ASIA LIFE SCIENCES Supplement 18(2): 1-11, 2019

The Asian International Journal of Life Sciences

Influence of vegetation cover in Seoul Forest on

PM10 concentration in Seoul, South Korea

P eter Sang-Hoon Lee1 and Jong-C hul Jeong2*

In this paper, the influence of vegetation cover of urban forest on the change in
particulate matter 10 (PM10) concentration was analyzed. The study site was Seoul Forest,
a flat and open park in Seoul, Korea. PM sensors were set up in the Eco Forest and Family
Park, as well as a neighboring residential area. The Eco Forest has a forest with multi-layered
vegetation, the Family Park is an open lawn area, and the residential area is a developed
area lacking vegetation. To investigate the difference in the mounting height of the PM
sensors, PM10 data sets from the Family Park and Seongdong-gu Air Pollution Monitoring
Station were compared, using data collected from September to October 2017. To examine
the difference in vegetation cover, PM10 data sets from the Eco Forest, Family Park and
residential area were compared, using data collected from November 2017 to January 2018.
The results indicated that the PM10 concentration was not affected by height of the PM10
sensor. The Eco Forest, with its multi-layered and dense vegetation, showed the lowest
PM10 concentration on the average, followed by the Family Park and the residential area.
Sometimes, however, the PM10 concentrations of other sites were lower than those of the
Eco Forest, and therefore, it is considered that further research is needed based on long-
term monitoring. Additionally, future research on the effects of various meteorological
factors is required to systematically analyze the actual function of urban forests in reducing
PM10 concentration.

Key words: urban forest, Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), vegetation cover, change in
PM10 concentration

1
Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Urban Studies, Hanyang University,
Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
e-mail: peter337@hanyang.ac.kr
2
Department of GIS Engineering, Namseoul University, 91 Daehakro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu,
Cheonan-si, Chungnam-do 31020, South Korea
*
Corresponding author: e-mails - jcjeong@nsu.ac.kr, jjc1017@gmail.com

Received 11 December 2018; Accepted 09 February 2019

©Rushing Water Publishers Ltd. 2019 Printed in the Philippines
 Lee & Jeong 2019

INTRODUCTION
Recently, the roles and the functions of urban forests have been increasingly
highlighted, along with the welfare of citizens in urban areas (Nowak et al. 2006,
Park et al. 2015, Livesley et al. 2016, Panagopoulos et al. 2016, Sanusi et al. 2016).
In all parts of the world–not only in developed nations and cities,s but also in areas
where development projects are being actively planned out–urban planners are
vigorously coming up with ways to utilize green areas and natural environments
within and around cities.
In Korea, urban forests are generalized expressions of any type of urban
woods, defined as “forests and trees that are created and managed for recreation,
emotional empathy, and experiential activities in cities” (Korea Forest Service
2018). Due to the nature of urban forests located within or close to densely populated
cities, human activities are included in their main uses, which distinguish them
from natural forests.
According to the definition of urban forests, a wide range of objects are included
in the term, which allows for various structural and functional characteristics to fall
under this definition. Urban forests, which are a combination of natural forests and
artificial structures, represent diversity in its physical form. For example, a row of
trees alongside a road, a city park in an open area of a city, and an urban forest on
the outskirts of a city all fall under the category of urban forests. The main functions
of urban forests can be classified into climate mitigation, noise reduction and air
purification, relaxation and emotional support, beautiful landscape composition,
and others, all of which are closely related to the public utility and ecosystem
services of existing natural forests.
In particular, the air purification function of urban forests has been vigorously
studied for the last several decades in many countries (Dwyer et al. 1992, McPherson
et al. 1997, Brack 2002, Yang et al. 2005). There have been popular pollutants as
research targets that can be absorbed or decomposed by the physiological action
of plants, such as ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon
dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and chlorine (Cl2). This study, however, is
different to those studies in nature, as it focuses on fine pollutants, or particulate
matter (PM), which have recently become a nationwide issue. Fine pollutants
smaller than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) include toxic substances such as artificial or
heavy metals that are not part of the physiological process of plants or are harmful
to living organisms.
Currently, there is a lack of PM10 concentration observation stations in
Korea, which makes it difficult to collect enough data to study. Moreover, the
installation height of equipment for air pollution measurement is fixed to be in the
range of 1.5-10 m (ME & NIER 2016), but the actual installation height varies from
1.5-30 m depending on the conditions of the installation area. Thus, measurement
methods appropriate for the research should be considered. In general, the respiratory
tract is located between 1.5-2 meters in adults; thus studies on the effects of
PM10 on human health require collecting data that take into account that height
level. Unfortunately, no such data is available in Korea currently. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to (i) compare the results of fine dust concentrations

2 Asia Life Sciences Supplement 18(2) 2019

Influence of vegetation cover in Seoul Forest on PM10 concentration

measured at the height of the human respiratory system with data from existing
urban forests, and (ii) analyze the relationship between vegetation cover and
PM10 concentration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Site. This study was conducted in Seoul Forest, Ttukseom, a flatland
located in the inner part of Seoul, Korea which is evaluated as a beneficial and
exemplary urban forest that provides diverse services to the urban population
(Figure 1).

