Energy Meter Iot

Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring With Load Control and Mobile Billing System through IoT
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Electricity, one of the most important sectors for the economic development of a country is used
for the various purposes. In the present scenario, the world is facing energy crisis. The optimum
solution of this trending problem is to monitor and control the power consumption. In power
system, the number of consumer is growing speedily and thus the energy requirement. More the
energy requirement more is need to save energy losses. Due to the non-technical reasons 5-7%
power losses of total generated power. That's why consumer has to suffer for this inconsistent
billing though they use the approximately same energy in each month. To save losses we need to
monitor the power consumption losses, so that we can utilize the generated power. As generation
is increasing in turn are the requirements. The idea of a wireless data transmission is being
proposed to reduce the human dependency to collect the monthly reading and to minimize the
technical problems regarding the process. This helps to calculate average power consumption of
particular locality or consumer.
There is a technological advancement needed, so we develop a system with faster and advanced
technology i.e. IoT. The internet of thing allows object to be sensed and controlled remotely
across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between
the physical world and computer based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy
and economic benefit.The increasing generation needs empowered gadgets by wireless
technology which includes Bluetooth, Radio Frequency Identification, Embedded sensors and
many more. In that IOT technology has grown from its beginning and now presently widely
using it. The electricity plays an important role in our life Nowadays we have a burning concept
of lot i.e. Internet of Things through this concept or technology the objects are sensed controlled
remotely in the existing network infrastructure.
In the existing billing system the distribution companies are unable to keep track of the changing
maximum demand of consumers. The consumer is facing problems like receiving due bills for
bills that have already been paid as well as poor reliability of electricity supply and quality even
if bills are paid regularly. The remedy for all these problems is to keep track of the consumers
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load on timely basis, which will held to assure accurate billing, track maximum demand and to
detect threshold value. These are all the features to be taken into account for designing an
efficient energy billing system. This energy meter utilizes the features of embedded systems i.e.
combination of hardware and software in order to implement desired functionality.
Proposed system enables the electricity department to read the meter readings monthly without a
person visiting each house. This can be achieved by the use of Arduino unit that continuously
monitor and records the energy meter reading. A Wi-Fi module is integrated with electronic
energy meter of each entity to have remote access to the usage of electricity and create a wireless
network. This system continuously records the reading and the live meter reading can be
displayed on webpage to the consumer on request. This system also can be used to disconnect
the power supply of the house when needed. This system is an effective way of data collecting
and saving for greater accuracy and improved billing. It provides better consumer services by
sending alert of power consumed and payable amount.
IOT based energy meter reading consists of two parts: Controller and WIFI part. Controller part
plays a major role in the system, where all the information can send through this controller to the
other part of the system and it also stores the information in it. WIFI part performs IOT operation
in accordance with the Arduino controller. This system can be very swift, accurate and efficient.
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CHAPTER 2
2.1 Literature Survey
The work of existing meter reading techniques in India is analyzed and conducted an extensive
study on different energy measuring instruments available now. In existing system either an
electronic energy meter or an electro-mechanical meter is fixed in the premise for measuring
usage. The meters currently in use are only capable of recording kWh units. The kWh units used
then still have to be processed by a meter reading company. For processing the meter reading,
company needs to firstly link each recorded power usage datum to an account holder and then
determine the amount owed by means of the specific tariff in use. Many system built on various
platforms have been proposed by different research groups all over the world for automatic meter
reading.
In order to overcome the problems of the existing traditional meter reading system, efforts are
underway around the world to automate the meter reading systems to provide comprehensive
information to the consumer for efficient use of utilities.
Researchers have proposed different implementation techniques for meter reading. One is SMS –
based Reconfigurable Automatic Meter Reading System which uses GSM network for sending
the ARM data.
The other technique is secure and scalable automated reading system which uses the existing
load ISP’s instead of requiring its own proprietary set communication infrastructure. The
gateway node basically consists of an embedded microprocessor system, based on embedded
linux, and a modem.
The remote real time automatic reading system employs distributed structure based on wireless
sensor networks which consists of measure units, sensor nodes, data collectors, server and
wireless communication network.
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In 2010, using Multi-appliance power disaggregation technology implementers implemented the

linear detection algorithm to determine which appliances are active in their power contributions.
Problems are robust to errors in this database.
In 2011, using cloud computing technology found the solution for efficiency calculation of
individual equipment.
In 2012, using three feedback system, monitored the energy in residential Real-Time. It is critical
to the continuing engagement and use of the device to save energy. Residences to determine the
feedback provided by real-time energy monitors results in lower residential consumption rates
during the 30 days after installation.
In 2013, using GREEN technology is the smallest Zigbee-compatible node in existence. This
technology will possible in every place sensing of a different data types, from energy metering to
environmental monitoring.
1n 2014, GSM technology implemented automatic power will be reading.
In 2016, Using wifi technology application can develop for Apple and BlackBerry 10 OS, thus
providing multiple platform users support.
In 2017, using IOT technology An IoT device was created for measuring the voltage, current,
power and energy of a three-phase four-line power line in a laboratory building.
Dinesh Prasanth M K presents a model of “Live Energy Meter Reading and Billing System
through GPRS”. The current electric meter doesn’t have provision to monitor our electricity
consumption. Also, the provision for generating bills automatically is limited and inefficient.
Until now, Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system uses SMS as the medium to transfer data to
the server. But, the designed energy meter uploads the reading periodically to a central public
server through GPRS. This model uses SMS as the communication medium. This system avoids
electricity theft to a large extent and also makes the energy meter tamper proof. In most cases,
the errors in the system can be identified only at the end of the month.
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Md. Wasi-ur-Rahman, Mohmmad Tanvir Rahman, Tareq Hasan Khan and S.M. Lutful Kabira
proposed technique for remotely reading electricity meter readings using Short Message
Service(SMS) has been given. Existing Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)
networks have been used for sending and receiving SMS.
Thota Akhila, Ch. Balaram Murthy and T. Ragini present a system of “GSM based Automatic
Energy Meter Reading and Load Control”. The AMR system enables remote access of existing
energy meter by the energy provider. AMR system aims to move away from the traditional
method of manual reading of electricity meters in which meter reader visits every meter location
periodically and read the meter value manually. In this we can monitor the meter readings
regularly without visiting at the customer site. This AMR system uses different connectivity
module like Global System for Mobile (GSM), General Packet Radio System(GPRS), broadband
carrier in power line and radio frequency.
The system continuously monitors energy meter, SMS is sent to the company as per requirement.
Then can set the period in microcontroller for every meter reading daily, weekly, monthly and
sends to central server of the energy Provider Company. Meantime, the energy resources
management departments can monitor the consumption of power in order to improve the utility
of power. It’s the basic to realize automatic deliver of energy resources.
P.V. Santhoshi Roja, B. Kiran Babu, V. Samson Deva Kumar present a system of “Wireless
Energy Meter and Billing via SMS”. The existing traditional method for retrieving the energy
meter data and billing is not convenient and time consuming, hence in this system we suggest a
billing strategy via SMS which is convenient and reduces the manpower. This system is a boon
for remote monitoring and automatic tariff updating. This system gives the information regarding
meter reading, power cut, total load used and tempering on request or regularly in particular
interval through SMS.
Thus this information is being sent and received by concerned energy Provider Company with
the help of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)900 network. Hence this system not
only reduces the labor cost and also increase meter reading accuracy and saves both time and
money. GSM based energy meter is easy to installation and beneficial for both energy Provider
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and Customer. This reduces the manual cost and also reduces the errors done by the humans.
This also reduces the problems faced by customer like over running of the meter, over load, and
also reduces thefts. This system can be used even in the remote areas by changing the type of the
modem, and its range of frequency for communication.
Ronanki Deepak Krishna, Pulavarty Jaya Kishan, Teki Sai Santosh Kumar proposed “GSM
Based Energy Meter Billing Via SMS” system. The energy meter is designed for reading
electrical energy consumed in units and in rupees to display on an LCD screen to the user. This
data is also provided to the electrical department using GSM technology for billing purposes.
Owing to high electricity cost these days it becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to
how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within his budget.
In this proposed system, the consumer will get his energy consumption data on real time basis on
a LCD display. The same data is sent through GSM modem to the electricity department via
SMS. A microcontroller of 8051 family is interfaced to the energy meter to get the Watt Hour
pulses. The microcontroller then processes these pulses according the program written in it, to
calculate the units consumed and cost involved. Further this project can be enhanced by to
control the electrical appliances remotely via SMS.
Subhashis Maitra put a concept of “Embedded Energy Meter- A new concept to measure the
energy consumed by a consumer and to pay the bill”. A new concept of energy meter will be
discussed, where maximum demand of energy of a consumer will be indicated in the meter used
by the consumer. After exceeding the maximum demand, the meter and hence the connection
will automatically be disconnected by an embedded system inserted in the meter itself.
According to the maximum demand, the consumer will purchase a cash-card of amount
depending on the consumption of energy and after the full consumption, the consumer again has
to purchase another cash-card or recharge the same and thus the hassle related to go to the billing
office, to stand in a long queue and to submit the bill, can be avoided. Also this system helps to
eliminate the draw backs of billing management system, such as to take the reading from the
meter, to create the bill, to print the bill, to send the bill to the proper address and to collect the
amount for the bill.
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P.K. Lee and L.L. Lai, Fieee, proposed “A practical approach to wireless GPRS on-line power
quality monitoring system”. In this system, the authors discuss the way to adopt the cost
effective GPRS applications. Although there have been lots of theories and concepts on the
GPRS applications but the real applications applying to a large network, distributed power
generation or building energy/power distribution monitoring are limited. The authors focus the
application of the GPRS to this on-line system application and the techniques.
H.G.Rodney Tan,C.H. Lee,V.H.Mok designed an “Automatic power meter reading system using
GSM network”. The development of a GSM automatic power meter reading (GAPMR) system is
presented in this paper. The GAPMR system is consists of GSM digital power meters installed in
every consumer unit and an electricity e-billing system at the energy provider side. The GSM
digital power meter (GPM) is a single phase IEC61036 standard compliance digital kWh power
meter with embedded GSM modem which utilize the GSM network to send its power usage
reading using short messaging system (SMS) back to the energy provider wirelessly. At the
power provider side an e-billing system is used to manage all received SMS meter reading,
compute the billing cost, update the database, and to publish billing notification to its respective
consumer through SMS, email, Web portal and printed postage mailing. A working prototype of
the GAPMR system was built to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic meter
reading, billing and notification through the use of GSM network.
E.Moni Silviya, K.Meena Vinodhini and Salai Thillai Thilagam.J.proposed “GSM Based
Automatic Energy Meter System with Instant Billing”. In this system, they proposed a system
which measures the current consumption unit through IR sensor unit. The IR transmitter is
placed in the rotating unit of the EB meter. The receiver photo diode is placed in a certain place
which is used to find no of rotation. By getting the number of rotation we get the current
consumption. After getting the current consumption the ARM processor will reduce the unit
given for specific user. The unit here is taken as numeric value. If the unit is reduced to
minimum value it will intimate the user through alarm and LCD unit. If the user wants to add
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more units for him, he has to send a message to EB section. From the EB section the required
value will be sent to the ARM controller through GSM modem. From the obtained value the
ARM will increment the unit in the memory. Thus recharge process is done quickly with less
manual interactions. Our system may be applied in Industrial control, medical system and access
control.
Gobhinath.S, Gunasundari.N and Gowthami.P proposed “Internet of Things(IoT) through GSM”.

The Existing domestic Energy meter reading systems universally exist many problems, such as
difficulty in construction, too narrow bandwidth, too low rate, poor real time, not two way
communication quickly etc. To solve above problems, this paper uses the wireless technology
for Automatic Meter Reading system. A proposed method provides the communication between
the Electricity Board section and the consumer section using Internet of things (IOT) for
transmitting the customer’s electricity consumption and bill information that is calculated using
ARM7 microcontroller. The power fluctuations are monitored using the voltage sensor and
current sensor are fed to the microcontroller which indicates it to the Electricity Board.
Depending on the power generation, the house hold devices are controlled automatically. From
Electricity Board section the information regarding the bill amount and payment are
communicated to the consumer via Global System for Mobile communication. The power and
billing information is continuously transmitted by the use of Internet of Things and monitored
by the Electricity Board section. Whenever there is power theft identified can be sent from the
Electricity Board section to cut the supply to the customer.
Md. Sajedul Islam and Md. Sadequr Rahman Bhuiyan invented a system of “Design and
Implementation of Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring System With Load Control And
Billing System Through GSM”. Electricity is the most usable form of energy which is widely
used through the whole world. So with the evolution of modern technology, the usage of
electricity is escalating gradually. But the production of electricity is confined due to deficiency
of resources. So power must be used in concise way. In many countries, electrical energy is
measured by energy meter which is inspected by a human.
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According to their inspection, the electric bills are prepared and most often these are prepared on
the basis of assumption which could be inaccurate, costly, time-consuming as well as error
prone. Due to the absence of regular monitoring system, sometimes consumer use electrical
energy month after month without paying any bill. Energy meter monitoring and digital billing
system is a kind of system which would be able to avoid traditional meter reading, save human
resources, improve the accuracy and prevent the power theft.
In Islam’s project, a remote monitoring of energy meter and digital billing system is inaugurated
through GSM 900. For monitoring server, major programming languages had been introduced to
relate the methodologies, execute logical functions, store data in a database and send the monthly
bill to the consumer cell phone number and finally disconnect the unpaid consumer.
The present system of energy metering as well as billing uses electromechanical and somewhere
digital energy meter is error prone and it consumes more time and labor. So in this system, the
GSM network is used in the AMR to send the data using GSM modem by sending Short
Messaging Systems (SMS) containing the information of the total power usage reading. For the
acquisition of hundreds of thousands of meters value in every minute this system is not very well
scaled. The system data transmission is based on the standard SMS rates. Thus the charges are
independent of the duration of the data transmission.
B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang, Y. X. Zuo

and H. W. Kuek, "Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy meter", 2012. In this system
they described such as presently electronics energy measurement is continuously replacing
existing technology of electro-mechanical meters especially in China and India. By the year
2004, digital meter has start replacing electromechanical meters in Singapore. A wireless digital
energy meter would definitely offer greater convenience to the meter reading task. Bluetooth
technology is chosen as a possible wireless solution to this issue. In this paper, we present the
design and implementation issues of a Bluetooth-enabled energy meter. The energy reader can
collect the energy consumption reading from the energy meter wirelessly based on Bluetooth.
Darshan Iyer N, Dr. KA Radhakrishna Rao M Tech. student, Dept. of ECE ,PES College of
Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka, India, “ IoT Based Energy Meter Reading, Theft Detection
and Disconnection using PLC modem and Power optimization” , Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015. This
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system describes PIC18F46k22 Microcontroller based design and implementation of energy

meter using IoT concept. The proposed system design eliminates the human involvement in
Electricity maintenance. The Buyer needs to pay for the usage of electricity on schedule, in case
that he couldn’t pay, the electricity transmission can be turned off autonomously from the distant
server. The user can monitor the energy consumption in units from a web page by providing
device IP address. Theft detection unit connected to energy meter will notify company side when
meter tampering occurs in energy meter and it will send theft detect information through PLC
modem and theft detected will be displayed on the terminal window of the company side. Wi-Fi
unit performs the IoT operation by sending energy meter data to web page which can be accessed
through IP address.
Landi, C.; Dipt. di Ing. dell''Inf., Seconda Univ. di Napoli, Aversa, Italy ; Merola, P. ; Ianniello,
G", "ARM-based management system using smart meter and Web server",2011. They described
such as a low cost real-time ARM-based energy management system is proposed. It is conceived
as part of a distributed system that measures the main power system quantities and give the
possibility to manage the whole power plant. An integrated Web Server allow to collect the
statistics of power consumptions, power quality and is able to interface devices for load
displacement. The device is characterized by easy access to the information and the combination
of a smart meter and data communication capability allow local and remote access. In this way it
is possible to manage the power consumption of the power system leading to an overall
reduction in consumption and costs.
Mr. Samarth Pandit, Miss. Sneha Mandhre and Miss. Meghana Nichal proposed “Smart Energy
Meter using internet of Things (IoT)”. This paper projects the means to monitor energy
consumption at domestic level. This helps in reducing energy consumptions and monitors the
units consumed. The objective is to make the electrical appliances intelligent and provide
comfort to consumer and to reduce power consumption in web applications. Design and
implementation of the project is mainly based on Arduino UNO controller and IoT technology. If
any tampering occurs the controller will send the data to the server as well as it is cut down the
energy supply automatically. Ethernet performs the IoT operation through which the data is send
to the web page.
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2.2 Problem Statement
Electricity is the most usable form of energy which is widely used through the whole world.
With the evolution of modern technology, the usage of electricity is escalating gradually. But the
traditional energy meter reading system is entirely a manual process which involves man, paper
and pen. We can see a person standing in front of our house from electricity board, whose duty is
to read the energy meter and handover the bills to the owner of that house every month. This is
nothing but meter reading. According to that reading, we have to pay the bills. The main
drawback of this system is that person has to go area by area and he has to read the meter of
every house and handover the bills. Many times errors like extra bill amount or notification from
electric board even though the bills are paid are common errors. The electric bills are prepared
on the basis of assumption which could be inaccurate, costly, time-consuming as well as error
prone. Due to the absence of regular monitoring system, sometimes consumer use electrical
energy month after month without paying any bill.
To overcome these limitations in manual system, some systems are being developed to automate
energy meter reading process. The third party between the consumer and service provider, even
the errors will be overcome. By using IoT, energy meter monitoring and controlling process is
made more efficient and can help to save human resources, improve the accuracy, prevent the
power theft and to enhance system’s utility.
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2.3 Motivation
With the advent of the Internet comes not only the opportunity to send and receive data from
peers or fellow humans, but also the opportunity to send and receive data from devices. This
concept is known as the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), and it proposes immense
opportunities, part of which can be applied to solving the growing issue of power or energy
management. The consumption of electricity has skyrocketed in recent years, and methods which
are costly and of harmful to the environment are also mostly used in electricity generation.
Therefore, energy monitoring, management and efficiency is of utmost importance to improve
the power sector of any economy.
One approach through which today’s energy crisis can be addressed is through the reduction of
power usage in households. With the evolution of modern technology, the usage of electricity is
escalating gradually. But the production of electricity is confined due to deficiency of resources.
The consumers are increasing rapidly and also burden on electricity offering divisions is sharply
increasing. The consumers must be facilitated by giving them an ideal solution:- i.e. the concept
of IoT(Internet of Things) meters and on the other hand service provider end also can be
informed about electricity thefts. In today’s age electricity is the most usable form of energy
which is widely used through the whole world.
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2.4 Objective
The main objective of our system is the consumer can manage their energy consumption by
knowing their energy usage time to time. This will not only provides two way communications
between server and consumer but also provides other functions that are if the consumer fails to
pay the electricity bill the energy supply would be cut down from the server side and once the
bill is paid the energy supply is reconnected.
The idea of wireless data transmission is being proposed to reduce the human dependency to
collect the monthly reading and to minimize the technical problems regarding the billing process.
The proposed system is an effective way for data collection which allows substantial saving
through the reduction of meter read, greater accuracy, allow frequent reading and improved
billing. There is no need for a person to visit every home at the end of every month for checking
the reading. The bills are generated automatically at the start of every month. In recent years, the
number of smartphone users has increased drastically. The users can view their current Energy
meter reading and also pay their Electric bills through mobile application. The users can also
monitor their Energy meter on-line and they are also given an option of paying the bill on-line.
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2.5 Overview of Internet of Things
The Internet of Things(IoT) , sometimes referred to as the Internet of Everything(IoE), consists

of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
surrounding environments using embedded sensors, processors and communication hardware.
Fig.2.5.1:- IoT Representation
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in
addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the
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technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber physical system, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes and smart
cities. Each thing is uniquely identified through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing internet infrastructure.
Fig.2.5.2:- Interfacing of Hardware
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Fig.2.5.3:- IoT Working
People also want to communicate with all non-living things through internet such as home
appliances, furniture’s, stationeries, cloths etc. The people already have a lot of technologies to
interact with living things but IoT enables to communicate with non-living things with comfort
manner. IoT is a convergence of several technologies like ubiquitous, pervasive computing,
Ambient Intelligence, Sensors, Actuators, Communications technologies, Internet Technologies,
Embedded systems etc.
Internet of Things is not the result of single novel technology; instead, several complementary
technical developments provide capabilities that taken together help to bridge the gap between
the virtual and physical world. These capabilities include:
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Communication and cooperation:-
 Addressability
 Identification
 Sensing
 Actuation
 Embedded information processing
 Localization
 User interfaces
IoT platforms and Security:- Even with the recent attention given to security for IoT devices, it
can be easy to overlook the need for end-to-end security for an IoT platform. Every part of a
platform should be analyzed for security prospects. From the internet connections to the
applications and devices to the transmitted and stored data, there is a potential for an attack
factor. Without question, the single most important non-functional requirement of an IoT
platform is that it offers robust security.
 Unique Features Of The Proposed System:-

 Remote monitoring of energy consumption.
 Real time data monitoring.
 Remote access to load control.
 Daily, weekly usage limit can be set according to the requirement of the user which
results in minimizing unnecessary energy usage.
 Reduction in power of web application.
 Faster communication between Arduino to server and server to web page and vice versa
through MQTT protocol.
 Disconnection of service consumers remotely.
 It provides telemetric communication and eliminates the man power requirement
for metering.
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 The information obtain through web page will be real time i.e. the bill will be generated
by the utility will be based on the actual amount of units consumed and not manipulated
or approximated.
 Daily, weekly, monthly limit can be set according to the requirement of the user which
results in minimizing unnecessary energy usage.
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CHAPTER 3
3.1 System Architecture
230V
LCD
Meter Microcontroller Wi-Fi Module
Relay
Load
Server
MSEB
Fig.3.1:- Block Diagram of Proposed System
 Description of System:-
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The block diagram of the project consists of controller part and wifi unit. Controller part consists
of ATMega 328 controller and Arduino Uno. WIFI ESP8266 for the IOT operation. LCD, Relay,
energy meter and server these are other components present in the system. Microcontroller is the
core component of the project that connects input and outputs of the devices. When the various
appliances of the household consume energy the energy meter reads the reading continuously
and this consumed load can be seen on meter.
We can see that the LED on meter continuously blinks which counts the meter reading. Based on
the blinking, the units are counted. Normally, 3200 blinks is one unit. In our proposed system we
are trying to develop, a system in which Arduino UNO act as main controller, which
continuously monitor energy meter. As per the blinking of LED on energy meter the Arduino
will measure the unit consumption. The measured reading with the calculation of the cost will be
continuously displayed on web page that we have designed. Reports of the energy consumption
are generated daily and can be monitored through Arduino application or web portal users can
monitor and pay bill online. Finally the overall monthly bill with cost will be sent to customer as
well as service provider in the form of text at first day of every month.
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CHAPTER 4
4.1 Circuit Diagram
Fig.4.1:- Circuit diagram of Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring With Load
Control And Mobile Billing System Through IoT
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 Circuit Description:-
The designed energy meter includes simple energy meter, ATmega328 microcontroller,
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, LCD, 12V relay, server(web page) and load. The operating voltage of
Arduino Uno board is 5 volts. Internet of things (IoT) is the main method of communication
between the energy meter and the web server. It is also ideally suitable for data transfer over
an always on-line connection between a central location and web page or mobile devices. The
reading information from the energy meter in real time is uploaded to a central database
via IoT. Each user of the system may access this information via the Internet. The main objective
is to develop an energy meter that informs the consumer the exact consumption and billing that
the load consumes through IoT. The blinking LED as seen on the front panel is directly
proportional to the power consumed. More the power drawn faster becomes the LED blinking
pulses. One sensor is placed above such blinking LED to derive the real time units consumed
whose output goes to an ATmega328 microcontroller. Whenever the LED blinks, it then gives an
interrupt signal to the microcontroller of the ATmega328 family and thus the program of the
microcontroller counts the pulses and displays the reading on the LCD duly interfaced to the
microcontroller for every minute / daily / weekly or monthly as programed which is sent to the
screen of server. For every 30 seconds, the PIC controller tries to send the value received to the
central public server through IoT. We are using Wi-Fi which acts as a heart for IoT. Through Wi-
Fi the consumer can set changes in threshold value, it can ON and OFF the energy meter.
The Prototype of the system is shown in the Fig. The power supply required for this unit is 5V
D.C, 230V A.C is tapped from the single phase supply, stepped down to 12V A.C and then
rectified to 5V D.C , regulated and given to the circuit. The supply will be provided for LCD
display, micro controller and interfacing unit. When the load connected to the meter is ON then
the meter will start counting the watt hour cycles being used, interface is provided between
energy meter and microcontroller by means of a step down transformer and C program is
embedded into the microcontroller which helps it to calculate the number of units used by the
consumer by means of input KWH cycles taken by energy meter and the relay will operate for
disconnecting the load. The calculated units are displayed on an LCD which is connected to
microcontroller. By this user can manage his usage of power and save the electricity and plan his
budget.
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CHAPTER 5
5.1 Working
Today, the metering instrument technology grown up significantly, such that the consumed
energy can be calculated mathematically, displayed, data can be stored, data can be transmitted,
etc. Presently the microcontrollers are playing major role in metering instrument technology. The
present project work is designed to collect the consumed energy data of a particular energy
consumer through wireless communication system (without going to consumer house), the
system can be called as automatic meter reading system. The Automatic Meter reading system is
intended to remotely collect the meter readings of a locality using a communication system,
without persons physically going and reading the meters visually.
Since IoT is cost effective compared to SMS so, monitoring of energy meters at lower cost is
made possible. Daily consumption reports are generated which can be monitored through
Android application and/or web portal. There is no need for a person to visit every home at the
end of every month for checking the reading. The bills are generated automatically at the start of
every month. The android users can pay their electric bills from their android application. Non-
android users can monitor and pay their bills online. The system is more reliable and accurate
reading values are collected from energy meters. Live readings of the energy meter can be
viewed through Android application. Also, the readings can be viewed online. The human
intensive work is avoided and all the values are maintained in the central server. The
communication medium is secure and tampering of energy meters can be identified easily.
Since the values are stored in the central database, the reports are made accessible from
anywhere in the world. Also, the server is online 24x7. The users can be aware of their electricity
consumption. The human work of collecting readings by visiting every home at the end of every
month can be avoided by generating electricity bills automatically and errors in the system can
be identified quickly.
The proposed system consists of controller unit and wifi unit. It consists of energy meter, LCD
relay, ATmega microcontroller, relay, wi-fi module of ESP 8266, server and load. WI-FI
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ESP8266 for the IOT operation. Initially DC power supply to give voltage to the circuit.
Amplifier circuit and isolation circuits are connected with relays and load. The load and relays in
this circuit represent the devices that need energy or electricity to operate and are used at homes.
Energy meter is connected to ATmega 328 controller through relay to wi-fi module.
Fig.5.1:- Block Diagram of System
There are two-way communications between the consumer end and server end. So the whole
system has two parts, one is consumer unit and the other is server unit. Fig. shows consumer unit
which consists of energy meter, Arduino, Wi-Fi module, LCD, interrupting relay for developing
the system particular work. From the consumer unit, the information of energy usage will be sent
to the server unit through the Wi-Fi module. In consumer unit, there are interrupting relay and
LCD. In server unit, Wi-Fi module interfaced with a computer which always receives
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information from consumer end and many logical functions are executed by it to display
information about the user, used energy and bill status. Then by pressing the start button, the
energy meter will be initialized and then the data will be acquired from the blinking of LED
where each pulse will contain a specific amount of energy. After performing arithmetic and
logical operation this data will be shown on a LED display for the easy inspection of the
consumer. Then the acquired data will be processed and then transmitted through the Wi-Fi
module to the server unit.
In server unit Wi-Fi module will receive the transmit data and by processing this received data it
will be shown on the server computer. The received data will be updated gradually and then
stored in the database after performing the arithmetic and logical operation. After a given period
as per the consumed power, the amount of bill will be prepared for every consumer and it will be
notified the consumer by sending information from the server. If any customer is unable to pay
the bill within a period his/her energy meter will be disconnected by initiating the interrupting
relay. Whenever the consumer would be able to pay his/her previous bill, the interrupted line will
establish its connection by getting a command from the server. This gives the information to the
controller about the energy consumed bill. The information uploaded on the internet is accessed
through a webpage. And the programming of the whole system is done using embedded ‘C’.
When there is a power cut the data stored in the RAM of micro controller must be transferred to
the EEPROM. When power supply is back the data stored in the EEPROM is sent again to the
micro controller and energy meter will start from its previous state.
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CHAPTER 6
6.1 Hardware Description
6.1.1 Energy Meter
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy
consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered device. Electricity meters are
typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour(kWh).
Periodic readings of electricity meters establish billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt(kWh) hour,
which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of 1 kilowatt over a period of 1 hour, or
3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI mega joules instead.
Energy meter or watt-hour meter is an electrical instrument that measures the amount of
electrical energy used by the consumers. Utilities is one of the electrical departments, which
install these instruments at every place like homes, industries, organizations, commercial
buildings to charge for the electricity consumption by loads such as lights, fans, refrigerators and
other home appliances. .Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common
one being the kilowatt hour. Energy meter measures the rapid voltage and currents, calculate
their product and give instantaneous power. This power is integrated over a time interval, which
gives the energy utilized over that time period. The design of this energy meter is such that the
surrounding things do not affect its working. The construction is such that it is UART compatible
i.e. the reading recorded through energy meter is shared with the controller and displayed on the
web page.
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Fig.6.1.1:- Energy Meter
6.1.2 Power Supply
Any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the source of power. So in this
fast moving world we deliberately need a proper power source which will be apt for a particular
requirement. All the electronic components starting from diode to be only work with a DC
supply ranging from 5V to 12V.We are utilizing for the same, the cheapest and commonly
available energy source of 230V-50Hz and stepping down and regulating the voltage.
6.1.3 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. The relay
is used to controls the load. It is located in mid of load and energy meter. This relay performs the
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function to cut down of power supply if the issued bill is not paid and reconnecting of power
supply when the bill is paid. The relay is also used to control the load remotely.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low- power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in distance
telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-
transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logically operations.
Fig.6.1.3:- Virtual Relay
6.1.4 Microcontroller ATmega328
The ATmega328 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328
achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz allowing the system designers to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.
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Fig.6.1.4:- Microcontroller ATmega328
 Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture:
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments:
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– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation:
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features:
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement:
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
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Temperature Measurement:
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I 2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features:
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,

Standby and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages:
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage:– 1.8 - 5.5V
• Temperature Range:–-40°C to 85°C
• Speed Grade:– 0 - 4 MHz@1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 10 MHz@2.7 - 5.5.V, 0 - 20 MHz @ 4.5

- 5.5V
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• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
– Active Mode: 0.2 mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1 µA
– Power-save Mode: 0.75 µA (Including 32 kHz RTC).
6.1.5 Arduino UNO Board
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB.
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Fig.6.1.5:- Arduino Uno Development Board
 Technical Specification:-
 Microcontroller - ATmega328
 Operating Voltage - 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) - 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) - 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins - 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins - 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin - 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin - 50 mA
 Flash Memory - 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM - 2 KB
 EEPROM - 1 KB
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 Clock Speed - 16 MHz
o Power:-
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
• VIN:- The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin or if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V:- The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply.
• 3V3:- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
• GND:- Ground pins.
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o Memory:-
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the
bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written
with the EEPROM library).
o Input and Output:-
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
• Serial:- 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .
• External Interrupts:- 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
• PWM:- 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
• SPI:- 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino
language.
• LED:- 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality:
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• I2C:- 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF:- Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
• Reset:-Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.
o Communication:-
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB to serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The
ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a
Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.
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6.1.6 Wi-Fi Module(ESP8266):-
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. We are using Wi-Fi which acts as a heart for IoT. Through
Wi-Fi the consumer can set changes in threshold value, it can ON and OFF the energy meter.
Time to time the readings of units and cost are displayed on webpage. Consumer can accesses
the Arduino board and meter with help of Wi-Fi. It is a low cost chip with TCP/IP stack and
microcontroller. In our project main importance of Wi-Fi is it performs IOT operation. The
simple device is connected from microcontroller to send the information.
Fig.6.1.6:- Wi-Fi Module(ESP8266)
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o Steps to connect the ESP8266 to an Arduino:-
First we will connect the Arduino UNO to a breadboard. The following are the steps to connect
the ESP8266 to an Arduino:-
In the Arduino IDE, you don’t need to choose a board, as we’re not uploading anything to the
ESP8266. Just choose the right port in the Tools menu and go to Tools → Serial Monitor. Then
simply set your baud rate to 115200 (the default ESP8266 firmware uses it) and your line
endings to Both NL & CR.
If you type AT in the message field and press enter, it should respond with OK.
And since we talked about the CH_PD pin, remember that if you want to flash the ESP8266 you
should connect the GPIO0 pin to GND (blue line), which puts the ESP into flash mode.
The ESP8266, like the Photon, is Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller module that can be used as a
solution to any IoT project. However, as the Particle Photon was very simple to get setup and
running with all of its support, the ESP8266 is leaps and bounds harder making the ESP8266
definitely not for beginners. The documentation is hard to find and a lot of Google searches
return examples that either skip steps or are just wrong. For this tutorial I hope to bring this
information to one place to get you up and running faster using an Arduino to setup and make
sure the ESP8266 is working.
With the ESP8266 being much more difficult to get started with, why even use the ESP8266?
Well there are two really big benefits to the ESP8266 which depending on the project could
outweigh almost any other IoT device like the Photon.
The price of the ESP8266 is just unbeatable on the magnitude of 1/4 the cost of some of the other
solutions. If you are on a tight budget or need to make a lot of something, learning the ESP8266
will be well worth your time.
The ESP8266 is completely open unlike the Particle Photon. You aren’t trapped into using
someone else’s cloud, or IDE, like Particle, and you don’t need the “support” enabled in order to
use it. You have more freedom with how you use the ESP8266 to fit the needs of whatever your
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project is. You can make your ESP8266 a personal server or put it in AP mode to act as a Wi-Fi
access point. The ESP8266 will also teach you a lot more than the Photon as a lot of what the
Photon is doing in the background with it’s integration with Particle, you get to learn how to do
this yourself.
 Setting Up the Hardware
Like the Photon, the ESP8266 is a 3.3V device so you must use 3.3V to power it. DO NOT use
the Arduino 5V as this will damage the ESP8266 permanently. The 3.3V supply in the standard
Arduino also doesn’t supply enough current to power the ESP8266 during its peak transients.
Use a 3.3V power supply with at least 500 mA of current. I used the 3.3V supply in the Elegoo
37 Sensor kit. It was perfect because it fits in a standard Breadboard, making one side rail 3.3V
and the other side rail 5.0V.
You can use the ESP8266 in a couple ways. In this tutorial we will only demonstrate that it is
functioning by Serial mirroring the Arduino IDE Serial port to a Software Serial port connected
to the ESP8266. This will also allow us to change some of it’s setting and get it connected to
your Home WiFi. You could also buy a Serial USB to TTL converter and use a command based
serial program like Putty to send these commands. I did not have a Serial USB to TTL converter
so I opted to just use an Arduino and Serial mirror the commands. If you use a Serial USB to
TTL converter please be sure to also use a level shifter so that you don’t apply 5V to the
ESP8266.
There is also a ESP8266 wifi library and Arduino IDE addition you can add that includes
libraries for using the ESP8266 which you can use to directly program instead of just sending
commands with a prompt. Ultimately this will be the easiest way to setup the ESP8266 for most
IoT projects but this deserves a whole separate article.
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Fig.6.1.6.1: Setting up a Hardware
6.1.7 LCD Display
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or
monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a
column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the
liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The
liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the
other.
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LCD screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD
display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred over 7 segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs
are economical; easily programmable; have no limitations of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. In this project, we use a 16x2 LCD
means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character
is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The
command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn
more about internal structure of a LCD.
So, the LCD display is used to give an alert alarm which reminds customer about the bill. This is
for the customer flexibility, here we also provide LCD Display. This helps the customer for
verifying the data when SMS is sent to the energy Provider Company. This reduces mistakes
done by the workers during taking the energy meter reading.
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Fig.6.1.7:- 16×2 LCD Display
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6.1.8 Load
The load used for this project is simple or domestic that is CFL bulb, LED bulb fan, heater,
press, etc. this load is interfaced through the controller with the help of relay. By using the
feedback obtained from energy meter and relay operation the load can be controlled.
Fig.6.1.8:- Electric Water Heater Rod as a Load
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6.1.9 Web Page
This is the web portal through which the daily energy consumption can be monitored; the
graphical representation can be seen. The daily limit of energy usage can be set. The server
collects all information received from the energy meter units installed in every home and stores it
in a central database. It is accessible to end-users through web portal/mobile app. End-users can
monitor their energy consumption and view their bills. Monitoring server actively monitors for
the data from the energy meter and records the information received in the database. The
switching of any load can be done. The web page will have a admin login option so that we can
keep our system secure. This page can be access by both server and consumer. Bill generation is
done automatically by this server at the end of every month without any manual work involved.
Fig.6.1.9:- Thinger’s Sign Up Web Page
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 Thinger’s IoT Platform
Thinger.io is a IoT platform that is easy to use and easy to understand, with a clean design to
give awesome experiences to developers. Makers can register for free accounts to start building
their IoT projects in minutes, just using its cloud infrastructure. Any source IoT platform device
can be connected. Arduino, ESP8266, Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, etc.- that’s not a
problem.Thinger.io platform senses and acts over devices in real-time. Its technology minimizes
data bandwidth, processing power, code size and increases the server scalability. Its data
buckets will easily store any kind of information, and its dashboards can just as easily display the
information stored or received in real time.
Fig.6.1.9.1:- Thinger’s IoT platform
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 Access To The Platform
The very first step to work with thinger.io is to sign up in the platform, giving a user name, email
address and password. You will receive a message to confirm the email address and once it's
done you can access and start using it.
Fig.6.1.9.2:- Thinger.io_sign up
After you have signed in, you have access to console dashboard, in which graphically,
you can see the account starts(with the number of devices, dashboards data buckets and
endpoints used), the location of the connected devices and the data transmission made by the
devices(data transmitted and received).
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Fig.6.1.9.3:-Thinger’s.io_Console
 Configuration of a Device
To configure the connection to a device using thinger.io is quite easy. Select Devices > Add
Device and fill the three requested fields:
 Device Id: this is the name you want to assign to the IoT board you want to control or
actuate. Spaces aren’t allowed in the Device Id.
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 Device description: a brief description about the use of the device.

