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Problem 9
The armature and shunt field resistance of a four-pole, lap wound DC shunt motor is 0.05 ohm and 25 ohm respectively. If
its armature contains 500 conductors, find the speed of the motor when it take 120 A from a DC mains of 100 V supply.
Flux per pole is 2 × 10 𝑠
Wb
Problem 10
A 6-pole, 440 V DC motor has 936 wave wound armature conductors. The useful flux per pole is 25 m Wb. The torque
developed is 45·5 kg-m. Calculate the following, if armature resistance is 0·5 ohm; (i) Armature current (ii) Speed
Problem 11
The electromagnetic torque developed in a DC machine is 80 Nm for an armature current of 30 A. What will be the torque
for a current of 15 A? Assume constant flux. What is the induced emf at a speed of 900 rpm and an armature current of
15 A?
Problem 12
A 250 V, shunt motor on no-load runs at 1000 rpm and takes 5A. The total armature and shunt field resistances are 0.2
ohm and 250 ohm respectively. Calculate the speed when loaded and taking current of 50 A if armature reaction weakens
the field by 3%.
Characteristics of DC Motors
The performance of a DC motor can be easily judged from its characteristic curves, known as motor characteristics.
The characteristics of a motor are those curves which show relation between the two quantities.
On the basis of these quantities, the following characteristics can be obtained:
1. Speed and Armature current i.e., N – Characteristics: It is the curve drawn between speed N and armature
current Ia. It is also known as speed characteristics.
2. Torque and Armature current i.e., T– Characteristics: It is the curve drawn between torque developed in the
armature T and armature current Ia. It is also known as electrical characteristic.
3. Speed and Torque i.e., N–T characteristics: It is the curve drawn between speed N and torque developed in the
armature T. It is also known as mechanical characteristics
The following important relations must be kept in mind while discussing the motor characteristics:
𝐸
𝑁∝ 𝐸 ∝ 𝑁𝜙 𝑇∝𝜙𝐼
𝜙
Characteristics of Shunt Motors
In these motors, the shunt field current 𝐼 = remains constant since the supply voltage V
is constant. Hence, the flux in DC shunt motors is practically constant (although at heavy loads,
1. N – 𝒂 characteristics
𝐸
We know that, 𝑁∝
𝜙
If the armature drop (Ia Ra) is negligible, the speed of the motor will remain constant for
allvalues of load as shown by the dotted line AB
2. T – 𝒂 characteristics
Thus, after magnetic saturation, the N – 𝐼 curve follows a straight line path
and speed decreases slightly When started at no load, speed tends to
it is concluded that the series motor is a variable speed motor dangerously high, may self damage. Never never
..Start a series motor without a load.
2. T – 𝒂 characteristics We know that, 𝑇 ∝ 𝜙𝐼 𝑇∝𝐼
Hence, before magnetic saturation the electromagnetic torque produced in the armature is proportional to the
square of the armature current.
Therefore, this portion of the curve (OA) is a parabola passing through the origin.
However, after magnetic saturation, the flux I becomes constant.
𝑇∝𝐼
Hence, after magnetic saturation, the curve (AB) becomes a straight line.
3. N – T Characteristics
This characteristic is derived from the first two characteristics. At low value of load, 𝐼 is small,
torque is small but the speed is very high.
As load increases, 𝐼 increases, torque increases but
the speed decreases rapidly.
Thus for increasing torque, speed decreases rapidly
Characteristics of Compound Motors
There are two types of compound wound DC motors namely; cumulative compound motors and differential compound
motors. Cumulative compound motors are most common.
The characteristics of these motors lies between the shunt and series motors.
Cummulative Compound
1. N – Characteristics 2. T – Characteristics 3. N – T Characteristics
Differentially Compound wound
These motors are used in steel rolling mills, paper mills, diesel – electric propulsion of ships, etc.
2. Shunt motors: From the characteristics of a shunt motor we have seen that it is almost constant speed motor. It is,
therefore, used; where constant speed form no load to full speed and variable speed using speed control methods
As such the shunt motors are most suitable for industrial drives such as
lathes, drills, grinders, shapers, spinning and weaving machines, line shafts in the group
drive, etc
3. Series motors: The characteristics of a series motor reveal that it is variable speed motor i.e., the speed is low at
higher torques and vice-versa. Moreover, at light loads or at no-load, the motor attains dangerously high speed. It is,
therefore, employed:
(i) Where high torque is required at the time of starting to accelerate heavy loads quickly.
(ii) Where the load is subjected to heavy fluctuations and speed is required to be adjusted automatically.
As such the series motors are most suitable for
electric traction, cranes, elevators, vacuum cleaners, hair driers, sewing machines, fans
and air compressors, etc
Selection of DC Motors
While selecting a DC motor for a particular work, one is to consider the following points: