Factors Affecting Academic Performance Of Grade 10
Students
A Research Proposal
Presented to
Ma’am Cecille Dela Cruz
Palayan Region High School
Alicia, Isabela
By;
Group 1 of Section Del Pilar
June 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND................................3
Introduction......................................................................................3
Statement of the Problem.................................................................5
Objectives of the study.....................................................................6
Scope and Limitations of the study..................................................6
Significance of the study..................................................................6
Definition of Terms..........................................................................7
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.......................................8
Research Literature..........................................................................8
Related studies.................................................................................11
Conceptual Framework of the study................................................13
Hypothesis of the study....................................................................14
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................14
Research Design...............................................................................14
Locale and Respondents of the study...............................................15
Data Gathering Procedure................................................................15
Research Instrument.........................................................................16
Statistical Treatment of Data...........................................................16
References........................................................................................17
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I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Students are most essential asset for any educational institute. The social and economic
development of the country is directly linked with students’ performance. The students’ performance
(academic achievement) plays an important role in producing the best quality
graduates who will become great leader and manpower for the country thus responsible for the
country’s economic and social development (Ali et al, 2009). Information plays key role in many areas in
our life. Some of these areas are the management, planning and evaluation of an education systems. An
education management information system is a centralized warehouse for the collecting the data,
processing, reviewing, and reporting of educational information and data including the institute and
relevant faculties, students, instructors, and employees. An information system must not only strive to
gather, store, and process information, but must also assist in the formulation of the policies related to
the education, and their management, and evaluation. There was greater interest in highly relevant
parameters such as students’ participation rates, students’ attendance, rate of students’ retention, the
level of students' academic achievement and issues with discipline. (Husaini et. Al, 2023).
In this era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step
for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an
individual’s well-being and opportunities for better living (Battle & Lewis, 2002). It ensures the
acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve
their quality of life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new sources of earning which
enhances the economic growth of a country (Saxton, 2000).
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The quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for educators. It is meant for
making a difference locally, regionally, nationally and globally. Educators, trainers, and researchers have
long been interested in exploring variables contributing effectively for quality of performance of
learners. These variables are inside and outside school that affect students’ quality of academic
achievement. These factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and peer
factors (Crosnoe, Johnson & Elder, 2004). The formal investigation about the role of these demographic
factors rooted back in 17th century (Mann, 1985). Generally these factors include age, gender,
geographical belongingness, ethnicity, marital status, socioeconomic status (SES), parents’ education
level, parental profession, language, income and religious affiliations. These are usually discussed under
the umbrella of demography (Ballatine, 1993). In a broader context demography is referred to as a way
to explore the nature and effects of demographic variables in the biological and social context.
Unfortunately, defining and measuring the quality of education is not a simple issue and the complexity
of this process increases due to the changing values of quality attributes associated with the different
stakeholders’ view point (Blevins, 2009; Parri, 2006).
Measuring of academic performance of students is challenging since student performance is
product of socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. For the last 20 years, education in
Pakistan is growing as a profitable industry with prime objective of maximizing profit by delivering high
quality education that produces well-educated, skilled, mannered students according to needs and
requirements of the dynamically growing market. That’s why the scope of research is always there to
find out what are the factors that affect the performance of the students. There are two groups of
students as generally perceived i.e. those who improve and those who don’t improve. This study can
contribute to find out the factors, which are responsible for student’s inelastic behavior towards study
along with identifying those factors, which help a student to make progress in his studies. This study
focuses on investigating the factors affecting performance of 3rd and 4th year college students equal to
Europeans standard K-12 and K-14. A survey was conducted to collect information and responses of
students, regarding factors affecting their performance.
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The Department of Education (DepEd) has been supporting higher education through
scholarships in order to provide the industry with quality manpower. The Department of Education was
established through the Education Decree of 1863 as the Superior Commission of Primary Instruction
under a Chairman. The Education agency underwent many reorganization efforts in the 20th century in
order to better define its purpose vis a vis the changing administrations and charters. The present day
Department of Education was eventually mandated through Republic Act 9155, otherwise known as the
Governance of Basic Education act of 2001 which establishes the mandate of this agency.