Figure 1. Location of Seoul Forest as a study area within Seoul, Republic of Korea:
(a) Location of Republic of Korea; (b) distribution of green areas within Seoul;
(c) distribution of green areas within Seoul Forest in the shaded area; ① Eco
Forest, ② Family Park, ③ a residential area near Seoul Forest, and ④ Seongdong-
gu Air Pollution Monitoring Station.

The area of Seoul Forest is approximately 1,156,498 m 2, of which the area of

the Eco Forest is about 165,000 m 2 (14.3%) (Lee & Jeong 2018). The remaining area
consists of sites where trees are sparsely planted or where artificial structures are
installed, which means that the whole area of Seoul Forest is not comprised of trees
in high density (Table 1).
The Eco Forest and Family Park were selected as the two PM10 measurement
sites in Seoul Forest, and the cafe near Seoul Forest was selected as the comparative
site where the PM10 measuring sensor was installed. Eco Forest is a forest area
where public access is controlled. It has shrubs and herbaceous plants growing
around the trees. Family Park is an open area filled with wide grass fields where

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 Lee & Jeong 2019

Table 1. Areas in size and vegetation structure of each thematic park in Seoul
Forest, Korea.
Names/Height of
Themes Areas (m2) Vegetation covers
sensor
Grassland surrounded
Culture & Arts Park 220,000 Family Park/2 m
by a tree belt
Multi-layering
Eco Forest 165,000 Eco Forest/1 m
vegetation
Experience Center 85,000 Landscaping -
Marsh Eco Forest 70,000 Wetland vegetation -
Riverside Park 66,000 Wetland vegetation -
Residential area No vegetation Residential area/2 m
Seongdong-gu Air Seongdong-gu Air
Footpath with shrubby
Pollution Monitoring Pollution Monitoring
plants
Station Station/4 m

various trees surround the area like a fence. The residential area PM10 measurement
site is located in a cafe in a residential area near Seoul Forest, and has a yard without
any plants. The vegetation composition of the Eco Forest is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Major tree species composition of the Eco Forest, one of the sample sites
within Seoul Forest, Korea.
Abundance Density Relative density Height DBH
Species
(n) (n/ha) (n/sum of n) (m) (cm)
Quercus mongolica 316 19.2 13.4 12 21.2
Quercus acutissima 438 26.5 18.5 11 20
Quercus dentata 2 0.1 0.1 12 22.5
Prunus × yedoensis 649 39.3 27.4 10.5 30.5
Zelkova serrata 78 4.7 3.3 8 19
Acer buergerianum 195 11.8 8.2 12 19.7
Pinus densiflora 687 41.6 29.0 12 29
Total 2,365 100

PM10 Measurement Device. DC1700 Air Quality Monitors (Dylos Corp.,

USA, http://www.dylosproducts.com) were used to measure the concentration of
PM10 in this study. This instrument measures the amount of fine pollutants with
the light scattering method. It directly measures the number of fine dust particles in
the air infused into the instrument using a laser sensor. The amount is averaged by
the unit time, displayed on the screen, and recorded in the storage device inside the
instrument. In this study, the amount of PM10 was measured in terms of number of
particles per minute.
Data Collection. PM10 data used for analysis were collected between September
2017 and December 2018. In September, the batteries in the measuring devices were
used to power the devices, and they were operational only at certain times in the
day. From October onwards, the devices were connected to a fixed power source,
enabling them to monitor 24/7. The measured PM10 data were converted into
μg/m3 using the following formula (Arling et al. 2010):

4 Asia Life Sciences Supplement 18(2) 2019

Influence of vegetation cover in Seoul Forest on PM10 concentration

y = x × 35.315 × 0.000121. (Equation 1)

The formula above was obtained from the regression analysis of data from
experiments to show the relationship between the number and concentration of
the fine pollutants. The air pollution monitoring network in Seongdong-gu, for
comparison with the PM10 measurement sites in this study, was located in Seoul
Forest until December, and the PM10 data was obtained from the Air Korea
website (https://www.airkorea.or.kr). Air Korea provided an average value of
PM10 concentration every hour.
Data Analysis. In this study, the repeated measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA)
method provided by SPSS was used on the converted PM10 values to compare
the changes in PM10 concentration to the varying heights of device installations,
and to compare the changes in PM10 concentration in the Eco Forest, Family
Park, and nearby residential area over the same time period. The comparison to
PM10 concentrations measured in Sungdong-gu was analyzed by converting the
data collected in this study to represent the mean value per hour.

RESULTS
Comparison of PM10 concentrations by measurement height. Compared to the
Seongdong-gu measuring station, the Family Park in Seoul Forest has a similar
amount of people passing by, and a similar density of trees. The concentrations of
PM10 measured at different heights were compared, and the results are as follows
(Figure 2).

Figure 2. PM10 concentration comparison between the Family Park and Seongdong-
gu Air Pollution Monitoring Station within Seoul Forest, Korea (Lee & Jeong
2018).

The collected PM10 data during the research period (September and October
of 2017) showed clearly higher concentration values in the Family Park than those

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 Lee & Jeong 2019

in the Seongdong-gu measuring station (Figure 2). The results of the RM ANOVA
on the concentrations of these two sites are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. PM10 concentration comparison with time between Family Park and
Seongdong-gu air pollution monitoring station within Seoul Forest, using repeated
measures ANOVA (Lee & Jeong 2018).
Tests of within-subjects effects
Type III sum
Sources df Mean square F p
of squares
Time Greenhouse-Geisser 149,871.3 1.2 128,124.2 9.8 0.027
Time*Site Greenhouse-Geisser 82,067.6 1.2 70,159.1 5.4 0.070
Error (Time) Greenhouse-Geisser 61,218.6 4.7 13,083.9

According to Greenhouse-Geisser, the comparison between the fine dust

concentrations over time in the Family Park and Seongdong-gu measuring station
shows no difference between them (Table 3). Meanwhile, the analysis of the mean
values of the concentrations over each time period is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Comparison between the Family Park and Seongdong-gu Air Pollution
Monitoring Station within Seoul Forest for the hourly mean PM10 concentration:
Site 1, Family Park; Site 2, Seongdong-gu station.

Samples in Figure 3 show the least amount of difference in concentrations

during the comparison period. Although the difference in the concentrations of
PM10 between the two sites in the same time period was significant, the change in
concentrations between the two sites with respect to time was rather similar (Table
3). Hence, it was concluded that different measurement values could be obtained
depending on the installation height of the measuring instrument under the same
PM10 concentration. This is in accordance with similar results from previous

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Influence of vegetation cover in Seoul Forest on PM10 concentration

studies that showed that the concentration of fine dust varies as the measurement
height changes (Quang et al. 2012, Wu et al. 2014, Han et al. 2015). In this study, the
direct comparison faced some limitations, as the types of measuring devices and
the measurement locations were not matched. Accordingly, this research intends to
reflect only the result of what could be a pilot test and a basis for further research
in the future.
Comparison of PM10 concentrations by vegetation cover. The concentrations of
PM10 in the Eco Forest and Family Park, which have different vegetation densities,
and in the residential area near Seoul Forest, which has minimal vegetation, are
depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Comparison between the hourly average PM10 concentrations in the Eco
Forest and Family Park within Seoul Forest and a residential area adjacent to
Seoul Forest (Lee & Jeong 2018).

As a result, the Eco Forest was found to have a lower PM10 density than
the other two sites during the research period, whereas the Family Park and
residential area exhibited a relatively higher density of PM10, with the changes
in short-term rankings depending on circumstances (Figure 4). During the study
period, the difference in concentration between the sites in November 2017 and
January 2018 was slightly smaller than that in December 2017, and the Eco Forest
showed generally low PM10 concentrations (Figure 4). Although the Family Park
is an area with medium vegetation cover, the concentration was relatively high
in November 2017 compared to in other periods (Figure 4). For the residential
area, the concentration of PM10 indicated spikes in December 2018 in which it
was higher than in other periods, and therefore additional research is required to
investigate the reason for this (Figure 4). The results from analyzing the changes in
PM10 concentration in the three different regions over time with RM ANOVA are
shown in Table 4.

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Table 4. Analysis of the differences in the PM10 concentration between the vegetation
structures of the Eco Forest, Family Park, and a neighboring residential area,
using a repeated measures ANOVA (Lee & Jeong 2018).
Tests of within-subjects effects
Type III sum
Sources df Mean square F p
of squares
Greenhouse-
Time 3,914,973.8 3.0 1,334,992.8 486.1 0.000
Geisser
Greenhouse-
Time * Site 2,581,525.3 5.9 440,145.7 160.3 0.000
Geisser
Greenhouse-
Error(Time) 72,485.1 26.4 2,746.4
Geisser
Post-hoc comparison result
Mean difference Standard
(I) Structure* (J) Structure p
(I-J) Error
1 2 -18.133 1.074 0.000
1 3 -130.618 1.074 0.000
Tukey’s HSD 2 1 18.127 1.074 0.000
2 3 -112.491 1.074 0.000
3 1 130.618 1.074 0.000
3 2 112.491 1.074 0.000
1 2 -18.127 1.074 0.000
1 3 -130.618 1.074 0.000
2 1 18.127 1.074 0.000
Bonferroni 2 3 -112.491 1.074 0.000
3 1 130.618 1.074 0.000
3 2 112.491 1.074 0.000
*
1- Eco Forest; 2- Family Park; 3-A residential area.

The results showed that the change in PM10 concentration with time presented
a significant difference, and the change in the PM10 density over time indicated
a significant difference among the measured sites according to the Greenhouse-
Geisser analysis (Table 4). The concentration of PM10 over time was lowest in the
Eco Forest and highest in the residential area (Table 4), which was because the
concentration was significantly higher in the residential area in December 2017
(Figure 4). Thus, it was concluded that the concentration was the highest in the
residential areas (Table 4). Such results were similar to those of previous studies
(Cavanagh et al. 2009, Baumgardner et al. 2012, Silli et al. 2015, Jeanjean et al.
2016), and it was concluded that dense vegetation cover played a more effective role
in controlling the fine dust concentration than did less or no vegetation cover.
The results from this study implied that there may be differences in the amount
of PM10 reduction by vegetation depending on its composition and structure, even
in the same urban forest (Seoul Forest in this case), which showed a parallel outcome
with previous studies, such as Cavanagh et al. (2009). Additionally, because
urban forests include a range of forms and tree species, the possibility that tree
species could have varying effects on PM of different sizes should be considered
in future studies, as shown in a study by Janhäll (2015). The analysis of the data
collected in this research indicated that the concentration of PM10 was the lowest
in the Eco Forest and the highest in the residential area (Table 4), but the order of
daily concentrations in each place were not always consistent with the patterns in
Figure 5.

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Influence of vegetation cover in Seoul Forest on PM10 concentration

Figure 5. Mean PM10 concentrations between the Eco Forest, Family Park, and a
neighboring residential area with different vegetation cover at different times. Site
1, Eco Forest; Site 2, Family Park; Site 3, residential area.

In order to analyze the phenomenon that PM10 concentration varies depends

on the site over time, it was hypothesized that high-resolution spatial data for various
high-correlation weather factors should be collected in parallel. Temperature,
relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed, and air pressure have been proposed
as factors with high correlation to PM10 concentration in previous studies (Sfetsos
& Vlachogiannis 2010, Tian et al. 2014, Trivedi et al. 2014). The data collected here
also show partial correlation with them (Figure 6), but systematic data collection is
needed for an accurate analysis in future studies.

Figure 6. Relationships between PM10 concentration of the three study sites

around Seoul Forest and weather factors.

CONCLUSION
Although the social demand for urban forests has increased recently, there
is a lack of detailed studies on the environmental benefit from urban forests that
should be conserved for pursuing the human well-being. This study was aimed
at investigating the functional methods of PM10 reduction among several air

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 Lee & Jeong 2019

pollution control functions of urban forests, in the form of a pilot test. The key
highlights of this study were as follows. First, the installation method of fine-
pollutant measuring instruments should be fully considered in order to meet the
purpose of the data collection method; and second, the function of urban forests
could be changed depending on the vegetation structure, even in the same given
urban forest. Particularly, the Eco Forest, which had a relatively rich vegetation,
showed a lower concentration of PM10 than did the other sites, and the change in
the PM10 concentration over time was also smaller, which implied that the forest
area was indeed effective in reducing the PM10 concentration. Further research
should precisely analyze the mechanism of PM10 reduction in urban forests, and
it is necessary to develop a systematic data collection and methodology in order
to take into account the correlations with various weather factors, as well as the
physiological characteristics of various tree species. Although this research had
some limitations, it is considered that a thorough, long-term monitoring of air
quality will enable the development of organized guidelines for measuring PM10
concentrations in urban forests and analyzing how urban forest vegetation types can
affect the local PM10 concentration.

ACKNOWLEDGEDMENTs
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
grant funded by the Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (No. NRF-
2017R1C1B5017787), and Korea Meteorological Institute (KMI 2017-0080).

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©Rushing Water Publishers Ltd., Philippines 2019

Asia Life Sciences has an Impact Factor of 0.180

The papers published in Asia Life Sciences are indexed/covered by SCOPUS,

Elsevier B.V., Radarweg 29, 1043 NX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; CABI,
Wallingford, Oxon, UK; China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),
66 Xixiaokou Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China; J-Gate, Informatics
Publishing Limited, No. 194, RV Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore-560004,
Karnataka, India and EBSCO Publishing, Inc., 10 Estes Street, Ipswich,
Massachusetts, 01938-0682, USA.

Asia Life Sciences is a recipient of the Journal Accreditation Award

of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED),
Republic of the Philippines (2010-2016).

Printed on acid-free papers

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