CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED WORK

Chapter 4
PROPOSED WORK

4.1NEED OF NEW SYSTEM

Electricity consumption is still measured using traditional (not smart)

electricity meters in most parts of India. Readings of the meters are noted at the
end of each month by a government official who has to roam from one place
to another to get these readings. To avoid this effort and to make the number
of units consumed available to a customer on demand, we aim to bring a new
system into picture. Replacing all these meters with smart meters could be
expensive and therefore this paper would focus on studying existing systems
and their drawbacks, then on elaborating how a Raspberry Pi, Arduino or
just a customized circuit could be used instead, to manage multiple
electricity meters at a time and make them work like smart meters
Electricity is the heart of today's world. And now the world is going to be
digital so electricity is very much important aspect. Generation and supply
of electricity is the primary task of electricity board but it is also important
to measure the power used by the consumer that is taking readings and
generate the bills. In current scenario taking a reading and generating bills is
manual work. It is very time- consuming. Power theft is the one of the
biggest problems in India. Sometimes user did not pay the bills on time so
the electricity board worker cut the power supply manually. In this case,
sometimes corruption done by the user or that worker which leads to the
loss of electricity board. In some areas cameras also used to take a reading
but it is a very complicated system and not so user-friendly. To avoid all
these problems, we proposed a wireless system for smart electricity meter
and billing system using IOT (Internet of Things).
The world is changing towards automatic wireless technologies, which
prefer not only reducing human efforts but is helping in making systems
automatic and efficient. A system is said to be intelligent when it can decide
what to do without any instruction and can work automatically. An Electric
or Energy meter measures the total electrical energy in units used by the
appliances which consume electrical energy from the main power supply.
Electromechanical and Electronic meter are two types of meter Available in
the market to measure the unit consumption. Electromechanical meters are

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commonly used in village areas, where the uses of modern technology are not
as high as it is in cities. Electromechanical meters have become out of date
nowadays. Electronic meters replace electromechanical meters. This meter
consists of LCD/LED to display the reading. Calibration Led is used on the
meter which shows the unitsconsumed. Manpower is required to read the
meter and note down the reading. The reading on the meter is increasing
which is used to generate the electricity bill. Electromechanical and
Electronic meter are two types of meter Available in the market to measure
the unit consumption. Electromechanical meters are commonly used in village
areas, where the uses of modern technology are not as high as it is in cities.
Electromechanical meters have become out of date nowadays.
Electronic meters replace electromechanical meters. This meter consists of
LCD/LED to display the reading. Calibration Led is used on the meter
which shows the units consumed. Manpower is required to read the meter
and note down the reading.
The reading on the meter is increasing which is used to generate the
electricity bill. An electricity meter, electric meter is a device that measures
the amount of electric energy consumed by a set of electrically powered
devices. Electric meters installed at customers' location are used to measure
electric energy consumed by utilities the run on electricity, which is the
amount of electricity delivered to the customers, to generate bills. Amount
consumed is typically calculated in billing units.The generalized unit is the
kilowatt hour [kWh]. Bills are generated once each billing period, which is a
default of a month in India. When there is a need to save energy during
certain periods, meters may measure the maximum use of power in some
interval, and a shed period can be decided accordingly. Electric rates can be
changed during a day, and thus different prices can be seen in different
hours even if the amount of energy used is the same. Recording usage can help
one understand which are the peak high-cost periods are and what are the
off-peak lower-cost periods. This paper will aim at studying different types
of conventional electricity meters and smart electricity meters. We will
understand the advantages and disadvantages of each type and justify how
the proposed alternative could be a better substitute.

4.2METHOD USED FOR REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

In the existing system have many drawbacks such as manual work,
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Human errors, inaccurate meter reading, in some cases camera used to read
the meter reading but it also faces environmental issues, corruption, Power
theft. To overcome from these drawbacks. In the Proposed system with high
efficiency and robustness. the user needs to register first, then the data of
user will be stored at the cloud. The access to the internet is via android
which has unique MAC id so the exchange of meter can't be possible. The
billing will be automatic through the server-based unit. For defaulter, customer
electricity connection can be cut through the relay on the electric meter. Thus,
manual work gets avoided.The old manual system was suffering from a
series of drawbacks. Since whole of the system was to be maintained with
hands the process of keeping maintaining, and retrieving the information
was very tedious and lengthy. The records were never used to be in a
systematic order. There used to be lots of difficulties in associating any
particular transaction with a particular context. If any information was to be
found it was required to go through the different registers, documents there
would never exist anything like report generation. There would always be
unnecessary consumption of time while entering records and retrieving records.
One more problem was that it was very difficult to find errors while entering
the records. Once the records were entered it was very difficult to update these
records. In present, work done in the electricity board is performed manually
which is a great headache for the department. The reason behind it s that
there is lot of information to be maintained and must be kept in mind while
running the business. For this reason, we have provided features present system
is partially automated (computerized), existing system is quite laborious as
one must enter same formation at three different places following are some
problems observed in those energy meters which should be rectified: Meter
reading and other related tasks like bill payment are performed by many staff
i.e., large number of employees are required, and an expansive number of
staff is utilized for meter reading, and they are used for other related
assignments like bill payment. Billing errors due to carelessness of meter
readers during meter reading and sometime billing estimation.Careless
usage of electricity by consumer who is unaware of its cost.

4.3DATA REQUIREMENT
smart meter will record the details of your consumption of electricity.
ESB Networks will collect data on the total amount of electricity consumed
over the previous 24-hour period daily for Interval (30 minute) Smart
Services activated meters. This data will be used to provide information to

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support customer billing, customers switching suppliers and customers moving

premises.Smart meters that have been activated for Interval (30 minute)
Smart Services will collect a detailed breakdown of your electricity
consumed e.g. usage every 30 minutes. However, this information will only
be shared with us if you have given us your consent while activating
Interval (30 minute) Smart Services. To make sure the meter is working
properly, ESB Networks will also collect non-personal data about the meter
itself. Smart meters that have been activated for Non-Interval (Bi-Monthly)
Smart Services will read meters six times a year and will you’ll see Day,
Night and Peak reads on your bills giving you a more insightful view of
your electricity usage compared with standard non-smart meters.smart
interval meter data As a smart meter customer, when you switch to a time of
use tariff, you will have a choice to either share your meter read once every
two months or share your 30-minute usage data every day.You will have an
ongoing choice over whether your energy usage data is retrieved daily or not.
So, at any point in time, you can choose not to have your 30-minute usage data
loggeand you can switch to non-interval services. You will still be subject to
the terms and conditions of your contract and your tariff structure and rates
may change. It will also impact some of the smart interval specific services
that we provide to you. You will no longer have access to your 30-
minute electricity usage information in your Business Online account and
we will be unable to provide you energy saving hints and tips based on your
energy consumption. data be safe All data collected from the meter will be
securely stored in a central Meter Data Management System (MDMS)
operated and managed by ESB Networks electricity usage data with my
smart meter If you’ve selected Interval (30 minute) Smart Services, you’ll
have access to a full breakdown of your usage data through your Business
Online account. Your breakdown will be available for you to view the next
day and will be updated daily. This will provide you with “at a glance”
information about how you are using electricity This will help you make
more informed choices so you can start to shift your daily energy usage to
times of the day where energy costs are lower. You can also get an idea of
how much electricity different appliances are using by seeing your 30-
minute usage breakdown. If you select Non-Interval (Bi-Monthly) Smart
Services, or if this is the only option available to you, you won’t be able to
see your 30 minute usage breakdown, but we will receive your read once
every two months. This will reduce the need for manual meter reads and
will help keep your bills more accurate. You will also be able to view your

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Day, Night and Peak reads on your bills giving you a more insightful view
of your electricity usage compared with standard non-smart meters. data is
collected by my smart meter and how is it used Your smart meter will record
the details of your consumption of electricity. ESB Networks will collect data
on the total amount of electricity consumed over the previous 24-hour period
daily for Interval (30 minute) Smart Services activated meters. This data will
be used to provide information to support customer billing, customers
switching suppliers and customers moving premises.Smart meters that have
been activated for Interval (30 minute) Smart Services will collect a detailed
breakdown of your electricity consumed e.g. usage every 30 minutes.
However, this information will only be shared with us if you have given us
your consent while activating Interval (30 minute) Smart Services. To make
sure the meter is working properly, ESB Networks will also collect non-
personal data about the meter itself. Smart meters that have been activated
for Non-Interval (Bi-Monthly) Smart Services will read meters six times a
year and will you’ll see Day, Night and Peak reads on your bills giving you
a more insightful view of your electricity usage compared with standard
non-smart meters.
4.4FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SYSTEM

Information remening

4.5HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

4.5.1ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

The ATmega328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328P achieves throughputs

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approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize

power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a
rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32
registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient
while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers. The ATmega328P provides the following features:
4K/8K/16K/32K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read While-
Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers,
three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serial programmable USART,
Figure 4.5.1 Internal block diagram of microcontroller

Above fig is take in IFERP research paper smart city billing system
for home through iot and Figure 3.5.1 Internal block diagram of
microcontrollerhis diagram also available on google byte-oriented 2-wire
Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in
TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with
intern Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, /Counters, USART, 2-wire
Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the
user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The
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ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC
conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running
while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up
combined with low power consumption. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through
an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer,
or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The Boot
program can use any interface to download the application program in the
Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to
run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-
While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In- System
Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega328P is a
powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution to many embedded control applications. The internal block diagram
of microcontroller is shown in figure 3.1 The ATmega328P AVR is
supported with a full suite of program and system development tools
including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program
Debugger/Simulators,In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

Features

 High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture - 131 Powerful Instructions - Most Single
Clock Cycle Execution - 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers - Fully
Static Operation Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz - On-chip 2-cycle
Multiplier High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments - 4/8/16/32K

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Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

(ATmega328P) - 256/512/512/1K Bytes. EEPROM (ATmega328P) -
512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega328P) Write/Erase Cycles:
10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM In-System Programming by On-chip
Boot Program.
 Peripheral Features - Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and
Compare Mode One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare
Mode, and Capture Mode - Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator - Six
PWM Channels
 Special Microcontroller Features - Power-on Reset and Programmable
Brown-out Detection - Internal Calibrated Oscillator - External and
Internal Interrupt Sources - Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction,
Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby
 I/O and Packages - 23 Programmable I/O Lines - 28-pin PDIP, o Operating
Voltage:- 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P
 Temperature Range: - -40C to 85C

Figure4 .5.1.2 Pin diagram of microcontroller

This diagram take in on google

 Pin Descriptions

Pin diagram of microcontroller is in figure 3.2 VCC digital supply voltage VGD
Ground. Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

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[1]Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors
are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.
[2]Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PC5. 0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors
are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.

[3]PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of
Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset
input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
[4]Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.
[5]AVCC

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AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass
filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
[6]AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

Atmega328p microcontrolar Nowadays, with Microcontrollers being relatively cheap

and readily available in the market, making a purchase decision on a suitable one to pick
might a hard task to handle. However, there’s one particular model that’s good to start with
for users. That model is the ATmega328p, an 8-bit AVR microcontroller. ATmega328P is a
high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR microcontroller that’s able to
achieve the most single clock cycle execution of 131 powerful instructions thanks to its
advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards
such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno.

 Advantages OF Atmega328
[1] Processors are simpler to use, with the usage of 8bit and 16bit instead of 32/64bit which
are more complex
[2]Readily usable without additional computing components with 32k bytes of onboard
self-programmable flash program memory as well as 23 programmable I/O lines
[3]Code Efficient, all 31 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
making it 10 times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers
[4]Optimized for AVR enhanced RISC instruction set

 Disadvantages of Atmega328
[1] Lacks performance compared to higher bit microcontrollers.

 Product Applications~~
The ATmega328P is supported with a full suite of program and system development
tools which includes: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-
circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.The fast PWM mode that provides a high-frequency

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PWM waveform generation allows for it to be suited for power regulation, rectification, and
DAC applications.
 Intro to the Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on
flexible, easy-to use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists,
designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or
environments. Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a
variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights,
motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed
using the Arduino programming language and the Arduino Development
Environment. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can
communicate with software running on a computer. There are plenty of
other microcontrollers available. So you may be asking, why choose the
Arduino? Arduino really simplifies the process of building projects on a
microcontroller making it a great platform for amateurs. You can easily start
working on one with no previous electronics experience.

 What Is Inside an Arduino?

Although there are many different types of Arduino boards available,
this manual focuses on the Arduino Uno. This is the most popular Arduino
board around. So what makes this thing tick? Here are the specifications:
[1]Processor: 16 Mhz ATmega328
[2]Flash memory: 32 KB
[3]Ram: 2kb
[4]Operating Voltage: 5V
[5]Input Voltage: 7-12 V
[6]Number of analog inputs: 6
[7]Number of digital I/O: 14 (6 of them pwm)

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The specs may seem meager compared to your desktop computer, but remember
that the Arduino is an embedded device. We have a lot less to process than your
desktop
4.5.2WIFI MODULE ESP8266

Wifi modules or wifi microcontrollers are used to send and recieve data
over Wi-Fi. They can also accept commands over the Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi modules are
used for communications bewtween devices. They are most commonly used in
the field of Internet of Thnigs. ESP8266 is the most widely used Wi-Fi module. It
is a low-cost microchip with a full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability,
produced by Espressif Systems. This small module allows microcontrollers to
connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections.

 ESP8226 comes with the capabilites of:-

[1] 2.4 Ghz Wi-Fi
[2]General-purpose input/output (16 GPIO)
[3] Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial communication protocol
[4]Analog-to-digital conversion (10-bit ADC)
It runs at operating voltage of 3V and can handle maximum voltage of
around 3.6V. It can be easily interfaced with microcontrollers board via Serial
Port. There are numerous breakout boards available based on ESP8266 Wifi
Module like ESP8266 NodeMCU V3. Because of its compact size, its most
importantly used in autonomous project.

Figure 4.5.2 Wifi Module ESP8266

This image or fig take on google The ESP8266 Wifi Module is a self-
contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
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microcontroller access to your Wifi network. The ESP8266 is capable of

either hosting an application or offloading all Wifi networking functions
from another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-
programmed with an AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply
hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much Wifi -ability as a
Wifi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an
extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage
capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other
application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development
up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end
module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports
APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it
contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating
conditions, and requires no external RF parts. The figure 3.4 shows the wifi
module ESP8206 There is an almost limitless fountain of information
available for the ESP8266, all of which has been provided by amazing
community support. In the Documents section below you will find many
resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to
transform this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution.
Features of esP8266

[1]802.11 b/g/n
[2]Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
[3]Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
[4]Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
[5]Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
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[6]• +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode

[7]Power down leakage current of ¡10uA
[8]4MB Flash Memory
[9]Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
[10]SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
[11]STBC, 11 MIMO, 21 MIMO
[12]A-MPDU A-MSDU aggregation 0.4ms guard interval
[13]Wake up and transmit packets in ¡ 2ms
[14]Standby power consumption of ¡ 1.0mW (DTIM3)

4.5.3 RELAY MODULE

A relay shown in figure 3.5 is an electrically operated switch. Relay is

an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open or close the
contacts of a switch. The single channel relay module is much more than just a
plain relay, it comprises of components that make switching and connection
easier and act as indicators to show if the module is powered and if the
relay is active or not.

Figure 4.5.3 RELAY MODULE

The relay module function is mainly to switch electrical devices and

systems on or off. It also serves to isolate the control circuit from the device or
system being controlled. This is important because it allows you the use a
microcontroller or other low-power device to control devices with much higher
voltages and currents.Another relay module purpose is to amplify the control

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signal so that it can switch the higher currents using only a small out of power
from a microcontroller.

4.5.4STEP DOWN TRANFROMER

A Transformer is a static apparatus, with no moving parts,
which transforms electrical power from one circuit to another with changes
in voltage and current and no change in frequency. There are two types of
transformers classified by their function: Step up Transformer and Step
down Transformer A Step up Transformer is a device which converts the low
primary voltage to a high secondary voltage i.e. it steps up the input voltage.
A Step down Transformer on the other hand, steps down the input voltage
i.e. the secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. Step down
transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the mains
230VA.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main
characteristic of electronic transformer.

Figure .4.5.4 STEP DOWN TANSFORMER

This image or fig take on google ,Power transformers are usually designed
to operate from source of low impedance at a single freq.It is required to
construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric
strength.Transformer ratings are expressed in voltamp. The volt-amp of
each secondary winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA.
To this are added the load losses.Temperature rise of a transformer is
decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on transformer and heat
dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.A step-down transformer is a
type of transformer that converts the high voltage (HV) and low current
from the primary side of the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high
current value on the secondary side of the transformer. The reverse of this is
known as a step up transformer.A transformer is a type of static electrical
equipment that transforms electrical energy (from primary side windings) to

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magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic core) and again to the electrical
energy (on the secondary transformer side). A step-down transformer has a
wide variety of applications in electrical systems and transmission lines.

4.5.5THEFT SENSOR
If you visit a modern factory and observe the amazing electronics at
work in an assembly cell, you’ll see a variety of sensors on display. Most of these
sensors have separate wires for positive voltage supply, ground and signal.
Applying power allows a sensor to do its job, whether that’s observing the
presence of ferromagnetic metals nearby or sending a light beam out as part of the
facility’s security system. The humble mechanical switches that trigger these
sensors, like the reed switch, only need two wires to do their jobs. These switches
activate using magnetic fields. The reed switch was born in 1936. It was the
brainchild of W.B. Ellwood at Bell Telephone Laboratories, and it earned its patent
in 1941. The switch looks like a small glass capsule with electrical leads poking
out of each end.

Figure no 4.5.5 THEFT SENSOR

This image or fig is taken on google, theft sensor also called reed
switch, The switching mechanism is comprised of two ferromagnetic blades,
separated by only a few microns. When a magnet approaches these blades, the
two blades pull toward one another. Once touching, the blades close the
normally open (NO) contacts, allowing electricity to flow. Some reed switches
also contain a non-ferromagnetic contact, which forms a normally closed (NC)
output. An approaching magnet will disconnect the contact and pull away
from the switching contact. Contacts are constructed from a variety of metals,
including tungsten and rhodium. Some varieties even use mercury, which must
be kept in the proper orientation to switch correctly. A glass envelope filled
with inert gas—commonly nitrogen— seals the contacts at an internal pressure
under one atmosphere. Sealing isolates the contacts, which prevents corrosion
and any sparks that might result from contact movement.

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Features of reed switch

[1] read switch is an electromagnetic switch.

[2]used to control flow of electricity in a cicircuit.

[3]reed switch sensitivity is is measured in unit of ampere turn at.

[4]the aerospace and aviation sector use read switchapplication.

[5]cabinet and door closing indicator.

[6]antennae.

[7]seat actuation.
4.5.6 LDR SENSOR
Most home appliances, outdoor lighting, and streetlights are normally
operated and maintained manually. This is not only dangerous, but it also
wastes energy due to staff negligence or unforeseeable events when turning
this electrical equipment ON and OFF. Therefore, by using a light sensor, we
can automatically shut off the loads based on the intensity of the daylight By
sensing the radiant energy present in a relatively small range of frequencies
often referred to as "light," which runs in frequency from the "Infra-red" to
"Visible" up to "Ultraviolet" light spectrum, a light sensor produces an output
signal that indicates the intensity of light. The light sensor is a passive
component that produces an electrical signal from this "light energy,"
whether it is in the visible or infrared portions of the spectrum. Because they
transform light energy (photons) into electricity, light sensors are more
generally referred to as "Photoelectric Devices" or "Photo Sensors"
(electrons).

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It can be divided into two primary categories: photovoltaics and photo-

emissions and photo- resistors and photo-conductors, which
modify their electrical properties. LDR is also referred to as a
photoresistor, photocell, or photoconductor. It is a specific kind of resistor,
and the amount of light that strikes its surface affects how much resistance it
exhibits. A light-dependent resistor or LDR is an example of an electrical
component that responds to light. When light beams strike it, the resistance
changes right away. An LDR's resistance levels can vary by several orders of
magnitude. As the light level rises, the resistance value will decrease.

Figure no 4.5.6LDR SENSOR

4.6 This image or fig take by google LDR resistance values range from many
megaohms in complete darkness to only a few hundred ohms in strong light. As a
result, these resistors are widely used in a variety of applications due to this
variation in resistance. The wavelength of the incident light affects the LDR
sensitivity as well SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
4.6.1 ThingSeak IoT Platform
ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate,
visualize, and analyze live data streams in the cloud. You can send data to ThingSpeak
from your devices, create instant visualizations of live data, and send alerts using web
services like Twitter and Twilio With MATLAB® analytics inside ThingSpeak, you
can write and execute MATLAB code to perform preprocessing, visualizations, and
analyses. ThingSpeak enables engineers and scientists to prototype and build loT
systems without setting up servers or developing web software.

Figure no 4.6.1 ThingSeak loging page{ screen short }

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4.6.2ARDUINO UNO LED light programming

Figure no 3.6.2 LED Programming { screen short }

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