 Device credentials: a key to establish and keep the connection between thinger.io and the
device secure.
If you’re following this project, it's time to fill the three fields:
Fig.6.1.9.4:-File Name- Blink_1
It's done. If you click Statistics, you can go back to the console dashboard and you will see that
the device is added.
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 TURNING ON AND OFF THE LED

 Turning on and off the LED From Thinger.io
To turn on and off the led from thinger.io, open the platform and click Devices and then your
device -NODEMCU_LED-.
Then the device will open.
Fig.6.1.9.5:- Turning On and Off the LED
Then click on View API and LED-Private. Once it´s done you can see switch to turn the LED on
and off.
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 Devices
Thinger’s.io_platform will show the number of device connected to the dashboard.
Fig.6.1.9.6:- Devices
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6.1.10 Transformer
A transformer designed to reduce voltage from primary to secondary is a step-down

transformer. The power supply required for the unit is 5V D.C, 230V A.C is tapped from the
single phase supply, stepped down to 12V A.C and then rectified to 5V D.C , regulated and
given to the circuit by the step-down transformer.
Fig.6.1.10:- Step-Down Transformer
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CHAPTER 7
7.1 Software Description
Arduino programs may be written in any programming language with a compiler that produces
binary machine code. The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in Java. It originated from the
IDE for the Processing programming language project and the Wiring project. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It
includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic
indentation, and provides simple one-click mechanism for compiling and loading programs to an
Arduino board. A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch".
The Arduino IDE supports the C and C++ programming languages using special rules of code
organization. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library called "Wiring" from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures. A typical Arduino C/C++
sketch consist of two functions that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program:
setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize settings.
loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.
After compilation and linking with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution,
the Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.
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7.1.1 ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment or Arduino Software (IDE) contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.
Fig.7.1.1:- Arduino IDE
7.1.2 Writing Sketches
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written
in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for
cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The console displays text output by the Arduino
Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. It includes commands
like Verify, Upload, New, Open, Save, Serial monitor.
Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The
menus are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the work currently being
carried out are available.
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Fig.7.1.2:- Writing Sketches
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7.1.3 Sketchbook
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your
programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File >
Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino
software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change
the location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.
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Fig.7.1.3:- Sketchbook
7.1.4 Uploading
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On Windows, it's
probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB
board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. Once you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the
toolbar or select the Upload item from the File menu. Current Arduino boards will reset
automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll
need to press the reset button on the board just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll
see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will
display a message when the upload is complete, or show an error. When you upload a sketch,
you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been loaded on to the
microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any additional
hardware. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts
whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink
the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
Fig.7.1.4:- Uploading
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7.1.5 Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library menu.
This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library
with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they increase the
amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library, simply delete
its #includestatements from the top of your code.
There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino software.
Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library Manager. Starting
with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a library from a zip file and use it in an open
sketch.
Fig.7.1.5:- Including Libraries
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7.1.6 Serial Monitor
Serial monitor displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or serial
board). To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose
the baud rate from the drop-down that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch.
Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino or Genuino board will reset (rerun your
sketch execution to the beginning) when you connect with the serial monitor.
Fig.7.1.6:- Serial Monitor
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7.1.7 UTFT Library
This library is the continuation of my ITDB02_Graph, ITDB02_Graph16 and RGB_GLCD

libraries for Arduino and chipKit.Basic functionality of this library was originally based on the
demo-code provided by ITead studio(for the ITDB02 modules) and NKC Electronics(for the
RGB GLCD module/shield).
This library supports a number of 8bit, 16bit and serial graphic displays, and will work with both
Arduino, chipKit boards and select TI LaunchPads. Various alphabets, numbers, symbols and
special characters available are as shown.
Fig.7.1.7:- UTFT Library
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7.1.8 Embedded C
Our project is made using embedded programming. The programming language required for
construction of the project is embedded C. An embedded system is a computer system with a
dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embedded as a part of complete device often including hardware and
mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such a personal computer (PC) is
designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end- user needs. Embedded system control
many devices in common use today.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated
memory and / or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for
memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex
systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from rather general purpose
to very specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application
at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).
The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the
embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, designed engineers can optimized is to reduce
the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are masked-produced, benefiting from economics of scale. Telecommunications systems
employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to cell phones at
the end-users. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.
Page 60
Fig.7.1.8:- Embedded C Programming
Page 61
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Result
The Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring with Load Control and Mobile Billing System
through IoT is presented below:
Fig.8.1:- Energy Meter Monitoring Setup
The fig.8.1 shows the representation of consumers end implementation of IoT based system
consists of ATmega328 controller, Arduino Uno, Wi-Fi module ESP8266, etc.
Fig.8.2:- LCD display of consumed units and bill
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The fig.8.2 shows LCD display of consumed units and bill for the consumed units. The output is
displayed on LCD display in the form of watt along with the cost of consumed energy. By
assuming RS.5 per unit power, the bill for a month will be calculated.
Fig.8.3:- Display of consumed Units and Bill on Webserver
The fig.8.3 shows the consumed units and bill on the webserver with time and date. The Wi-Fi
module receives data from the consumer energy meter and this received data uploaded to the
webserver. It shows time-to-time power utilization of the load connected to the system.
Page 63
Fig.8.4:- Graphical Representation of Meter Reading
The power utilized by load and its cost is displayed on Thingers.io platform graphically as shown
in fig.8.4. There is no need to go at consumer side to disconnect the supply line, using IoT it can
be monitored by online only. If the user paid the bill, the supply will be continuously. The meter
reading cn be accessed from anywhere on the globe 24×7.
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CHAPTER 9
9.1 Advantages
9.1.1 Improved Operational Efficiencies:-

The IoT energy meters are likely to cut the cost of the meter reading as no meter readers
are required. Therefore reading of meter is transparent. Thus the power provider company
will be profited. The IoT energy meters could help to control appropriation of electricity
in a better way than the conventional meters. This system eliminates the human
involvement in energy management.
9.1.2 Reduced Financial Risks:-

Since the payment is up-front that reduces the financial risk by improving the cash flow
and necessitates and improved power management system.
9.1.3 Better Consumer Service:-

The system eliminates billing delay, removes cost involved in disconnection /
reconnection, enables controlled use of energy and helps customers to save money
through better energy management. It gets easily reconfigured and upgraded. On the
consumer front, the tedious task of paying the bill and waiting anxiously for the bills
eliminated.
9.1.4 Accuracy and Reliability in Meter Reading:-

Our system provides accuracy in meter reading and improves security. The regular
monitoring of load and digital billing system gives the measurement system more robust,
reliable and accurate over a wide current dynamic range.
Page 65
9.1.5 Low Power Consumption:-

This system requires a supply of 230 volt. It easily enables new functionalities. The do
not require precision machine or have large tolerance variations over temperature.
9.1.6 Reduces Manpower:-

The regular monitoring helps to lessen the required man force for meter reading as well
as decreasing human error factor almost nil. So the human work of collecting reading by
visiting every home at the end of every month can be avoided by generating electricity
bills automatically over webserver (webpage). Hence, it is a real time bill monitoring and
reduced time in receiving bill.
9.1.7 Minimize the Energy Crisis:-

Make every consumer a self-interested guardian of the power (energy) supply. So we can
conserve electricity wastage to greater extent for the minimization of problem of energy
crisis.
9.1.8 Reduces the Cost of Communication:-

The IoT based energy meter saves the consumer time by making their work lean.
Therefore, the generated bill is available to consumer on webserver, so it is cost efficient
and easily comprehensible service of automatic meter reading. It reduces the cost of
communication and enables frequent updates of reading. The operation of calculating
power cost is simple and doesn’t involve delays.
9.1.9 Accessible Anywhere on the Globe:-

The system has significant excellences such as wireless, low-workload, large quantity of
data transmission, high-veracity and low-expenses. That’s why, the meter reading can be
accessed from anywhere on the globe at any time. It is available on the server 24×7.
Page 66
9.2 Applications
1. This system can be very useful for providing telemetric communication and eliminate the
man power requirement for reading.
2. This system is used in residential and commercial building in public energy supply
system.
3. This system can be used in Municipal Corporation.
4. The system is useful in public power resources.
5. This system can also be used in MSEB Board.
6. This system is very useful in Government energy plant.
7. It is used in industrial control to reduce the wastage of energy.
Page 67
CHAPTER 10
10.1 Conclusion
Digital technology is becomes more and more popular because of its low cost and ease- of-use.
This technology allows us a faster and more convenient access to the world. For proper
management of electrical energy as well as to raise the level of consciousness among the people
about the usage of electrical power precisely, smart metering is the best solution in this aspect.
Regular monitoring of load and digital billing system gives the measurement system more
reliability and accuracy. The prime prospect of this project is to implement wireless
computerized monitoring and billing system through internet of things. In this era of energy
crisis, devising strategies which helps in effectively controlling energy consumption and
avoiding energy wastage is very important. Here energy consumption is calculated by counting
calibration pulses from energy meter. In the proposed system, IoT based meter reading and
transfer the data to a central server which can be access from anywhere on the globe at any time.
The service provider can disconnect the power supply whenever the consumer does not pay
monthly bill. This system eliminates the human involvement in energy management. Energy
meter monitoring through the internet is easy. It gives the power consumption as well as accurate
reading, and also it requires fewer labors and less time to monitor the energy meter. This system
also helps the users to be aware of their energy consumption. Power saving is possible which
contributes towards the minimization of the problem of energy crisis.
Page 68
10.2 Future Scope
The future work mainly aims at providing overall infrastructure of the energy meter presently
used for the smart city concept. The main improvement for the future is going to make energy
meter readings, tampering identification techniques, and connection and disconnection and also
the pre information providing to the users all is going to happen on Wi-Fi internet. Where we are
going to develop some Wi-Fi hotspots in each area through which all the energy meters are get
connected and set 4 to 5 parameters which is also going to be monitored and the overall
improvement information will be providing to the energy meter and it will easy for them to
handle the things. Also in future we can go with some standard apps or standard tools, where in
which it makes work easy for people by reading the meter readings faster than the fastest method
and connect and disconnect of every meters when bill in not paid and that will be fast as
compared to the present method.
Online bill payment can be implemented so as to make the system more user-friendly.
We can further incorporate a system where the user will receive the warning messages when
he/she crosses threshold of electricity usage. The performance of the system can be further
enhanced by connecting all the household appliances to the IoT. Using IoT technology in smart
grid can provide more efficient power supply and power saving. This technology coupled with
smart meters and smart devices can help in the upbringing the cities into smarter and developed
cities.
Page 69
APPENDIX
 References
[1] Dinesh Prasanth M K, “Live Energy Meter Reading and Billing System through GPRS”
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT): 2278-0181
IJERTV Vol. 4 Issue 05, May2015.
[2] Md. Wasi-ur-Rahman, Mohmmad Tanvir Rahman, Tareq Hasan Khan and S.M. Lutful
Kabira, ” Remotely Reading Electricity Meter Readings using Short Message
Service(SMS)” International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and
Technology(IARJSET):2393-8021 IARJSET Vol. 3 Issue 07, July-2016.
[3] Thota Akhila, Ch. Balaram Murthy and T. Ragini ,“GSM based Automatic Energy Meter
Reading and Load Control” International Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology(IARJSET):2394-1588 IARJSET Vol. 3 Issue 09, June-
2016.
[4] P.V. Santhoshi Roja, B. Kiran Babu, V. Samson Deva Kumar “Wireless Energy Meter
and Billing via SMS”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online
ISSN: 2319-7064 Volume 2 Issue 4, April 2013.
[5] Ronanki Deepak Krishna, Pulavarty Jaya Kishan, Teki Sai Santosh Kumar, “GSM Based
Energy Meter Billing Via SMS”, 3rd international conference on recent innovation in
science engineering and management, 2008.
Page 70
[6] Subhashis Maitra, “Embedded Energy Meter- A new concept to measure the energy
consumed by a consumer and to pay the bill” Power System Technology and IEEE Power
India Conference, 2008.
[7] P.K. Lee and L.L. Lai, Fieee, “A practical approach to wireless GPRS on-line power
quality monitoring system”, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
[8] H.G.Rodney Tan,C.H. Lee,V.H.Mok, “Automatic power meter reading system using
GSM network”, The 8 Conference (IPEC 2007). International Power Engineering.
[9] E.Moni Silviya, K.Meena Vinodhini and Salai Thillai Thilagam.J. ,“GSM Based
Automatic Energy Meter System with Instant Billing”, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering- International
Conference on Signal Processing, Embedded System and Communication Technologies
and their applications for Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ICSECSRE ’14)
IJAREEIE:2278-8875 IJAREEIEV Vol. 3, Special Issue 3, April 2014.
[10] Gobhinath.S, Gunasundari.N and Gowthami.P, “Internet of Things(IoT) through GSM”,