(Deped.gov.ph)
The Department of Education (DepEd) formulates, implements, and coordinates policies, plans,
programs and projects in the areas of formal and non-formal basic education. It supervises all
elementary and secondary education institutions, including alternative learning systems, both public
and private; and provides for the establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate, and
integrated system of basic education relevant to the goals of national development. (Deped.gov.ph).
However, upwards of 40% of high school students are disengaged from learning, are inattentive, exert
little effort on school work, and report being bored in school, according to a analysis by the National
Research Council of the Philippines. The lack of motivation has serious con- sequences. (Jack J. et. Al.
1995)
The study focused on the factors that affect the academic performance of Grade 10 in Palayan
Region High School. The study was guided by the following research objectives:
to relate how English subject capacity among the students affects the academic
performance, to relate how the teaching and learning facilities such as (text
books, technology) , how people around the students affects its performance, and to establish how
guidance and counseling affects student’s in academic performance.
Based on that, it become an essential to investigate on the factors that affecting the students’
academic performance. This paper is going to identify the factors that might influence on students’
academic performance.
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Statement Of The Problem
According to DepEd, a lack of facilities limits the ability of a student to achieve various learning
and extra curricular activities. A lack of facilities has a negative impact on a teachers' job satisfaction,
which undermines their motivation to teach. When it comes to education , lots of concerns come up,
like where will the money come from, where will the teachers come from, what curriculum should be
used, or even problems with what books should and should not be allowed. People care about
education, and everyone cares about it in different ways; they also care about the different aspects of
education. (Albritton M., 2022). Other than that, everyone worries about things that happen at school
from time to time. Lots of people, will experience something difficult or have to work through a
problem during school. There’s a lot of pressure to get good results, make lots of friends, do well in
every subject and be a ‘good student’. These stresses during school can sometimes feel too much. The
important thing is to recognise when there’s a problem and ask for help as soon as you can. Some of
these are; finding schoolwork difficult, or having problems concentrating in class if others are noisy and
disruptive, bullying, problems at home - your parents’ relationship, sibling issues, a housing problem or
simply feeling unsupported, and going to school with anxiety, depression, OCD or any other mental
health condition. (Laura 2021, YOUNGMINDS fighting for people’s young mental health)
Objectives of the Study
1. To study the academic performance of the students.
2. To investigate the factors like learning facilities, communication skills and proper guidance from
parents that influence students’ academic performance.
3. To investigate how the school environment affect students academic performance
Scope and Limitation of the Study
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The study will examine the grade 10 students and the teachers in Palayan Region High School
(PRHS). The Researchers will gather information from the grade 10 students and English teacher in
PRHS.
Significance of the Study
This study provides an insight into the factors affecting academic performance of grade 10
students in PRHS. Findings from this study will also help to improve the performance of the
beneficiaries and make progress. It will also help the individuals to boost their skills and amount of
knowledge. This study focused on motivating students to continue studying no matter what it keeps
them from moving forward.
Our approach is to focus on what we feel is one of the ultimate goal i.e. student
performance. Our view is that by focusing different factors that influence student
performance would help us to improve student through managing their profile.
In addition, work in this area has the potential to provide important suggestions to
improve standard and quality of education and performance of student that is by no means
deniable in a developing country like Philippines.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined for the purpose of clarifying their use in the study.
A. Socioeconomic status (SES) - Socioeconomic status is the position of an individual or group
on the socioeconomic scale, which is determined by a combination of social and economic
factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of occupation, place of
residence, and—in some societies or parts of society—ethnic origin or religious background.
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Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, as well as
issues related to privilege, power, and control.
B. Alternative Learning Systems (ALS) - The Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a parallel
learning system in the Philippines that provides opportunities for out-of-school youth and adult
(OSYA) learners to develop basic and functional literacy skills, and to access equivalent pathways
to complete basic education. A viable alternative to the existing formal education system, ALS
encompasses both non-formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills. As a second chance
education program, it aims to empower OSYA learners to continue learning in a manner, time
and place suitable to their preference and circumstances, and for them to achieve their goals of
improving their quality of life and becoming productive contributors to society.
C. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP ) - The National Research Council of
the Philippines (NRCP), an attached agency to the Department of Science and Technology, is an
advisory body to the Philippine Government on matters of national interest. Through the years,
associate and regular memberships have grown to a total of 4,900, composed of researchers,
scientists, engineers and technologists in all fields of science, including the social sciences and
humanities.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Research Literature
Educational services are often not tangible and are difficult to measure because they result in
the form of transformation of knowledge, life skills and behaviour modifications of learners (Tsinidou,
Gerogiannis, & Fitsilis, 2010). So there is no commonly agreed upon definition of quality that is applied
to education field. The definition of quality of education varies from culture to culture (Michael, 1998).
The environment and the personal characteristics of learners play an important role in their academic
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success. The school personnel, members of the families and communities provide help and support to
students for the quality of their academic performance. This social assistance has a crucial role for the
accomplishment of performance goals of students at school (Goddard,2003). Besides the social
structure, parents’ involvement in their child’s education increases the rate of academic success of their
child (Furstenberg & Hughes, 1995).
The achievement of students is negatively correlated with the low SES level of parents because it
hinders the individual in gaining access to sources and resources of learning (Duke, 2000; Eamon, 2005;
Lopez, 1995). Low SES level strongly affects the achievement of students, dragging them down to a
lower level (Sander, 2001). This effect is most visible at the post-secondary level (Trusty, 2000). It is also
observed that the economically disadvantaged parents are less able to afford the cost of education of
their children at higher levels and consequently they do not work at their fullest potential (Rouse &
Barrow, 2006).
Theory of Educational Productivity by Walberg (1981) determined three groups of nine factors
based on affective, cognitive and behavioral skills for optimization of learning that affect the quality of
academic performance: Aptitude (ability, development and motivation); instruction (amount and
quality); environment (home, classroom, peers and television) (Roberts, 2007).
The home environment also affects the academic performance of students. Educated parents
can provide such an environment that suits best for academic success of their children. The school
authorities can provide counseling and guidance to parents for creating positive home environment for
improvement in students’ quality of work (Marzano,2003). The academic performance of students
heavily depends upon the parental involvement in their academic activities to attain the higher level of
quality in academic success (Barnard, 2004; Henderson, 1988; Shumox & Lomax, 2001).
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There is a range of factors that affect on the quality of performance of students (Waters &
Marzano, 2006). A series of variables are to be considered when to identify the affecting factors
towards quality of academic success. Identifying the most contributing variables in quality of academic
performance is a very complex and challenging job. The students in public schools belong to a variety of
backgrounds depending upon their demography. This diversity is much vast and complex as ever before
in Pakistani culture. Keeping in view all these discussions, researchers conducted this study to examine
the effect of different factors on the students’ quality of academic achievement at the secondary school
level in a metropolitan city of Pakistan.
Several studies have been conducted to find out students’ academic performance (Applegate
and Daly, 2006; Hedjazi and Omidi, 2008; Ramadan and Quraan, 1994; Al-Rofo, 2010; Torki, 1988; Hijaz
and Naqvi, 2006; Naser and Peel, 1998; Abdullah, 2005). All these studies engaged the Grade Point
Average (GPA) as a common indicator of the performance of the students. Kochhar (2000) says proper
guidance is necessary to help the students with problems like lack of correlation between talent and
achievement, faulty study practice, imperfect methods of learning.
Researches have demonstrated that the performance of the students depended upon several
factors like, learning facilities, age and gender differences. The most significant factor with the positive
outcome on the performance of the students is competence of students in English. Students having
good communication skills it expands the students’ performance (Abdullah, 2011). William & Burden
(1997) found that language classrooms inculcate confidence among students to use the new language
to communicate, to discuss, to try new ways of conveying meanings and to be trained from failures and
successes. Robert and Sampson (2011) investigated that the students who effectively participate in the
learning procedure are seen to have a higher CGPA (cumulative grade point average).
Noble (2006), found that academic activities of students, perceptions of their adapting strategies
and background qualities (for example family pay, direction from parents, number of negative
circumstances in the house and parents’ level of education) were indirectly connected to their
compound scores, during academic achievement in secondary school. Direction is a component through
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which a student knows how to progress his study approach and study schedule and is directly
corresponding to academic accomplishment. The students who are appropriately guided by their
guardians have done well in the exams. The direction from the educator also influences performance of
the students. The guidance from the guardians and the educators indirectly influence the students’
performance (Hussain, 2006).
Raychauduri et al. (2010) examined that various studies have been concluded to recognize those
variables which are influencing academic performance of the students. The academic performance of
the students also rely on a various socioeconomic variables like students’ participation in the class,
family pay, and teacher-student ratio, presence of qualified teachers in school and gender of the
student. Several studies have also been done on the impact of peer influence on student performance
(Gonzales et. al., 1996; Goethals, 2001; Hanushek et. al, 2002) investigated that peer influence has more
influential effects than family. Peer help was positively associated with the students’ average grade
point. Giuliodori, Lujan and DiCarlo (2006) found that through peer interaction, students might increase
their skills on solving qualitative problems.
Peer teaching will also encourage student’s participation (Rao and Di Carlo 2000). Rangvid, B. S.
(2003) found that mixing skills influence weak students positively on the other hand the results for
brilliant students were found negative. Goethals (2001) found that homogeneous group students do
better than heterogeneous group students. Al-Otaibi (1996) examined the influence of gender on the
student’s performance and found that male students are not better than female students. Beaumont-
Walters, Y., & Soyibo, K. (2001) explored that student performance is dependent on a socio economic
background like grade level, school type and school location. Tahir,S., & Naqvi, S. R., (2006) examined
that a negative correlation between the family pay and students’ performance, Socio economic
variables like participation in the class, family salary, and teacher-student ratio, existence of qualified
teachers in school, mother’s and father’ s education, distance of school and gender of students also
influence the students’ performance (Raychauduri et al., 2010).
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In the past several years a number of valuable studies have been conducted to develop various
models to evaluate the students’ performance by taking various factors like family pay, direction from
parents, the teacher- student ratio, distance of school and gender of students, but these studies have
not investigated on learning facilities, communication skills and proper guidance by parents. Only a few
studies have been conducted on these variables in the world.
B. Related Studies
All of the research reviews support the hypothesis that student performance depends on
different socio-economic, psychological, environmental factors. The findings of research studies focused
that student performance is affected by different factors such as learning abilities because new
paradigm about learning assumes that all students can and should learn at higher levels but it should
not be considered as constraint because there are other factors like race, gender, sex that can affect
student’s performance. (Hansen, Joe B.2000). Some of the researchers even tried to explain the link
between students achievements, economic circumstances and the risk of becoming a drop-out that
proved to be positive (Goldman, N., Haney, W., and Koffler, S., 1988, Pallas, A., Natriello, G., McDill, E.,
1989, Levin, H., 1986) B.A Chansarkar and A. Mishaeloudis (2001), explained the effects of age,
qualification distance from learning place etc. on student performance. The performance of students on
the module is not affected by such factors as age, sex and place of residence but is associated with
qualification in quantitative subjects. It is also found that those who live near the university perform
better than other students.
Goethe found out that weak students do better when grouped with other weak students. (As
implied by Zajonc’s analysis of older siblings (1976) it shows that students’ performance improves if
they are with the students of their own kind.
There are often different results by gender, as in Hoxby’s K-12 results (2000); Sacerdote (2001)
finds that grades are higher when students have unusually academically strong room mates.
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A number of studies have been carried out to identify and analyse the numerous factors that
affect students’ academic performance in various centres of learning. Their findings identify students’
effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1979; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education,
family income (Devadoss& Foltz,1996), self motivation, age of student, learning preferences (Aripin,
Mahmood, Rohaizad, Yeop, &Anuar, 2008), class attendance (Romer, 1993), and entry qualifications as
factors that have a significant effect on the students’ academic performance in various settings. Parent
involvement is another factor that has been consistently related to a child’s increased academic
performance (Hara& Burke, 1998; Hill & Craft, 2003; Marcon, 1999; Stevenson & Baker, 1987). While
this relation between Parent involvement and a student’s academic performance is well established.
This chapter covered the literature on the factors affecting students’ academic performance. Therefore,
the chapter covers how communication skill affect students academic performance, how status of
teaching/learning facilities affect students academic performance and how guidance and counseling
services affect students’ academic performance.
A review of prior, relevant literature is an essential feature of any academic project, An effective
review creates a firm foundation for advancing knowledge. It facilitates theory development, closes
areas where a plethora of research exists, and uncovers areas where research is needed (Webner&
Watson, 2002).
Conceptual Framework of the study
Figure 1 shows the relationship of the variables of the study.
The said variables will be utilized to find out the relationship among the profiles of the students,
psychological well-being, communication and the performance of the respondents. The independent
variables considered will be the profile of the students as to: gender, age, marital status. Meanwhile,
the dependent variables will be the student’s performance.
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Hypothesis of the study
A) There is no significant effect of socio-economic status on students’ academic performance.
B) There is significant effect of psychological well-being on student’s academic performance.
C) There is no significant difference in quality of students’ achievement in relation to their gender,
sex and marital status.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
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This descriptive study was conducted by using a survey method. The population was the
secondary school male and female students from Palayan Region High School. Only fifty volunteer
students (15 male and 15 female) out of all volunteers from one section of the 10th grade were selected
randomly. Thus the sample size for the study was 160 students (80 males and 80 females ). The study
was delimited to only demographic factors such as students’ gender, socio economic status,
psychological well-being, home and school environment . The quality of academic performance was
measured by their achievement scores of the 9th grade annual examination verified from the teachers.
Data regarding the variables such as SES, psychological well-being and students’ gender, sex and
marital status were collected by using a questionnaire. A survey approach is considered appropriate
when seeking information from a large sample (Babbie, 2007). Surveys have become a significant tool
for collecting data to answer questions related to social, economic, political, and health issues (Fink,
2009) and to describe correlations between and among variables (Creswell, 2003). Fink (2009) asserted
that surveys require choosing a method of inquiry that will provide researchers with accurate and
precise data. In this study, descriptive research design will be an aid to describe the relationship
between the SES, psychological well-being, home and school environment, social status and the
performance of the students.
Locale and Respondents of the Study
This research will be conducted in Palayan Region High School. The respondents will be the
students enrolled during the school year 2022-2023. They will be drawn proportionately from the list to
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be requested from the administration office. The sample size will be computed using the Slovin formula
with margin of error of 0.05.
As shown in Table 1, a total of 180 students will serve as the respondents of the study.
Table 1. Distribution of the Respondents
Section Number of students Sample size Percent
Del Pilar 45 40 25%
Bonifacio 45 40 25%
Rizal 45 40 25%
Mabini 45 40 25%
180 160 100%
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will secure permission from the subject teachers and principal of the Palayan Region
High School, respectively prior to administering the questionnaire to the respondents of the study.
Research Instrument
The first questionnaire is a back ground information intended to be answered by the
respondents. The second questionnaire about their experiences in school that may affect their
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academic performance like facilities, communication or socialization, psychological well-being and
parental guidance.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The collected data will be computer- processed using the Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS).
To further explore the factors affecting students academic performance, the Kendall’s Tau
Coefficient will be utilized.
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References
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achievement of Latino young adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 163-175.
Eitle, T. M. (2005). Do gender and race matter? Explaining the relationship between sports participation
and achievement. Sociological Spectrum, 25(2), 177-195.
Husaini Y. et. Al., (2023), Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance: A review
Krashen, S. (2005). The hard work hypothesis: Is doing your homework enough to overcome the effects
of poverty? Multicultural Education, 12(4), 16-19.
Mananga J. H.( 2016), FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF
PUPLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ILALA DISTRICT, DAR-ES-SALAAM, TANZANIA
Mann, M. (1985). Macmilan students encyclopedia of sociology. England: Anchor Brendon Ltd.
M.S. Farooq1, A.H. Chaudhry1, M. Shafiq1, G. Berhanu2, Journal of Quality and Technology
Management Volume VII, Issue II, December, (2011), Page 01 ‐ 14, FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’
QUALITY OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
Singh P., Malik S., (2016), Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Students
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