

B. Its direction is determined by the axis orientation of the astigmatic refracting
surface.
C. Amount of meridional magnification increases with power of cylinder.
D. Amount of meridional magnification increases with increased distance of the
astigmatic refracting surface from the entrance pupil of the eye
E. Meridional magnification is caused by astigmatic refracting surface located away
from the entrance pupil of the eye
18. With respect to prisms, One is True: 18. Answer. B
A. The angle of minimum deviation is when the incident light is perpendicular to the
face of the prism.
B. The image is displaced towards the apex.
C. The prentice calibration is used for orthoptic plastic prisms.
D. Prisms with the same power have equal angle of deviation in either prentice or
angle of minimum calibration.
E. Prisms with prentice calibration must be placed in the frontal plane of the deviating eye.
4
19. Induced vertical prismatic deviation in plus lenses, one is true: 19. Answer. B
A. Creates Base up prism in down decentration

B. Creates Base down prism in down decentration in the presence of add
C. Adds can be ignored if equal in both eyes
D. Prentice rule for calculating induced prism is only applicable if decentration is less
than 5 cm
E. If both eyes has base up induced prism the net induced prism is the sum of the two values
20. Light traveling from a media with lower index of refraction to a media
with higher index of refraction when perpendicular to the interface will be: 20. Answer. C
A. Refracted
B. Reflected
C. Changed in speed
D. Unchanged
E. Parallel to the interface
21. All the following are Entopic phenomena, Except: 21. Answer. B
A. Phosphene
B. Asteroid hyalosis
C. Haidingers brushes
D. Halos
E. Floaters
22. All of the followings are features of aphakic lenses, Except: 22. Answer. A
A. Magnification of about 5-10%

B. Pincushion distortion
C. Ring scotoma generated by prismatic effect
D. Altered depth of perception due to the magnification
E. Loss of binocular vision in monocular aphakic correction
2013
23. Answer. D
23. The angle of deviation of a prism is determined by all Except:
A. The refracting angle

B. The angle of incidence of the ray
C. The refractive index of the prism material
D. The width of the base
E. The apical angle
5
24. The increasing prismatic effect of the more peripheral parts of a spherical lens 24. Answer. B
is responsible for all the following Except:
A. Ring scotoma
B. Chromatic aberration
C. Spherical aberration
D. Jack-in-the-box effect
E. Image distortion
25. The following are true about the cylindrical lens Except: 25. Answer. A
A. It has two meridians of curvature

B. It has no power along its axis
C. It can be used to measuring phoria
D. Its causes meridian magnification or minification at 90° to its axis
E. It forms a focal line parallel to its axis
26. Oblique astigmatism, all are true Except: 26. Answer. D
A. Occurs when light passing through the lens obliquely

B. Is more troublesome the higher the power of the lens
C. Is most troublesome in the reading section of the varifocal glasses
D. Is worse with meniscus lenses than biconvex or biconcave lens
E. Of spectacle can be reduced with pantoscopic tilt
27. The following definitions are true for accommodation Except. 27. Answer. C
A. The far point of distinct vision of an emmetropic eye is at infinity. C, Amplitude not Range
of accommodation
B. The near point of distinct vision refers to clear near vision when maximum
accommodation is used.
C. Range of accommodation is the difference in dioptric power between the eye at rest
and the fully accommodated eye
D. Dynamic refraction refers to the dioptric power of the accommodated eye
E. Static refraction refers to the dioptric power of resting eye
28. The following are true about hypermetropia Except:

28. Answer. A
A. The second principal focus lies in front of the retina
B. Accommodation is used to achieve normal vision A, behind
C. Aphakia induced hypermetropia
D. Patients require reading glasses earlier than the normal population
E. Patient who has hypermetropic refraction following cataract surgery will have
problem for both near and distant reading
6
29. Varifocal lenses, all are true Except: 29. Answer. A
A. Are also called trifocal lenses

B. Have no visible interface between the distance and near portions.
C. Do not produce the prism jump seen in conventional bifocal glasses
D. Often produce significant aberration at the periphery of the intermediate portion
E. Of the soft designs are better than the hard designs for prolonged VDU works
30. Answer. B
30. The base curve of a contact lens, all are true Except:
A. Refers to its posterior central curvature
B. Is usually measured in diopters
C. Is measured with a radiuscope
D. Determines its movement with blinking
E. For a particular patient is chosen according to the central keratometry measurement
31. The following are true about corneal warpage Except: 31. Answer. A
A. Corneal oedema is feature

B. It refers to a change in the corneal curvature associated with contact lens wear
C. It is more common with rigid gas permeable contact lens
D. It interferes with the result of biometry
E. It is a reversible condition
32. Th e following may be used as low visual aids Except: 32. Answer. D
A. Text scanner
B. Closed circuit television
C. High-add bifocal
D. Convex cylinder lens
E. Telescope
33. Answer. D
33. The image formed by an indirect ophthalmoscope, all are true Except:
A. Is upside down
B. Is real
C. Is laterally inverted
D. Is not affected by the refractive state of the patient
E. Is formed between the observer and the condensing lens
34. When using the plane mirror technique during retinoscopy, all are true Except: 34. Answer. C
A. A ‘with’ movement is neutralized with a plus lens C, may be myopia if it
B. An ‘against’ movement is neutralized with a minus lens is less than the power
C. A ‘with’ movement always indicates hypermetropia of the working distance
D. An ‘against’ movement always indicates myopia
E. The neutral point occurs when the patient’s far –point coincides with the observe’s
nodal point
7
35. The Keratometer, all are true Except: 35. Answer. E
A. Uses the cornea as a convex mirror in the measurement of corneal curvature

B. Measures only the central 3 mm of the cornea
C. Can be misleading in patients who have had corneal transplantation
D. Doubles the central image to overcome the effect of eye movement
E. Is more important in fitting soft contact lens than rigid gas permeable contact lens
36. The slit-lamp, all are true Except:

36. Answer. ALL
are true D
A. Is a low powered binocular compound microscope
B. Contains prisms that shorten and invert the image
C. Incorporates Galilean telescope that are used to magnify the image
D. Visualizes vitreous best with blue light
E. Can be used to detect macular hole
37. How much accommodation is required to view an object 1m in front of + 10D lens?
37. Answer. B
A. 2D
B. 10D
C. 5D
D. 8D
E. 6D
38. In subjective refraction, all are true Except: 38. Answer. E
A. The spherical power should be tested before the cylinder E, to detect phoria not
B. The axis of the cylinder should be verified before the power manifest , used for eye
C. Duochrome test should be only performed when the spherical power is corrected to muscle balance for
distance.
within 1D of emmetropia
D. If the letters against the green background appear clearer on the Duochrome test,
more plus correction or less minus correction is indicated
E. Maddox rod test useful in patients with manifest squint
39. The refracted state of the eye may be altered by all Except: 39. Answer. C
A. Paralysing the ciliary muscle C, unless the vitreous is

filled in silicon oil or gas.
B. Changing the depth of the anterior chamber
C. Removing the vitreous D, increasing refractive
D. Increasing the thickness of the lens power
E. Changing the axial length of the eye
8
40. Photorefractive keratectomy, all are true Except: 40. Answer. B
A. Uses excimer laser made up of ultraviolet radiation B, breaking the

B. Uses thermal energy for the reshaping the corneal contour molecular bound
C. Corrects myopia by flattening the central cornea
D. Causes more stromal soar in high myope than low myope
E. Is less predictable for high myope than low myope
41. Monovision, all are true Except: 41. Answer.
A. Refers to the use of one eye for the distant vision and the other for near ALL TRUE
B. Is mainly reserved for presbyopic patients Chua says E is false
C. Requires one eye to be made emmetropic and the other myopic by mistake
D. Reduces visual acuity
E. Reduce stereopsis
42. With regard to the astigmatism, all are true except:

42. Answer, B
A. Regular astigmatism has the principal meridians at 90° to each other
B. Oblique astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians do not lie at 90° to each
other
C. Irregular astigmatism is seen in patients with keratoconus.
D. Astigmatic eye produces an image known as Sturm’s conoid
E. Astigmatic image cannot be fully corrected with spherical lens
2014
43. The minimal angle of resolution of an eye with a 6/6 acuity is:
43. Answer. C
A. 1 degree of arc
B. 5 degrees of arc
C. 1 minute of arc
D. 5 minutes of arc
E. 5 seconds of arc
9
44. The phenomenon where a substance has a molecular structure which transmits light waves lying parallel to
its structure, but which selectively slows and therefore redirects light waves vibrating in a plane perpendicular
to its structure is termed:
44. Answer. A
A. Dichroism Polarisation can be achieved by different methods, such as
B. Birefringence selective absorption (e.g.in dichroism), reflection, scattering
or the use of birefringent materials. Polarisation results in
C. Polarization light of reduced intensity but spectral composition is
D. Diffraction unaffected. The property described in the question is
E. Refraction Answer dichroism. A dichroic substance only allows the
transmission of light in an incident plane aligned with its
45. Regarding refraction of light, all are true except: structure by absorbing light waves in other planes.
45. Answer. C
A. Defined as the changes in direction of light when it passes from one
transparent medium into another of different optical density C, 1.33
B. The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal all lie in the same plane
C. Refraction index of water 1.5
D. The angle between the refracted ray and the normal is called the angle of
refraction
E. Some reflection occurs at every interface between 2 optically different
media
46. All the following are true regarding prism except: 46. Answer. C
A. Prism axis is the line bisecting the refracting angle C, obeys snell’s
B. Prism orientation is indicated by the direction of its base laws
C. Snell’s law is not applicable to light passing through a prism
D. Image formed by a prism is displaced towards the apex
E. Image formed by a prism is virtual
47. The power in diopters of 10x magnifying loupe is:

47. Answer. C
A. 32 D
B. 36 D
C. 40 D
D. 44 D
E. Needs further data to calculate
48. A plus lens always:

48. Answer. C
A. produce image to the right of the lens
B. produce image to the left of the lens
C. adds vergence
D. produce real images
E. produce real inverted images
10
49. Answer. B
49. With respect to prisms, one is true:
A. angle of minimum
A. the angle of minimum deviation is when the incident light is perpendicular to deviation when angle of
the face of the prism incident ray = angle of
emergence
B. The image is displaced towards the apex
C. The prentice calibration is used for orthoptic plastic prisms C used for trial lenses
D. Prisms with the same power has equal angle of deviation in either prentice or D. prentice is greater
angle of minimum calibration
E. prisms with prentice calibration must be placed in the frontal plane of the
deviating eye
50. Answer. B
50. Induced vertical prismatic deviation in plus lenses, one is true:
A. creates base up prism in down decentration
B. creates base down prism in down decentration in the presence of add
C. ADDs can be ignored if equal in both eyes
D. Prentice rule for calculating induced prism is only applicable if decentration is
less than 5 cm
E. If both eyes have base up induced prism the net induced prism is the sum of the
two values
51. Light traveling from media of higher index of refraction to media with lower 51. Answer. A
index of refraction will be:
A. Deviated away from the normal
B. Deviated towards the normal
C. Deviated away from the interface
D. Totally internally reflected when the angle of incidence is equal to the critical
angle
E. Totally internally reflected when the angle of incidence is parallel to the
interface
52. An object is placed 1 meter in front of a +2.00 D lens the image formed by this
lens will be: 52. Answer. C
A. 33cm behind the lens

B. Within the focal length of the lens
C. 1 meter behind the lens
D. 50 cm behind the lens
E. 33 cm in front of the lens
11
53. Light travelling from a media with lower index of refraction to a media higher
53. Answer. C
index of refraction is perpendicular to the interface will be: (REPEATED)
A. Refracted
B. Reflected
C. Change in speed
D. Unchanged
E. Parallel to the interface
54. In indirect ophthalmoscope, the examiner ability to examine at arm length 54. Answer. D
distance in due to:
A. His ability to accommodate
B. Him wearing near correction
C. Prism incorporation in the head piece
D. The presence of +2.00 D lenses in visualization system
E. The use of 20 D lens placed in front of the patient eye
55. Total internal reflection is applicable in all the following ophthalmic

instruments except: 55. Answer. A
A. Retinoscope E, contains
B. Gonioscope reflector prism
C. Goldman three mirror lens
D. Ophthalmic fiberoptic
E. Indirect ophthalmoscope
56. In ophthalmic prisms, one is true:

56. Answer. A
A. a prism with a 10 PD displaced image 10 cm at 1 meter
B. a prism with a 1 PD displaces image 10mm at 10 meter
C. a prism with a 1 PD displaces image 10cm at 100cm
D. a prism displaces image towards the base
E. a prism has a maximum deviation of light when the two surfaces are parallel
57. Hard contact lenses, one is true:

57. Answer. B
A. correct up to 1 D astigmatism
B. is superior to soft lenses in correcting irregular astigmatism
C. are oxygen permeable
D. are less than 1% water
E. more tolerated than soft contact lenses
12
58. The optical principal of the lens meter is known as:

58. Answer. B
A. Ficks law
B. The Badal principal
C. The Prentice rule
D. Modified Snellens law
E. The principal points rule
59. A patient with a range of accommodation from 2 meters to 2/3 of meter is not
wearing distance correction the most appropriate ADD to see comfortably at 40 cm is: 59. Answer. B/D
A. +1.5 D
B. +2.00 D
C. +1.00 D
D. -0.5 D distance correction and +1.5D
E. +2.5D
60. Which of the following is a cross cylinder: 60. Answer. A

A. -1.00 + 2.00 X 80 A, the cyl must be
B. -1.00 +1.00 X 180 x2 of the sph with
C. +1.00 +1.00 X 90 opposite sign
D. +2.00 +2.00 X 180
E. -1.00 +1.00 X 90
61. A 30 years old male wearing +1.50 D correction for distance in both eyes and able to see 6/6 both eyes, his
manifest refraction indicates refraction of +2.00 D, cycloplegic refraction reveals +3.00 D the absolute hyperopia is:
A. +2.00D 61. Answer. E
B. +3.00D
C. +5.00D
D. +1.00D
E. +1.50D
62. For the same patient in the above question, the most appropriate prescription is:
A. +1.5 D distance correction
62. Answer. C
B. +1.5 D distance correction and +0.5 near correction
C. +2.00 D distance correction
D. +0.5 D distance correction
E. +3.00 D distance correction and +1.50 ADD
13
63. All of the following represent the calculated induced vertical prismatic effect of the following prescription
when the patient is reading 8mm (down vertical) and 2mm (nasal) in through his glasses except:
Glasses prescription 63. Answer. A/D
Use P= D in cm X F
OD +2.00 -1.00 X 90 OD vertical= 0.8 x 2 = 1.6 BU
OS vertical = 0.8 x -2 = 1.6 BD [ -3 DC power acts vertically] / BD
OS +1.00 -3.00 X 180 because minus, if plus > BU
Total vertical PD > Subtract smaller vertical from larger if both eyes
are hypermetropic or myopic / if one eye is hyprope and other is
A. 3.2 PD BU in the right eye myope add the 2 verticals
B. 2.4 PD BU in the left eye Total vertical= 1.6+1.6=3.2 BU (HYPERDEVIATION)
C. 3.2 PD BU in the left eye OD hori = 0.2 x 1 = 0.2 BO [-1 DC power acts horizontally]
D. 3.2 PD right eye hyperdeviation OS hori = 0.2 x 1 = 0.2 BO / BO because value is plus, if minus > BI
added if both eyes are hyperopic or if both eyes are myopic. If 1 eye
E. 3.2 PD right eye hypodeviation is hyperopic and the other is myopic, the smaller amount of prismatic
displacement is subtracted from the larger > total = 0.4
64. With respect in the spectrum of UV light, one of the following statements is
False: 64. Answer. E
A. UVA contains wavelength from 400-320 nm E, 90% of the UV

B. UVB contains wavelength from 320-290 nm reaching the earth is
C. UVC contains wavelength below 290 UV A not B
D. 5% of solar radiation on earth in UV
E. 90% of the UV reaching the earth is UVB
65. The followings are considered optical feature of contact lenses except:
65. Answer. E
A. The field is larger by 20% compared to spectacle D, in myopic, the
B. Create smaller retinal images in hyperopic eyes compared to spectacles nearer to eye the more
C. Increase convergence demand in myopic compared to spectacle correction effective and the
D. The lens effective is increased in myopia in contact lens compared to spectacle weaker power
E. Contact lenses decrease the accommodative demands in myopic eye E, increase not decrease
66. During retinoscopy a refraction of -2.00 +3.00 X 145 was obtained,

keratometric readings were 43 @ 45 and 45 @ 145 the likely cause is: 66. Answer. B
A. Oblique astigmatism
B. Lenticular astigmatism
C. Against the rule astigmatism
D. Keratoconus
E. Dislocated lens
14
67. The end point of axis refinement occurs when the eye error axis and the
correcting cylinder axis: 67. Answer B
A. Crossed
B. 90 degree to each other
C. Coincident
D. 45 degree to each other
E. 145 degree to each other
2015
64. Regarding reflection on mirror:
64. Answer. A
A. The focal length of a concave mirror is half the length of its radius of curvature.
B. The focal length of a convex mirror is double the length of the radius of curvature.
C. In convex mirror the reflecting surface lies on the inside of the curve.
D. The focal length of a convex mirror equals the radius of curvature.
E. In concave mirrors the reflecting surface lies on the outside of the curve.
65. Regarding the gonioscopes, which is false:

65. Answer. C
A. Act by overcoming the total reflection of the cornea/air surface.
B. The Goldman gonioscope has a curvature steeper than the cornea.
C. All contain convex mirrors.
D. Need viscous coupling medium
E. Contain plain mirrors
66. A child has a cycloplegic refraction of +6 D in the right +1D in the left eye.
Treat this anisometropia by: 66. Answer. A
A. Full correction
B. Partial correction
C. Left without correction
D. Treated by occlusion.
E. Use mydriatic drops
67. Regarding angle examination, which is false: 67. Answer. B
A. Kopee lens is a direct goniolens.

B. In the direct goniolens, the angle is seen inverted
C. Kopee lens does not need viscous coupling medium
D. In the indirect goniolens , the angle is seen inverted
E. In the indirect gonioscopy the angle is viewed after reflection of light by a mirror.
15
68. Regarding the prismatic effect of lenses, which is false: 68. Answer. D
D, they produce
varying prismatic
A. Decentration always producing a prismatic effect.
effects if decentered by
B. Decentration in prentice formula is measured in cm.
their power and axis
C. A plus lens can be considered as innumerable prisms aligned with their bases centrally.
D. Cylindrical lenses have no prismatic effect.
E. Decentration can be calculated by focimeter
69. Regarding the refractive index, which is false: 69. Answer. A
A. Some materials have refractive index less than 1. B, Refractive index of a

medium decreases with
B. Refractive index of a material changes with wavelength of falling light. increase in wavelength of
C. The higher refractive index spectacle lenses are thinner than lower index lenses. light. Refractive index of a
D. Refractive index of crystalline lens changes with age. medium for violet light is
E. Difference in the refractive indices controls the vergence effect. greater than that for red light
70. Regarding lenses, which is false: 70. Answer. D

A. The principal point is the point at which the principal plane & the principal axis intersect.
B. Rays passing through the optical center are undeviated.
C. The principle focus is the point to which parallel light rays converge following
refraction by a convex spherical lens.
D. Lens power is directly proportional to its focal length.
E. In thin lenses, nodal points overlap
71. In prisms application, which is false:

71. Answer. E
A. In relieving prisms, we put the base against the deviation
B. In exercising prisms, we put the base towards deviation
C. Applanation tonometry has 2 prisms directed peripherally
D. Porro prisms is fitted in slit lamp
E. Right angle prism will erect the image in the slip-lamp
72. An object is placed 20 cm from a +10D lens. The image size will be:
72. Answer. B
A. Half the size of the object
1/v + 1/u = F
B. Same size of the object
C. Double the size of the object
D. Four times the size of the object
E. Five times the size of the object
16
73. In cross cylinder which of the following is false:

73. Answer. D
A. Does not alter the spherical equivalent of the emmetropic eye
C, of the cylinder lens
B. Used to check the axis of cylinder subjectively
C. Used to check the back vertex power of the lens
D. Does not blur image when placed before an emmetropic eye
E. Its spherical equivalent is zero
74. About the Fresnel prisms, choose the false answer:

A. It reduces the weight of conventional prisms 74. Answer. D
B. Are made of a series of small prisms
C. May reduce the visual acuity
D. Are applied to the front surface of lens used
E. Are applied to the back surface of lens used
75. Regarding total internal reflection:
75. Answer. B
A. Occurs when light ray travels from a lower to higher refraction index medium
B. Is the basis for reflection prisms
C. Can occur at the posterior surface of the cornea
D. Explains the principle of applantation tonometer
E. It occur when angle of incidence is 90
76. Regarding chromatic aberration, choose the false answer:

76. Answer. B
A. It accounts for 3 D of aberration in the human eye
B. The worth 4 dots test is based on chromatic aberration
C. Shorter wavelength are deviated more at an optical interface
D. Used optically in the Duchrome test
E. Achromatic lenses are used in the operating microscope
77. Choose the correct statement about ametropia:

77. Answer. D
A. Myopia is more common in preschool children than school children
B. Hypermetropia in children increases with age
C. In refractive hypermetropia the axial length of the eye is short
D. Asymptomatic hypermetropic patients can be left uncorrected
E. Uncorrected hypermetropia in children cannot cause amblyopia
Internship Training Program Certificate
78. In pinhole which of the following is false?
78. Answer. C/E
A. It increase the depth of focus
B. It increases the depth of field.
C. It improves ametropia less than 6 D
D. It helps to pick up causes with organic lesions.
E. It improves vision in macular diseases
17
79. In correction of aphakia by glasses, choose the correct answer:

79. Answer. D
A. Magnification decreases as the correcting lens moves away from the original
position of the crystalline lens
B. Aphakic glasses lead to field widening
C. Aphakic glasses lead to insignificant image distortion
D. The prismatic effect of the glasses leads to ring scotoma
E. Reversed galillean telescopic effect is developed
80. Which of the following can not reduce the prismatic jump in bifocal glasses; 80. Answer. A
A. Adding base down prism to the distance portion.

B. Adding base up prism to the reading portion.
C. Moving the optical center of the lens near the junction of the two portions.
D. Using flat top design.
E. Using executive design.
81. About the slit lamp, which is false:

81. Answer. A
A. The eye piece contains two convex lenses separated by a distance greater
than the sum of their focal lengths. A, eyepiece has one convex
lens, the other is objective
B. Porro prisms are used to invert the image formed. lens and these two lenses of
C. Porro prisms in the slit lamp reduce the length of the microscope. slit lamp are separated by a
D. Variable magnification can be achieved by using zoom lenses. distance greater than the
E. It is essential in biomicroscopy sum of their focal lengths
82. Regarding the condensing lens used in indirect ophthalmoscope, choose the false 82. Answer. D
answer:
A. The stronger the condensing lens used, the larger the field of vision.
B. It is usually aspheric to reduce aberration.
C. The image formed is located at or near the principle focus of the condensing lens.
D. The stronger the condensing lens used, the higher the magnification.
E. The image formed is inverted & reversed.
83. The advantages of indirect ophthalmoscope over the direct ophthalmoscope include
83. Answer. C
All the followings except;
A. Binocular view.
B. Large field of view
C. Higher magnification
D. Helpful in surgery
E. Helpful in teaching
18
84. On reaching the neutral point by retinoscopy, which is false: 84. Answer. D
D, Against motion implies that
A. The observer sees a diffuse bright red reflex. the patient's far point is between
B. Increasing the power of lens, point of reversal occurs. the examiner and the patient.
C. Getting nearer to the patient, red reflex moves with. With motion implies the patient's
far point is beyond the peephole.
D. Getting nearer to the patient, red reflex moves against. The goal of neutralisation is to
E. Red reflex is rapid in movement in smaller than in higher errors. have the light reflex of the
patient's far point at the peephole.
2016
NO OPTICS QUESTIONS
2017
93. Which of the following has the greatest refractive power?

93. Answer. A
A. Anterior surface of the cornea.
B. Posterior surface of the lens.
C. Anterior surface of the lens.
D. Posterior surface of the cornea.
94. Which instrument is based on usage of the first Purkinje Samson image?
94. Answer. D
A. Indirect ophthalmoscope.
B. Retinoscope.
C. Slit lamp
D. Keratometer.
95. Regarding gonioscope which of the following is FALSE? (REPEATED)

95. Answer. C
A. They act by overcoming the total reflection of the cornea/air surface.
B. They Goldman gonioscope has a curvature steeper than the cornea
C. They all contain convex mirrors.
D. They need viscous coupling medium.
96. About total internal reflection, which is False? 96. Answer. C

A. It occurs when the incident ray exceeds the critical angle.
B. It explains why the anterior chamber angle cannot be visualized with slit lamp.
C. It occurs when light travels from a medium with lower refractive index to
one with higher index.
D. It is applied in fiberoptics.
19
97. Answer. D
97. As regards prisms, which is FALSE?
B. The centrad produces a
A. One centrad measures image displacement along an arc of 1 meter from the prism. very slightly greater angle of
B. The centrad & prism diopter do not produce the same angle of deviation. deviation than the prism
dioptre, but the difference ,in
C. Prisms may be used to detect malingers of blindness. practice is negligible
D. Maddox rod is composed of high powered prisms.
D. Cylinder lenses
98. In Fresnel prisms, which is FALSE?

98. Answer. D
A. It reduces the weight of conventional prisms.
B. Are made of a series of small prisms. D, the back
C. May reduce the visual acuity.
D. Are applied to the front surface of the lens used.
99. Regarding refractive index (RI), which is FALSE?

99. Answer. C
A. It equals velocity of light in air/velocity of light in medium.

B. R1 of air is one.
C. Vitreous hemorrhage in phakic eye will cause myopic shift.
D. Increase of RI of eye lens will produce myopic shift.
100. In refraction, which is FALSE? 100. Answer. A

A. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction. A, reflection
B. When light passes from one medium to a denser medium its deviates towards the normal
C. The refractive index of a material is inversely proportional to the velocity of
light through that medium.
D. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from dense to rare medium.
101. Regarding the prismatic effect of lenses, which is FALSE: 101. Answer. D
A. Decentration always produces prismatic effect.

B. Decentration in Prentice formula is measured in cm.
C. A plus lens can be considered as innumerable prisms aligned with
their bases centrally.
D. Cylindrical lenses have no prismatic effect.
102. The angle of deviation of prism is determined by the following EXCEPT:

102. Answer. D
F. The apical angle.
G. The angle of incidence.
H. The refractive index of the material of the prism.
I. The width of the base of the prism.
20
103. Regarding lenses, which is FALSE?

103. Answer. C
A. Rays passing through the optical centre are undeviated
B. The principal focus is the point to which parallel light rays converge C, inversely
following retraction by a convex spherical lens.
C. Lens power is directly proportional to its focal length
D. The nodal point is the point at which the principal plane & the principal axis intersect.
104. Regarding cross-cylinder, which is FALSE? 104. Answer. C

A. It is used to check the axis of cylinder subjectively. C, it blurs the image
B. Used to check the back vertex power of the lens.
C. Does not blur image when placed before an emmetropic eye.
D. Its spherical equivalent is zero.
105. Regarding chromatic aberration, which is FALSE?

105. Answer. B
A. It accounts for 3 D of aberration in the human eye.
B. The worth 4 dots test is based on chromatic aberration.
C. Shorter wavelengths are deviated more at an optical interface
D. Used optically in duochrome test.
106. In correction of aphakia by glasses, which answer is correct?
106. Answer. D
A. Magnification decreases as the correcting lens moves away from the original
position of the crystalline lens. A. Increase
B. Aphakic glasses lead to field widening.
C. Aphakic glasses lead to insignificant image distortion. C. Pin-cushion
D. The prismatic effect of the glasses leads to ring scotoma.
107. Regarding the magnifying glass, which is FALSE? 107. Answer. D

A. Increase the angle subtended by the image of a near object. D. narrow
B. Has an angular magnification.
C. Used to produce erect virtual image.
D. Has a wide field of vision.
108. Choose the INCORRECT answer about cross-cylinder

108. Answer. A
A. There is no vergence power in axis of the cylinder.
B. It is a sphero-cylindrical lenses.
C. The power of cylinder is written on the handle.
D. Used to verify the astigmatic error.
109. In focimeter, which of the following is correct: 109. Answer. B

A. Gives a ring of dots if the lens has cylindrical power.
B. Measures the back vertex power of the lens.
C. Measure the anterior surface power of the lens.
D. The image size of the target is not fixed.
21
110. As regards the condensing lens used in indirect ophthalmoscope, 110. Answer. C
choose the Correct answer:
A, Larger
A. The stronger condensing lens uses the smaller the field of vision. B, inverted
B. The image formed is erect. C, they mean 2nd principle
C. The image formed is located at or near the principle focus of the condensing lens D, the lower
D. The stronger condensing lens uses the higher the magnification.
111. The following can be used as low vision aids EXCEPT: (REPEATED)
111. Answer. D
A. Text scanner.
B. Closed television circuits. D, Convex cylindrical
C. Telescopes. magnifying glass
D. Convex cylindrical glasses.
112. On reaching neutral point by retinoscopy, which is FALSE? (REPEATED)

112 Answer. D
A. The observer sees a diffuse bright red reflex.

B. Increasing the power of lens, point of reversal occurs.
C. Red reflex is dim in high error.
D. Getting nearer to the patient, red reflex moves against.
E. Red reflex is more rapid in movement in small than in high error.
RANDOM 1
113. Light of wavelength 460nm encounters the interface of a new medium with 113. Answer. B
an index of refraction of 1.24; Find the reduced wavelength in the new medium:
B, 460/1.24 = 371
A. 570nm.
B. 371nm.
C. 270nm.
D. 652nm.
E. 460nm.
114. What is the critical angle between an implant of refractive index 1.490 and 114. Answer. A
aqueous of refractive index 1.333 (sin 27=0.454; sin 36=0.588; sin 63=0.891) :
A. 63.
B. 36.
C. 27.
D. This angle cannot be determined without knowing the incident angle.
E. None of the above.
22
115. Find the image vergence of an object placed 40cm in front of the anterior 115. Answer. C
lens-aqueous surface of radius of curvature 10mm(naq = 1.33:nlens = 1.50):
A. +9.12 D
B. -9.12 D
C. +10.28 D
D. -10.28 D
E. +8.13 D
116. Vergence formulae can determine all of the following Except: 116. Answer. C
A. Incoming vergence.
B. Outgoing vergence.
C. Nature of the image (virtual, real, erect).
D. Magnification or minification of the system.
E. Power of the lens.
RANDOM 2
117. All the following are true about accommodation Except: 117. Answer. C
A. It decreases with age

B. In order to focus an object at the distance of 25cm, an emmetropic eye needs to
use 4D of accommodation
C. In order to focus an object at the distance of 25cm, an eye with -3.00D needs 2D
of accommodation
D. In order to focus an object at the distance of 25cm, an eye with +2.00D needs 6D
of accommodation.
E. For comfortable near vision one-third of the accommodation should be kept in reserve
118. The following are true about convex lens for low visual aids Except: 118. Answer. A
A. The object is places at its focal point

B. The image produced is virtual
C. The image is erect
D. The field of vision obtained is decreased if the user moved away from the lens
23
E. The field of vision obtained is reduced if the diameter of the lens is reduced.
119. A patient wears a – 10.0 D lens for correction of his right eye. What is the linear
magnification of the image formed by his lens, if he places an object at 50 cm: 119. Answer. D
Use M=v/u
A. 2
B. 1/4 & 1/v+1/u=F
C. 1/6
D. 6
E. 4
120. A patient has a refraction of – 5.0 D OD & - 10.0 D OS with an IPD = 56mm and adds of +2.5 D. What is
the vertical phoria through bifocals, if the optical center of the bifocals is 10mm below the optical center of the
distance prescription:
120. Answer. C Ophthalmology BOARD REVIEW
A patient has a refraction of –5.00 D OD and –10.00 D OS with a PD of 65 mm and adds of +2.50 D.
A. 5 Prism diopter Left hyperphoria What is the horizontal phoria induced if the glass spectacle PD is 70 mm and equally centered? OD =
B. 5 Prism diopter Right hypophoria (0.25 cm)(-5.00 D) = 1.25 prism diopter base in OS = (0.25 cm)(-10.00 D) = 2.5 prism diopter base in
Total phoria = 1.25 + 2.5 = 3.75 prism diopters of esophoria What is the vertical phoria through the
C. 5 Prism diopter Left hypophoria bifocals in the previous problem if the optical center of the bifocals is 10 mm below the optical center
of the distance prescription? Because the add is equal in both eyes, it can be ignored here. The left eye
D. 1 Prism diopter Left hypophoria has –5.00 D more power than the right eye, so: Prism diopters = (1 cm of displacement) x (–5.00 D) =
E. 1 Prism diopter Right hyperphoria 5 prism diopters base down OS This patient has a 5 prism diopter left hypophoria or a 5 prism diopter
right hyperphoria. Note that the hyperphoria occurs in the eye with the less minus (or more plus)
correction.
121. A cataract patient’s eye has an axial length of 23.5mm an keratometry measurements of 43.00 @ 180 and
44.00D @ 90. If you use the original SRK formula, what IOL power will produce emmetropia if you use an IOL
with an A constant of 118.5?
121. Answer. D
A. + 20.3 D
B. + 19.4 D
C. + 21.5 D
D. + 20.57 D
E. + 21.0 D
122. Supposing a disc measures 2.0mm on the slit-lamp, what would be its actual size if the lens used is 78 D:
122. Answer. B
A. 2.6mm
B. 2.2mm 78D Magnification=1.1
based on CHUA [same Q]
C. 2mm
D. 2.4mm
E. 2.3mm
24
123. All are true about schematic eye of Gullstrand Except: 123. Answer. D
A. The human model eye is based on the principal of thick lenses

B. The eye is about 24.0mm in axial length
C. The nodal points lie on either side of the posterior surface of the lens
D. The nodal points coincide with the principal points
E. The cornea contributes 2/3 to the power of the eye
124. The first image of the cataptoric image can be used for all the following Except:
124. Answer. C
A. Measuring ocular deviation in strabismic patient
B. Keratometry
C. Measuring accommodation
D. Measuring corneal thickness
E. Measuring anterior chamber depth
125. An adult has diplopia and a left hypertropia of 6 ∆ . Which combination of prisms in his glasses would help
to align the two images for him?
OD OS
A. 3 ∆ base – up 3 ∆ base – up 125. Answer. D
B. 6 ∆ base – down Nothing
C. 4 ∆ base – down 2 ∆ base – down
D. 3 ∆ base – up 3 ∆ base – down
E. 5 ∆ base – down 1 ∆ base – up
126. An object is located 20cm to the left of a – 2.00 D lens. Where is the Image located?
126. Answer. D
A. 20cm to the right of the lens
B. 50cm to the right of the lens
C. 33cm to the left of the lens
D. 14cm to the left of the lens
E. 20cm to the left of the lens
25
127. Without correction, a child complains that the objects closer than 33cm are blurry. Cycloplegic refraction
measured + 6.00 D sphere OU. How much accommodation does this child have?
127. Answer. D
A. 6.00D Review questions in ophthalmology KENNETH
B. 12.00D With maximum accommodation, this child is able to

focus at objects at 33 cm (3 D). Being an uncorrected
C. 3.00D hyperope, the child must accommodate through the
D. 9.00D 6.00 D of hyperopia to see clearly in the distance. An
E. 2.00D additional 3.00 D of accommodation is needed to
focus at 33 cm. The total accommodation is 9.00 D.
A=P-D .. D is far diopter in minus for hyperope
128. How much accommodation is required to view an object 1m in front of +10 D lens?
128. Answer. C
A. 2D Review questions in ophthalmology KENNETH
B. 10D
C. 5D
D. 8D
E. 6D
129. A phakic patient undergoes a vitrectomy with replacement of his vitreous fluid ( n = 1.34 ) with silicone oil
( n = 1.40 ). What change occurs in his prescription?
129. Answer. A
Review questions in ophthalmology KENNETH
A. Myopic shift
Silicone oil has a higher index of refraction
B. Hyperopic shift than vitreous, so more refraction -occurs at the
C. No significant change in prescription posterior lens interface. This is similar to
having a lens with a much higher dioptric
D. Cannot be determined with the information given power within the eye. The resultant prescription
E. None of the above for the eye -becomes more myopic.
130. You use the duochrome test to refine the refraction of a patient. The patient says the red letters are much
clearer than the green letters. The patient:
130. Answer. A
A. Is overplussed Review questions in ophthalmology KENNETH
B. Is overminused
C. Is anisometropic
D. Is presbyopic
E. Is emmetropic
131. A 4.00 D myopic patient has + 2.00 D reading adds ground into his lenses. Which type of bifocal segment
will minimize image displacement?
131. Answer. C
A. Round – top
B. Slab – off
C. Flat – top
D. Franklin
E. None
26
132. Which one of the following single changes results in the selection of a lens more powerful than intended?
132. Answer. D
A. Using an A – constant of 116.8 instead of 117.3 Review questions in ophthalmology KENNETH
B. Axial length measured as 20.5mm rather than 20.20mm
A higher A-constant, decreased axial length, or
C. Average keratometry of 44.50 D in place of 44.00D decreased keratometry readings would result in the
D. Placing the lens in the anterior chamber instead of in the capsular bag calculation of a stronger lens. Moving a convex
(plus) lens more anteriorly in the eye and away from
E. None of the above the nodal point also effectively increases its power.
133. Which one of the following principles is used in antireflective coating of glasses?
133. Answer. C
A. Coherence
B. Diffraction
C. Interference
D. Polarization
E. Reflection
134. A patient purchased a pair of sunglasses with a dark blue tint.

Which of these colors would be the hardest to see? 134. Answer. B
A blue lens would block to the greatest extent the blue

A. Red wavelengths of light and permit transmission of the
other wavelengths. This property is utilized in fundus
B. Blue angiography where blue light is projected into the eye.
C. Green A filter in the camera blocks the reflected blue
wavelengths but permits the fluorescent green light to
D. Purple be transmitted and recorded on film.
E. Yellow
135. A patient has a red Maddox rod with the cylinders oriented horizontally placed over
135. Answer. D
her left eye. What does she see when she views a distant white fixation light?
A. Red light, horizontal white line

B. Red light, vertical white line
C. White light, horizontal red line
D. White light, vertical red line
E. None of the above
136. A patient who had bilateral LASIK is complaining of haloes and starbursts
while driving at night. Which of the following measures could improve his symptoms? 136. Answer. E
A. Wear polarized glasses

B. Constrict pupil
C. Turn on the interior reading light in car
D. Treat with a larger ablation zone
E. All of the above
_________________________________ THE END_________________________________
27
43. Illuminance at retina is measured using: 24. Answer. B
A. Candela optics
B. Lux
C. Troland
D. Nit
E. Apostilb
44. By convention, the Goldman perimeter uses an adapting luminance of: 26. Answer. B
A. 2 candelas/m2. optics
B. 10 candelas/m2.
C. 17 candelas/m2.
D. 25 candelas/m2.
E. 45 candelas/m2.
28
New
2014 (2nd)
29
30
31
32
2016
33
34
35
36
37
2017
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
2018
:Lensmeter goes with which rule

Gaussian law
Badal law
Ficks law
Another Q about Lensmeter and bifocals
?Which does not have prism
48
Indirect ophthalmoscope
Spectacle lens
Operating microscope
?D x180 what is the prescription4.00+ & For a power cross of +1.00D x90
x 90 3.00- 4.00+
PCiol with 17D power and lens constant of 118, what will be the equivalent ACiol power with lens constant
?of 116
D15
D19
D20
D18
Blind spot on visual field is ___ degrees vertically and ___ degrees horizontally ( numbers)
Child with esotropia, 30 dp at distance and 45 dp at near.

With +3.00 he has 30 dp at near
With cyclorefraction he is +2.00
What is the prescription?
+1.75 OU
+2 OU add +1.50
+2 OU add +3
+2 OU add +2
How does accommodation occur
49
?Which one is false
✔Light rays travel the slowest in vacuum
?What is critical angle
?Which is false regarding indirect ophthalmoscope
✔ Shows real, magnified, upright images
:When u correct glasses for a myope
Image falls behind lens

Image falls in front of retina
✔Image falls on retina
Image falls behind retina
Visual acuity:
Most resolvable
Gap in C can be seen with most discernible
50
2019
51
52
53
54
55
2020
56
57
58
59
RNDOM
60
61
62
63
64
65
5/2021
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

OPTICS Revised + Extra Qs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OPTICS Revised + Extra Qs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARAB BOARD Q BANK OF

OPTICS & REFRACTION

2. The final image of the following combination of lenses is located: 2. Answer. C

3. In anterior chamber angle viewing:

4. Ophthalmic prisms are used in all of the following Except: 4. Answer. D

5. In spectacle corrected myopic eyes the image is formed: 5. Answer. D

A. In front of the retina

6. In accommodation the least appropriate statement is: 6. Answer. E

7. Regarding amplitude of accommodation measurements, the LEAST appropriate

A. Binocular amplitude of accommodation exceeds the monocular measurement

8. Retinoscopy is performed using: 8. Answer. B

A. Convex mirror setting B, or plane mirror

A. +10.00 D single vision reading glasses.

B. +4.00 D distance with +6.00 add C, near point is 33 cm > 50

14. Keratometry utilizes Purkinje image number: 14. Answer. A

A. Used to measure prisms coupled with spectacles.

A. It is caused by irregular astigmatism only.

18. With respect to prisms, One is True: 18. Answer. B

A. Creates Base up prism in down decentration

A. Magnification of about 5-10%

A. The refracting angle

A. It has two meridians of curvature

26. Oblique astigmatism, all are true Except: 26. Answer. D

A. Occurs when light passing through the lens obliquely

28. The following are true about hypermetropia Except:

29. Varifocal lenses, all are true Except: 29. Answer. A

A. Are also called trifocal lenses

A. Corneal oedema is feature

35. The Keratometer, all are true Except: 35. Answer. E

A. Uses the cornea as a convex mirror in the measurement of corneal curvature

36. The slit-lamp, all are true Except:

38. In subjective refraction, all are true Except: 38. Answer. E

A. Paralysing the ciliary muscle C, unless the vitreous is

40. Photorefractive keratectomy, all are true Except: 40. Answer. B

A. Uses excimer laser made up of ultraviolet radiation B, breaking the

41. Monovision, all are true Except: 41. Answer.

42. With regard to the astigmatism, all are true except:

47. The power in diopters of 10x magnifying loupe is:

48. A plus lens always:

A. 33cm behind the lens

55. Total internal reflection is applicable in all the following ophthalmic

56. In ophthalmic prisms, one is true:

57. Hard contact lenses, one is true:

58. The optical principal of the lens meter is known as:

60. Which of the following is a cross cylinder: 60. Answer. A

A. UVA contains wavelength from 400-320 nm E, 90% of the UV

66. During retinoscopy a refraction of -2.00 +3.00 X 145 was obtained,

65. Regarding the gonioscopes, which is false:

67. Regarding angle examination, which is false: 67. Answer. B

A. Kopee lens is a direct goniolens.

69. Regarding the refractive index, which is false: 69. Answer. A

A. Some materials have refractive index less than 1. B, Refractive index of a

70. Regarding lenses, which is false: 70. Answer. D

71. In prisms application, which is false:

73. In cross cylinder which of the following is false:

74. About the Fresnel prisms, choose the false answer:

76. Regarding chromatic aberration, choose the false answer:

77. Choose the correct statement about ametropia:

79. In correction of aphakia by glasses, choose the correct answer:

A. Adding base down prism to the distance portion.

81. About the slit lamp, which is false:

93. Which of the following has the greatest refractive power?

95. Regarding gonioscope which of the following is FALSE? (REPEATED)

_ THE END_