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) , Vol 3, Issue 04,
2016.
[11] Md. Sajedul Islam and Md. Sadequr Rahman Bhuiyan, “Design and Implementation of
Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring System With Load Control And Billing
System Through GSM”, International Conference on Electrical, Computer and
Communication Engineering (ECCE), February 16-18, 2017.
[12] Mr. Samarth Pandit, Miss. Sneha Mandhre and Miss. Meghana Nichal, “Smart Energy
Meter using internet of Things (IoT)”, VJER-Vishwakarma Journal of Engineering
Research Volume 1 Issue 2, June 2017.
Page 71
[13] Darshan Iyer N, Dr. KA Radhakrishna Rao M Tech. student, Dept. of ECE ,PES
College of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka, India , “ IoT Based Energy Meter Reading,
Theft Detection and Disconnection using PLC modem and Power optimization” , Vol. 4,
Issue 7, July 2015.
[14] Landi, C.; Dipt. di Ing. dell''Inf., Seconda Univ. di Napoli, Aversa, Italy ; Merola, P. ;
Ianniello, G, “ARM-based energy management system using smart meter and Web
server”, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Binjiang, pp. 1
– 5, May 2011.
[15] B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang, Y.

X. Zuo and H. W. Kuek, "Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy meter", IEEE
Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Binjiang, pp. 1-feb.2012.
[16] Sandhya Shinde, Bharti Sontakke, Yogesh Yadav, Pratiksha Zapake, “IoT Based Smart
Energy Meter”. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research & Development
(IJTSRD).ISSN No:2456-6470 vol.1. Issue:- Mar,2016.
[17] Deepika, et, al. “Prepaid Electricity Meter Using IoT.” IJSRET Journal at Engineering &
Technology Vol.2. No.2, ISSN:-2395-1999. ISSUE:-Jan,2016.
[18] Mr. Rakeshkumar D. Modil Mr.Rakesh P. Sukhadia,, “A review on IoT Based Smart
Electricity Energy Meter” International journal for technological research in
engineering.vol.4,ISSUE,Jan,2016.
Page 72
[19] Amit Jain, Mohnish Bagree, “A prepaid meter using mobile

communication.”International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology vol.3,
No.3,2011,pp. 160-166.
[20] Tariq Jamil, “Design and Implementation of a Wireless Automatic Meter Reading
System."Proceeding of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol 1 WCE 2008,
July2-4, 2008, London, U.K.
[21] Md.Manirul Islam, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Md. Ajijul Islam, Abu Farzan Mitul, M.F. Malek,
and M.A Rashid, “Electronic Energy Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing
System.”2012 7th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 20-
22 December 2012, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[22] Tan, H.G.R.; Lee, C.H.R.; Mok, V.H.; "Automatic power meter reading system using
GSM network," Power Engineering Conference, 2007. IPEC 2007. International, vol.,
no., Pp. 465-469, 3-6 Dec. 2007.
[23] Sudhish N George and Ashna K (2013),”GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Readind
System with Instant Billing ”.International Multi-conference on Automation, Computing,
Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing, pp. 65-72.
[24] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino.
Page 73

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Remotely Located Energy Meter Monitoring With Load Control and Mobile Billing System through IoT

2.1 Literature Survey

In 2010, using Multi-appliance power disaggregation technology implementers implemented the

1n 2014, GSM technology implemented automatic power will be reading.

Gobhinath.S, Gunasundari.N and Gowthami.P proposed “Internet of Things(IoT) through GSM”.

B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X. Y. Wang, Y. X. Zuo

system describes PIC18F46k22 Microcontroller based design and implementation of energy

2.2 Problem Statement

2.5 Overview of Internet of Things

The Internet of Things(IoT) , sometimes referred to as the Internet of Everything(IoE), consists

Fig.2.5.1:- IoT Representation

Fig.2.5.2:- Interfacing of Hardware

Fig.2.5.3:- IoT Working

Communication and cooperation:-

 Unique Features Of The Proposed System:-

3.1 System Architecture

Meter Microcontroller Wi-Fi Module

Fig.3.1:- Block Diagram of Proposed System

4.1 Circuit Diagram

Control And Mobile Billing System Through IoT

Fig.5.1:- Block Diagram of System

6.1 Hardware Description

6.1.1 Energy Meter

Fig.6.1.1:- Energy Meter

6.1.2 Power Supply

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

Fig.6.1.3:- Virtual Relay

6.1.4 Microcontroller ATmega328

Fig.6.1.4:- Microcontroller ATmega328

• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture:

– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments:

– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM

– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

True Read-While-Write Operation:

– Programming Lock for Software Security

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Six PWM Channels

– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I 2C compatible)

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

• Special Microcontroller Features:

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,

• I/O and Packages:

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines