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Hsslive Xi Physics Solved Question Bank by Seema
Hsslive Xi Physics Solved Question Bank by Seema
in ®
Chapter 1
Physical World
1.Classical physics deals with ---------------(microscopic/macroscopic) domain.
Macroscopic
2.The -----------------domain includes atomic ,molecular and nuclear phenomena.
Microscopic
3.Modern physics uses -------------- theory to explain microscopic domain
Quantum theory
4..Branches of Physics that comes under classical physics
Mechanics, Electrodynamics, Optics, Thermodynamics
5.The branch of physics which deals with motion of particles,rigid and deformable
bodies,propagation of water waves or sound waves is called
--------------- Mechanics
6.The branch of physics which deals with Electric and magnetic phenomena associated
with charged and magnetic bodies is called -------------
Electrodynamics
7. Name the branch of science which deals with the phenomena involving light .
. Optics
8.Name the branch of science which deals with the study of stars.
Astronomy.
9. Name the branch of physics which deals with changes in internal
energy,temperatur,etc.,of the system through external work and transfer of heat.
Thermodynamics
10.Arrange the fundamental forces in the increasing order of their relative strength.
Gravitational Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Electromagnetic Force ,
Strong Nuclear Force.
11. The weakest force in nature.
Gravitational force
12. The strongest force in nature.
Nuclear force (Strong nuclear force)
13. Which fundamental force is present between all objects in universe?
Gravitational force.
14. Which fundamental force binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus?
Nuclear force (Strong nuclear force)
15.Who developed the theory of relativity.
Albert Einstein.
16.Who discovered electron?
J J Thomson.
17.Who discovered proton?
Ernest Rutherford.
18.Who diccovered neutron?
James Chadwick.
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Chapter 2
Units and Measurement
2.Define angle
4.The method used to measure the distance of a star or a planet from the earth.
Parallax metod.
5.The method used to measure the size or diameter of a planet or a satellie.
Parallax metod.
6.How will you measure the distance of a star or a planet from the earth,using parallax
metohod?
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7.How will you determine the diameter of a planet(or diameter of moon) using parallax
method?
18.
19.Name and state the principle used to check the correctness of an equation.
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
For an equation to be correct the dimensions of each terms on both sides of the
equation must be the same
Or
The magnitudes of physical quantities may be added or subtracted only if they
have the same dimensions
20. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally
correct or not
Since the dimensions of all terms are not same the equation is not correct
21. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally
correct or not
Since the dimensions of all terms on both sides are same the equation is dimensionally
correct correct
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22. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally
correct or not
𝒂
26.The Van der waals equation of 'n' moles of a real gas is (P+ 𝟐)(V−b)=nRT. Where P
𝑽
is the pressure, V is the volume, T is absolute temperature, R is molar gas constant and
a, b, c are Van der waal constants. Find the dimensional formula for a and b.
𝐚
(P+ 𝟐)(V−b)=nRT.
𝐕
By principle of homegeneity, the quantities with same dimensions can be added or
subtracted.
a
[P] =[ 2 ]
V
[a] =[PV 2 ]
=ML−1 T −2 x L6
[a] = ML5 T −2
[b] = [V]
[b] =L3
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27.Derive the equation for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving
with velocity v
28.Suppose that the period of oscillations of a simple pendulum depends on its mass of
the bob(m),length(l) and acceleration due to gravity(g).Derive the expression for its
time period using the method of dimensions.
𝑙
T=k√
𝑔
29.Write any two limitations of dimensional analysis.
31.A measurement can have more accuracy with less precision or less accuracy with
more precision .State whether true or false.
True
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32.Differentiate systematic errors and random errors.
𝛥𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Relative Error, δa =
𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
0.11 𝑠
=
2.6
δa = 0.04
Percentage Error= 0.04 𝑥 100% = 4%
40.
41.
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42.
𝒎𝒗𝟐
43.The centripetal force of a body is given by F= . Write an expression for
𝒓
percentage error in centripetal force.
ΔF Δm Δv Δr
x 100% = x 100% + 2 x x 100% + x 100%
F m v r
44.
45.The length ,breadth and thickness of a block is measured using vernier calipers. The
percentage errors in the measurement are 2%,1% and 3% respectively.Estimate the
percentage error in its volume.
V=𝑙bt
The percentage error in volume
𝛥𝑉 𝛥𝑙 𝛥𝑏 𝛥𝑡
𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% + 𝑥 100% + 𝑥 100%
𝑉 𝑙 𝑏 𝑡
48.
51.Find the sum of the numbers 436.32 g, 227.2 g and 0.301 g to appropriate significant
figures.
436.32 g + (2 decimal places)
227.2 g + (1 decimal place)
0.301 g (3 decimal places)
_______________
663.821 g
As per rule ,the final result should be rounded to 1 decimal place.
So the answer 663.8 g
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Chapter 3
Motion in a Straight Line
2.Four pairs of initial and final positions of a body along x-axis are given. Which pair
gives a positive displacement?
a)-10m, +15m b)-5m,-12m c)2m,-5m d)2m,1m
-10m, +15m (+15 - -10 =35m)
3.A body completes one full rotation in a circular path of radius R.
Write the values of its
(a) Distance travelled
(b) Displacement
(a)2πR
(b) Zero
4.A body moving along a circular path of radius 10 m as shown below. If it travels from
A to B ,find the distance and displacement of the body.
2πR
Distance = = πR =3.14 x 10 =31.4 m
2
Dispalcement =Diameter = 2R = 2 x10 =20m
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7.Write the difference between Average Speed and Velocity
8.A car travels from A to B at 60km/hr and returns to A at 90km/hr . What is the
average velocity and average speed?
∆𝑥
Average velocity = =0 (since ∆𝑥 = 𝑜)
∆𝑡
2x 60 x 90
= =72 km/hr
60+90
5
= 72 x = 20m/s
18
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14.. The position -time graph of an object in uniform motion is-------------
Ans: A straight line inclined to the time axis
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22.Draw the velocity- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and comes back.
23.Draw the speed- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and comes back.
24. Draw the velocity-time graph of a freely falling body.( A stone vertically falling
downwards)
25. Is it possible for a body to have zero velocity with a nonzero acceleration. Give an
example.
Yes. When a body is thrown upwards ,at the highest point of projection, its velocity
is zero , but it has an acceleration.
26.The velocity -time graph of a ball thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity is
shown in figure.
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27. (a)Draw the velocity-time graph of a body with uniform aceeleration .
(b) Using the graph obtain (i) Velocity - time relation
(ii) Displacement -tme relation
(iii) Displacement velocity relation
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28 .An object is under freefall. Draw its (a) Acceleration -time graph
(b) Velocity- time graph
(c) Displacement-time graph
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c) s = ut +½ at2
-h= 0 - ½ gt2
2h
t2 =
g
2h
t =√
g
30.
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31.Two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train A moves north with a speed of 54
km/h, and train B moves south with a speed of 90 km/h . What is the
(a) velocity of B with respect to A ?,
(b) velocity of ground with respect to B ?
(c) velocity of a monkey running on the roof of train A against its motion (with a
velocity of 18 km/h with respect to the train A) as observed by a man standing on the
ground ? Choose the positive direction of x-axis to be from south to north.
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Chapter 4
Motion in a Plane
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and obeys the triangle law
of addition or the parallelogram law of addition.
Eg. displacement, velocity, acceleration , momentum, force,
angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
9.Write the equation to find the magnitude of resultant of two vectors A and B
R = √A2 + B 2 + 2ABcosθ
10.Derive the expression for magnitude of resultant of two vectors by analytical
method.
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11.What is the trajectory(path) followed by a projectile?
Parabola
14.What are the values of these components at the highest point of projection?
At the highest point,
Horizontal component= u cos θ
Vertical component = zero
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17. Derive the equation for Time of flight, Horizontal range and Maximum height of a
projectile.
u2 sin2 θ
H=
2g
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20. Find the angle of projection for which the range will be same as that in case
of θ=𝟑𝟎𝟎 for a given velocity of projection.
For a given velocity of projection range will be same
for angles 𝜽 and ( 90-𝜽 )
Here θ=300
90-𝜽 =90-30 =600
The range will be same for 300 and 600 ,for a given velocity of projection.
(a) H = u2 sin 2θ
2g
H = 282 sin2 30
2 x 9.8
H = 10 m
(b) T = 2 u sin θ
g
T = 2x 28 sin30
9.8
T = 2.9 s
(c) R = u2 sin 2θ
g
R = 282 sin60
9.8
R = 69 m
Unit is rad/s
28.Derive the relation connecting angular velocity and linear velocity
arc
angle =
radius
Δr
Δθ=
r
Δr=r Δθ
Δr
Linear velocity v =
Δ𝑡
rΔθ
v=
Δ𝑡
Δθ
But ω =
Δ𝑡
v=rω
29.Define angular acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.
dω
α =
dt
dθ
ω=
d𝑡
d dθ
α= ( )
dt 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝜃
α=
𝑑𝑡 2
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30.Define Centripetal acceleration
A body in uniform circular motion experiences an acceleration , which is directed
towards the centre along its radius .This is s called centripetal acceleration .
31.Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration.
Δv Δr
=
v r
vΔr
Δv=
r
Δv vΔr
=
Δt r Δt
v
a= xr
r
𝐯𝟐
a=
𝐫
If R is the radius of circular path, then centripetal acceleration .
v2
ac =
R
ac = ω 2R
ac = v ω
32.An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove
steadily and completes 7 revolutions in 100 s.
(a) What is the angular speed, and the linear speed of the motion?
(b) Is the acceleration vector a constant vector ? What is its magnitude ?
100
Period, T= s
7
(a) The angular speed ω is given by
2π 2π 2π x7
ω= = 100 = =0.44 rad/s
𝑇 100
7
The linear speed v is :
v =ω R = 0.44 × 0.12 = 5.3 x 10 -2 m s -1
(b) The direction of velocity v is along the tangent to the circle at every point.
The acceleration is directed towards the centre of the circle. Since this
direction changes continuously, acceleration here is not a constant vector.
a = ω 2 R = (0.44 ) 2 x0.12 = 2.3x10 -2 m s -2
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Chapter 5
Laws of Motion
1.State Galileo’s Law Inertia
If the net external force is zero, a body at rest continues to remain at rest and a body in
motion continues to move with a uniform velocity.
▪ Suppose a person is standing in a stationary bus and the driver starts the bus
suddenly. He gets thrown backward with a jerk. This is due to his inertia of rest.
▪ If a person is standing in a moving bus and if the bus suddenly stops he is thrown
forward. This is due to his inertia of motion.
3.State Newton’s first law of motion (Law of inertia)
Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled by some external force to change that state.
5.Define momentum
Momentum, P of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v, and is
denoted by p.
p=mv
∆p
F∝
∆t
∆p dp
F= or F=
∆t dt
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8. Derive of Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion
By Newton's second law of motion ,
9.Define newton
10. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a speed of 90 m/s enters a heavy wooden
block and is stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is the average resistive force
exerted by the block on the bullet?
11.Show that Newton’s second Law is consistent with the first law. ( or starting from
Newton’s second Law arrive at Newton’s first law)
Zero acceleration implies the state of rest or uniform linear motion . i.e, when there is
no external force , the body will remain in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line. This is Newtons first law of motion.
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12.Define Impulse
Impulse is the the product of force and time duration, which is the change in
momentum of the body.
Impulse = Force × time duration
I=Fxt
Unit = kg m s −1
13. Define Impulsive force.
A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in momentum is called
an impulsive force.
Eg: A cricket ball hitting a bat
14. Using Newtons second law of motion arrive at Impulse momentum Principle
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
By Newton's second law of motion,
dp
F=
dt
F x dt = dp
I = dp
Impulse = change in momentum
15.A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing
its initial speed of 12 m 𝐬 −𝟏 . If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg, determine the impulse
imparted to the ball.
Impulse = change of momentum
Change in momentum = final momentum – initial momentum
Change in momentum = 0.15 × 12–(0.15×-12)
Impulse = 3.6 N s
16.Eventhough action and reaction are equal and opposite they do not cancel each
other .Why?
Action and reaction forces act on different bodies, not on the same body. So they do not
cancel each other , eventhough they are equal and opposite.
If pb and pg are the momenta of the bullet and gun after firing
pb + pg = 0
pb = - pg
The negative sign shows that gun recoils to conserve momentum.
23. Explain the collision of two bodies using law of conservation of momentum
24.Write the condition for equilibrium when two forces F1 and F2 act on a particle
25.Write the condition for equilibrium when three forces F1 , F2 and F3 act on a particle.
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28.State the Law of Kinetic Friction
fk = μk N
where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction,
29.Write the characteristics of static friction
The forces acting on a block of mass m When it just begins to slide are
(i) the weight, mg
(ii) the normal force, N
(iii) the maximum static frictional force ( fs )max
In equilibrium, the resultant of these forces must be zero.
m g sin θ = ( fs )max
But ( fs )max = μs N
mg sin θ= μs N------------(1)
mg cos θ = N-------------(2)
(1) mg sin θ μs N
Eqn(2) -------- =
m g cos θ N
μs = tan θ
32.Disadvantages of friction
In a machine with different moving parts, friction opposes relative motion and thereby
dissipates power in the form of heat, etc. Friction produces wear and tear.
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33.Advantages of friction
Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in machines and automobiles.
We are able to walk because of static friction.
The friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary external force to
accelerate the car.
36.Derive the expression for maximum safe speed on a curved level road
N= mg
The static friction provides the centripetal acceleration
mv2
fs =
R
But , fs ≤ μs N
mv2
≤ μs mg (N=mg)
R
2
v ≤ μs Rg
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠
a)Raising the outer edge of a curved road above the inner edge is
called banking of curved roads.
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b)
38.A circular racetrack of ra dius 300 m is banked at an angle of 15°. If the coefficient of
friction between the wheels of a race-car and the road is 0.2, what is the
(a) optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear on its tyres, and
(b) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping ?
(a) (b)
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Chapter 6
Work ,Energy and Power
⃗ and 𝐁
1.Define scalar product or Dot Product two vectors 𝐀 ⃗⃗ .
⃗A ⋅ B
⃗ = AB cosθ
⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁
3.If two vectors 𝐀 ⃗⃗ are perpendicular, then their dot product will be…………..
zero ( ⃗A ⋅ B
⃗ = A B cos 90 = 0)
4.Define work.
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in the
direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.
W=F ⃗ ⋅ ⃗d
5.Write the situations in which work done by a body is zero
(i) when the displacement is zero .
(ii )when the force is zero.
(iii) the force and displacement are mutually perpendicular
W=Fd cos 90 = 0.
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d)Workdone by the resistive force on air on a vibrating pendulum
Negative
e)Workdone gravitational force during the motion of an object on a horizontal surface.
Zero
10. What is the work done by centripetal force on a body moving in circular path
Zero. Here θ = 90 o , W =Fd cos 90 = 0.
11. 1 horse power,1HP= -----------Watt.
746W
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21.Write the characteristics of conservative forces.
▪ A conservative force can be derived from a scalar quantity.
− 𝑑V
F= where V is a scalar
dx
▪ The work done by a conservative force depends only upon initial and final
positions of the body
▪ The work done by a conservative force in a cyclic process is zero
22.Give two examples for conservative forces
Eg: Gravitational force, Spring force.
24. State and prove the law of conservation of mechanical energy for a freely falling
body.
The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the forces, doing work on it, are
conservative.
Consider a body of mass m falling freely from a height h
At Point A
PE = mgh
KE = 0 (since v=0)
TE= mgh + 0
TE= mgh-----------(1)
At Point B
PE = mg (h-x)
KE = ½ mv 2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
u=0, a=g , s= x
2
v = 2gx
KE = ½ m x 2gx =mgx
TE = mg (h-x) + mgx
TE = mgh--------------(2)
At Point C
PE = 0 (Since h=0
KE = ½ mv 2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
u=0, a=g , s= h
2
v = 2gh
KE = ½ m x 2gh=mgh
TE = 0 + mgh
TE = mgh--------------(3)
From eqns (1), (2) and (3), it is clear that the total mechanical energy is conserved
during the free fall.
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25.Show that the gravitational potential energy of the object at height h, is completely
converted to kinetic energy on reaching the ground.
PE at a height h, V = mgh
When the object is released from a height it gains KE
K = ½ mv 2
v 2 = u2 + 2as
u=0, a=g , s=h
2
v = 2gh
K = ½ m x 2gh
K= mgh
28.A body at a height h above the surface of earth possesses ………………… due to its
position.
Potential energy.
29.A Stretched or compressed spring possesses ………………… due to its state of strain.
potential energy
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35.Write Einstein’s mass energy relation.
E = m 𝐜𝟐
38.An elevator can carry a maximum load of 1800 kg (elevator + passengers) is moving
up with a constant speed of 2 m s–1. The frictional force opposing the motion is 4000 N.
Determine the minimum power delivered by the motor to the elevator in watts as well
as in horse power.
The downward force on the elevator is F = m g + Frictional Force
= (1800 × 10) + 4000
= 22000 N
Power, P = F. v
= 22000 × 2
= 44000 W
In horse power, power = 44000/746
=59 hp
40.For elastic collisions in one dimension show that the relative velocity before collision
is numerically equal to relative velocity after collision.
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By the conservation of momentum
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 --------------(1)
m1 u1 − m1 v1 = m2 v2 − m2 u2
m1 (u1 − v1 ) = m2 (v2 − u2 )----------------(2)
41.For elastic collisions of a moving mass 𝐦𝟏 with the stationary mass 𝐦𝟐 write the
expression for momentum conservation and kinetic energy conservation
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𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟕
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
2.Write the expression for position vector of centre of mass of an n particle system
⃗R = m1r⃗1+m2⃗r2+⋯……..+mn⃗rn
M
+ - +
î 𝐽̂ 𝑘̂
𝜏 =|1 −1 1 |
7 3 −5
τ⃗ = î [(−1 x − 5) −(3 x 1) ] - Ĵ [(1x-5)- (7x1)] + k̂ [(1x3) -(7x-1)]
τ⃗ = î [5 - 3] - Ĵ [-5 – 7] + k̂ [3 – -7]
τ⃗ = 2î +12 Ĵ + 10k̂
14.Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of ---------------
linear momentum.
15. Write the relation connecting angular momentum and linear momentum.
𝑙 =r×p ⃗
16.The moment of linear momentum is called ---------------
Angular momentum
17.Write the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
𝑑𝑙
𝜏=
𝑑𝑡
18. Deduce the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
(or) Show that the time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is
equal to the torque acting on it.
𝑙 =𝑟×𝑝
𝑑𝑙 d
Differentiating = (r×p
⃗ )
𝑑𝑡 dt
𝑑𝑙 dr⃗ ⃗
dp
= ×p
⃗ + rx
𝑑𝑡 dt dt
dr⃗ ⃗
dp
⃗ = mv
p ⃗ , =v
⃗ , ⃗⃗
=F
dt dt
𝑑𝑙
=v
⃗ × mv ⃗⃗
⃗ + rxF
𝑑𝑡
⃗ = 0 , (r x ⃗⃗F =τ⃗ )
⃗ ×v
v
𝑑𝑙
=0 + 𝜏
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒍
⃗ =
𝝉
𝒅𝒕
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19.The time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the ---------
------ acting on it. Torque
26.Define a couple.
A pair of equal and opposite forces with different lines of action is known as a couple. A
couple produces rotation without translation.
27.State the principle of moments.
32. Writ the expression for moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating about an
axis
I =mr 2
35.The moment of inertia of a disc of mass ‘M’ and radius R about an axis passing
𝐌𝐑𝟐
through its centre and perpendicular to its plane is .
𝟐
What is the radius of gyration of this case.
I
k=√
M
MR2
R2 𝑅
k=√ 2
=√ =
M 2 √2
36.What is a flywheel?
A disc with a large moment of inertia is called a flywheel. It is used in machines, that
produce rotational motion.
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37.State perpendicular axes theorem.
The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about z axis is equal to the sum of its
moments of inertia about x-axis and y-axis, if the lamina lies in xy plane.
𝐈𝐳 = 𝐈 𝐱 + 𝐈 𝐲
𝐈𝐳′ = 𝐈𝐳 + 𝐌𝐚𝟐
39. The moment of inertia of a ring about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane is 𝐌𝐑𝟐 .Determine its moment of inertia about a diameter.
40.The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through its centre and
𝐌𝐑𝟐
perpendicular to its plane is .Determine its moment of inertia about a diameter.
𝟐
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𝐌𝐑𝟐
41. The moment of inertia of a ring about an axis passing through its diameter is
𝟐
Determine its moment of inertia about a tangent.
By parallel axes theorem Iz′ = Iz + Ma2
Itangent = Idiameter + MR2
MR2
Idiameter =
2
MR2
Itangent = + MR2
2
𝟑
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝟐
𝐌𝐑𝟐
42. The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through its diameter is
𝟒
Determine its moment of inertia about a tangent.
By parallel axes theorem , Iz′ = Iz + Ma2
Itangent = Idiameter + MR2
MR2
Idiameter =
4
MR2
Itangent = + MR2
4
𝟓
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐌𝐑𝟐
𝟒
43.The moment of inertia of a rod of mass M, length l about an axis passing through its
𝐌𝐥𝟐
centre and perpendicular to it is . Find its moment of inertia about an axis
𝟏𝟐
perpendicular to it through one end.
Iz′ = Iz + Ma2
𝑙
Iend = Imid point + M( )2
2
𝑀𝑙 2
But Imid point =
12
𝑀𝑙 2 𝑀𝑙 2
Iend = +
12 4
𝑴𝒍𝟐
𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐝 =
𝟑
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45.A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a flywheel mounted on a
horizontal axle as shown in figure.
Calculate the angular acceleration of the wheel if steady pull of 25N
is applied on the cord. Moment of inertia of flywheel about its
𝑴𝑹𝟐
axis=
𝟐
MR2 20 x 0.22
I= = =0.4 kgm2
2 2
Torque , τ = force xperpendicular distance
τ = 25 x0.2 = 5Nm
τ=I∝
τ 5
∝= = =12.5rad/s2
I 0.4
a)When she stretches her arms, the moment of inertia increases and hence the angular
speed decreases.
b)When she folds her arms, the moment of inertia decreases and hence the angular
speed increases.
c) Law of conservation of angular momentum.
If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total angular
momentum of the system is conserved i.e, remains constant.
( If τ⃗ext = 0 , L ⃗ = 𝐼𝜔
⃗ = constant .When I increases 𝜔 ⃗ decreases and vice versa)
48.Show that for a body rolling down an inclined plane the total kinetic energy is
𝟏 𝐤𝟐
𝑲 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 ( 𝟏 + 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝑹
Total KE = Translational KE + Rotational KE
1 1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝐼𝜔2
2 2
I = m𝑘 2
𝑣
and v= Rω, ω =
𝑅
1 2 1 m𝑘 2 𝑣 2
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 +
2 2 𝑅2
𝟏 𝐤𝟐
𝐊 = 𝐦𝐯 𝟐 ( 𝟏 + ) Here v is the velocity of centre of mass.
𝟐 𝐑𝟐
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49.Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down the same inclined
plane without slipping. They start from rest. The radii of the bodies are identical. Which
of the bodies reaches the ground with maximum velocity?
The potential energy lost by the body in rolling down the inclined plane = kinetic
energy gained.
1 k2
mgh = 𝑚𝑣 2 ( 1 + )
2 𝑅2
2𝑔ℎ
𝑣2 = k2
( 1+ 2 )
𝑅
2𝑔ℎ
v =√ k2
( 1+ 2 )
𝑅
The sphere has the greatest and the ring has the least velocity of the centre of mass at
the bottom of the inclined plane.
Sphere reaches the ground with maximum velocity.
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Chapter 8
Gravitation
10. Obtain the expression for acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth
(or) Obtain the relation connecting g and G.
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R.
The gravitational force between body and earth is given by
GMm
F = 2 -----------(1)
R
By Newton’s second law
F=mg
where g is acceleration due to gravity
F
g=
m
GM
From Eq (1) g=
R2
13.A man can lift a mass of 15kg on earth.What will be the maximum mass that can be
lifted by him by applying the same force on moon.
6x15 =90kg
1
(Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is times that on earth. So he can
6
lift 6 times massive objects on the surface of moon)
14.A mass of 30kg is taken from earth to moon. What will be its mass and weight on the
surface of moon
Mass on the moon=30kg (mass remains the same)
30 𝑥9.8
Weight on the moon = =49N
6
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15.Obtain the expression for Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the surface
of the earth.
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth
GM
g = 2 ------------(1)
R
Acceleration due to gravity at a height above the surface
of earth
GM
gh = 2
----------(2)
(R+h)
For , h << R
GM
gh = h
R2 (1+ )2
R
GM h
gh = 2
(1 + )−2
R R
Substituting from eq(1)
h
g h = g(1 + )−2
R
Using binomial expression and neglecting higher order terms.
2h
g h ≅ g (1 − )
R
16.Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface
of the earth
We assume that the entire earth is of uniform density. Then mass
of earth
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth
GM
g= 2 -------------(1)
R
4
But M= πR3 ρ
3
G 4
g= ( πR3 ρ)
R2 3
4
g = πRρG ---------------(2)
3
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the
surface of earth
4
g d = π(R − d)ρG ---------(3)
3
4
eq(3) gd π(R−d)ρG
3
------ = 4
eq(2) g πRρG
3
gd (R−d)
=
g R
d
g d = g(1 − )
R
17.The acceleration due gravity ---------------(decreases/increases) , as we go above
earth’s surface and ---------------(decreases/increases) ,as we go down below earth’s
surface.
Decreases ,Decreases.
18.The acceleration due gravity is ---------------------at the centre of earth.
Zero
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19.At what height the value of acceleration due to gravity will be half of
that on surface of earth. (Given the radius of earth R =6400km)
h
. g h = g(1 + )−2
R
g
gh =
2
g h
= g(1 + )−2
2 R
1 h −2
= (1 + )
2 R
h 2
2 = (1 + )
R
h
√2 =1 + R
h
= √2-1
R
h = (√2-1) R = (1.414 -1) 6400 = 2650 km
20.Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity at a height equal to
half of the radius of earth.
GM
gh = 2 (R+h)
R
h=
2
GM GM
gh = R 2
= 3 2
(R+ ) ( R)
2 2
GM 4 GM 4
=9 = = 𝑔
R2 9 R2 9
4
21.Obtain the expression for gravitational potential energy at a point.
Gravitational potential energy at point is defined as the work done in displacing the
particle from infinity to that point without acceleration.
26.Write thevalue of e𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲) on the surface of earth .
11.2km/s
2𝜋 (𝑅+ℎ)
T= GM
√(R+h)
(𝑹+𝒉)𝟑
T=𝟐𝝅√
𝐆𝐌
If the satellite is very close to earth (R+h) ≈R
𝑹𝟑
T=𝟐𝝅√
𝐆𝐌
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35.Write four features of geostationary satellites.
▪ Geostationary satellites orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with
period,T = 24 hours
▪ They appear to be stationary from any point on earth.
▪ Geostationary satellites are at a height of e 35800 km from the surface t of earth.
▪ Geostationary satellites are widely used for telecommunications.
▪ Eg. The INSAT group of satellites sent up by India are Geostationary satellites.
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Chapter 9
Mechanical Properties of Solids
1.Define Elasticity
The property of a body, by virtue of which it tends to regain its original size and shape
when the applied force is removed, is known as elasticity and such substances are
called elastic .
Eg: Steel, Rubber
2.Which is more elastic, steel or rubber?
Steel
3.Define plasticity
Substances have no tendency to regain their previous shape on the removal of
deforming force are called plastic and this property is called plasticity.
Eg:Putty and mud
4.Define Stress
The restoring force per unit area is known as stress.
𝐹
Stress =
𝐴
The SI unit of stress is N 𝑚−2 or pascal (Pa)
5.Define Strain
Strain is defined as the fractional change in dimension.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Strain =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝚫𝐋
Longitudinal strain =
𝑳
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9.Define shearing stress.
Shearing stress is defined as the restoring force per unit area when a tangential force
is applied on the cylinder.
𝐅
Shearing stress=
𝐀
Shearing strain is defined as the ratio of relative displacement of the faces Δx to the
length of the cylinder L
𝚫𝐱
Shearing strain = =tanθ = θ
𝑳
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15.The stress-strain curve for a metal is given in figure. Mark
1)Elastic limt (or) yield point 2) Fracture point 3) Proportional limit
4)Elastic region 5) Plastic region 6)permanent set
7) yield strength (𝑺𝒚 ) 8) ultimate tensile strength (𝑺𝒖 )
𝑭𝑳
Y=
𝐀 𝚫𝐋
17.Youngs modulus of steel is …………………….(greater/less) than that of rubber
Greater than
18.Define shear modulus or rigidity modulus(G)
The ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding shearing strain is called the shear
modulus or Rigidity modulus of the material .
Shearing stress
G=
Shearing strain
𝐹 𝐹
𝐴 𝐴
G= Δx =
𝜃
𝐿
𝑭
G=
𝐀𝜽
19.Define bulk modulus(B)
The ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding hydraulic strain is called bulk
modulus.
Hydraulic stress
B=
Hydraulic strain
𝐹
𝐴 −𝑃
B= ΔV = ΔV
𝑉 𝑉
−𝑷𝑽
B=
𝚫𝐕
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20.Define compressibility(k)
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility.
1
k=
𝐵
−𝟏 𝚫𝐕
k=
𝐏 𝐕
▪ The compressibility is the least for solids and the most for gases.
▪ The bulk modulus is the least for gases and the most for solids.
21.Why steel is preferred in heavy-duty machines and in structural designs?
Young’s modulus of steel is greater than that of copper, brass and aluminium. So steel
is more elastic than copper, brass and aluminium. So steel is preferred in heavy-duty
machines and in structural designs
22.The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in Figure.
= 1.59 x10−3 m
= 1.59 mm
ΔL
(c) Strain =
𝐿
1.59 x10−3
=
1
= 1.59 x10−3 m
24.A square lead slab of side 50 cm and thickness 10 cm is subject to a shearing force
(on its narrow face) of 9.0 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 N. The lower edge is riveted to the floor. How much
will the upper edge be displaced? Given shear modulus,
G =𝟓. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐍𝐦−𝟐
.
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25.The average depth of Indian Ocean is about 3000 m. Calculate the fractional
compression, ΔV/V, of water at the bottom of the ocean, given that the bulk modulus of
water is 2.2 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 N 𝒎−𝟐 . (Take g = 10 m 𝒔−𝟐 )
−𝑃
G = ΔV
𝑉
ΔV P
=
𝑉 𝐺
P = hρg = 3000 x1000 𝑥10 = 3𝑥107 N 𝑚−2
ΔV 3𝑥107
= = 1.36 × 10−2
𝑉 2.2 × 109
28.The metal ropes used in cranes are always made of a number of thin wires braided
together.Why?
In cranes thicker rope of radius about 3 cm is recommended. A single wire of this
radius would practically be a rigid rod. So the ropes are always made of a number of
thin wires braided together, like in pigtails, for ease in manufacture, flexibility and
strength.
29.The maximum height of a mountain on earth is ~10 km. Why?
The height of mountain is limited by the elastic properties of rocks.
30.Write the expression for bending δ produced in the beam shown below. How can we
reduce bending?
𝐖 𝒍𝟑
δ= (W=mg)
𝟒𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝒀
The bending reduces by
▪ Using a material with a large Young’s modulus Y
▪ Increasing the breadth b of the beam
▪ Increasing depth d of the beam.
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31.What is buckling?
The sidewise bending of a deep bar is called buckling.
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Chapter 10
Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
4.Define density?
Density ρ for a fluid of mass m occupying volume V is given by
m
ρ=
V
5.Define relative density
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water at
40 C.
Density of substance
Relative density= 0
Density of water at 4 C
6.Write the expression for absolute pressure P, at depth below the surface of a liquid
open to the atmosphere.
Absolute Pressure, P = Pa + ρ gh
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9.At a depth of 1000 m in an ocean
(a) what is the absolute pressure?
(b) What is the gauge pressure?
(The density of sea water is 1.03 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 kg 𝐦−𝟑 , g = 10m 𝐬 −𝟐 )
h = 1000 m , ρ = 1.03 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 kg 𝐦−𝟑
(a) Absolute pressure, P = Pa + ρgh
= 1.01 × 105 + 1.03 × 103 × 10 × 1000
= 1.01 × 105 + 103 × 105
= 104.01 × 105 Pa
≈ 104 atm
(b) Gauge pressure , P −Pa = ρgh
= 1.03 × 103 × 10 × 1000
= 103 × 105 Pa
≈ 103 atm
F1
Substituting from eq(1), F2 = A2
A1
𝐀𝟐
𝐅𝟐 = 𝐅𝟏
𝐀𝟏
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14. A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with a maximum mass of 3000kg.
The area of cross section of the piston carrying 425 c𝒎𝟐 . What maximum pressure
would the smaller piston have to bear?
Pressure on two two pistons will be same.
F1 F2
P= =
A1 A2
F2 mg
P= =
A2 A2
2000 𝑥 9.8
= =6.92 x105 N𝑚−2 or Pa
425 x10−4
15.Two syringes of diffrent cross sections (without needles) filled with water are
connected with a tightly fitted rubber tube filled with water. Diameters of the smaller
piston and larger piston are 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm respectively. Find the force exerted on
the larger piston when a force of 10 N is applied to the smaller piston.
A
F2 = F1 2
A1
π x (1.5 x 10−2 )2
F2 = 10 x
π x (0.5 x 10−2 )2
= 10 x9 =90 N
18.Obtain the expression for equation of continuity for streamline flow of a fluid.
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20. State and prove Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of the pressure
, the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains
a constant.
𝟏
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐
Proof
𝑚
Divide each term by ΔV to obtain ( = ρ)
ΔV
1
P1 - P2 = ρ(v22 − v12 )+ ρg(h2 -h1 )
2
1 1
P1 – P2 = ρv22 − ρv12 + ρgh2− ρgh1
2 2
1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgh2
2 2
𝟏
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐
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22.Prove Torricelli’s law of speed of efflux of fluid.
1 A 2
P1 − P2 = ρv12 [ ( ) – 1]
2 a
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But P1 − P2 = ρm gh
h= height difference in manometer tube
ρm = density of liquid in manometer
1 A 2
ρm gh= ρv12 [( ) − 1]
2 a
2ρm gh
ρ
v12 = A 2
[( ) −1]
a
1
−
2ρm gh A 2 2
v1 = √ [( a ) − 1]
ρ
24.Venturimeter principle is used in,
▪ The carburetor of automobile
▪ Filter pumps or aspirators
▪ Bunsen burner
▪ Atomisers
▪ Sprayers used for perfumes or to spray insecticides
25.Explain blood flow and heart attack using Bernoulli’s principle
The artery may get constricted due to the accumulation of plaque on its inner walls.
The speed of the flow of the blood in this region is raised which lowers the pressure
inside and the artery may collapse due to the external pressure. The heart exerts
further pressure to open this artery and forces the blood through. As the blood rushes
through the opening, the internal pressure once again drops due to same reasons
leading to a repeat collapse. This may result in heart attack.
The relative velocity of air above the ball is larger and below it is smaller. This
difference in the velocities of air results in the pressure difference between the lower
and upper faces and there is a net upward force on the ball. This dynamic lift due to
spining is called Magnus effect.
Aerofoil is a solid piece shaped to provide an upward dynamic lift when it moves
horizontally through air. When the aerofoil moves against the wind, the flow speed of
air on top is higher than that below it. There is an upward force resulting in a dynamic
lift of the wings and this balances the weight of the plane.
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28.Define viscosity
The internal frictional force that acts when there is relative motion between layers of
the liquid is
29.Obtain the expression for Coefficient of viscosity( 𝛈)
The coefficient of viscosity( η)for a fluid is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the
strain rate.
F
Shearing stress A
η= = 𝑣
Strain rate
𝑙
𝐅𝒍
𝛈=
𝐯𝐀
30.The viscosity of liquids …………………. with temperature while the viscosity of gases
……………….. in the case of gases.
Decreases, increases
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In equilibrium,
4 4
6πηav + πa3 σg = πa3 gρ
3 3
4
6πηav = πa3 (ρ −σ)g
3
Terminal velocity ,
𝟐𝐚𝟐 (𝛒 −𝛔)𝐠
𝐯𝐭 =
𝟗𝛈
34.The terminal velocity of a copper ball of radius 2.0 mm falling through a tank of oil
at 𝟐𝟎𝟎 C is 6.5 cm 𝐬 −𝟏 . Compute the viscosity of the oil at 𝟐𝟎𝟎 C. Density of oil is 1.5 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟑 kg 𝐦−𝟑 , density of copper is 8.9 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 kg 𝐦−𝟑 .
vt = 6.5 × 10−2 ms −1 ρ = 8.9 × 103 kg m−3
a = 2 × 10−3 m σ =1.5 ×103 kg m−3
g = 9.8m s −2 ,
2a2 (ρ −σ)g
vt =
9η
2a2 (ρ −σ)g
η=
9vt
2 x (2 × 10−3 )2 (8.9 × 103 −1.5 ×103 )x9.8
η=
9 x 6.5 × 10−2
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38.Show that surface tension is equal to surface energy per unit area.
Inorder to keep the bar in its original position some work has to be done against this
inward full.
W = F x d----------(1)
If the surface energy of the film is S per unit area, the extra area is 2d𝑙 (film has two
sides),
The extra surface energy = S x 2d𝑙 ------------(2)
The extra surface energy = work done
S x2d𝑙 =Fd
F
S = = surface tension
2𝑙
▪ Angle of contact is obtuse for Water on a waxy or oily surface, Mercury on any
surface.
▪ Angle of contact is acute for Water on glass or on plastic, Kerosene oil on
virtually anything .
42.Why are large drops and bubbles not spherical, but flattened?
For large drops the effect of gravity predominates that of surface tension and they get
flattened.
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43.Derive the expression for excess pressure inside a spherical drop
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The excess pressure on the concave meniscus
2S
(Pi - Po ) =
r
a a
cosθ = , r=
r cosθ
2S
(Pi - Po ) = a
cosθ
2Scosθ
(Pi - Po ) = ----------------(1)
a
Consider two points A and B in the same horizontal level i.e, the points are at the same
pressure.
Pressure at A = Pi
Pressure at B = Po + h ρ g
Pi =Po + h ρ g
Pi - Po = h ρ g----------------(2)
From eq(1) and (2)
2Scosθ
h ρ g=
a
𝟐𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
h=
𝛒 𝐠𝐚
49.Find the capillary rise when a capillary tube of radius 0.05 cm is dipped vertically in
water. Surface tension for water is 0.073N𝒎−𝟏 .Density of water is 1000 kg𝒎−𝟑 .
2Scosθ
h=
ρ ga
For water-glass angle of contact θ = 0, cos 0 =1
2S
h=
ρ ga
2𝑥 0.073
h=
1000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 0.05 𝑥10−3
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Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
1.Write the relation connecting temperature on Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scales .
tF −32 t
= C
180 100
(98.6−32)x100
tC= = 370C
180
15.Based on the graph given below explain the anomalous expansion of water.
Unit is Jmol−1 K −1
Why gases have two specific heat capacities ?
As gas is compressible, heat transfer can be achieved by keeping either pressure or
volume constant. So gases have two types of molar specific heat capacities,Cp and Cv
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22.Water is used as a coolant in automobile radiators as well as a heater in hot water
bags.Why?
Specific heat capacity of water is very high equal to 4186 is Jkg −1 K −1 .
26.The temperature at which the solid and the liquid states of the substance coexist in
thermal equilibrium with each other is called its -------------
melting point.
28.The temperature at which the liquid and the vapour states of the substance coexist
in thermal equilibrium is called its---------------
boiling point.
29. The boiling point increases with increase in pressure and decreases with decreases
in pressure.
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32.Define Sublimation. Give an example of a substance that sublime.
The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state is
called sublimation.
Eg: Dry ice (solid CO2 ) , Iodine ,Camphor
36. Calculate the amount of heat energy required to convert10kg of water at 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 C to
steam at 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 C.
Q
Lv =
m
Q =Lv m
Q =22.6 × 105 x 10
Q =22.6 × 106 𝐽
37.Why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water?
For water, the latent heat of vaporisation is Lv = 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 .
So, steam at 100 °C carries 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 more heat than water at 100 °C. This is
why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water.
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38.The graph given below represents the temperature versus heat for water at 1 atm
pressure. Answer the following questions.
Graph Phase
AB ---------- Ans: Solid (ice)
CD ---------- Ans: Liquid(water)
EF ---------- Ans: Gas(steam)
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39.Write different modes of heat transfer.
conduction, convection and radiation
40.What is conduction?
Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body
because of their temperature difference.
41.Write the expression for rate of flow of heat if one end of a metallic rod is heated
T −T
H=KA c D
L
The constant of proportionality K is called the thermal conductivity of the material.
42.Some cooking pots have copper coating on the bottom. Give reason.
Thermal conductivity of copper is high and it promotes the distribution of heat over
the bottom of a pot for uniform cooking.
43.Why a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day?
Thermal conductivity of brass(metal) is greater than that of wood.
44.Houses made of concrete roofs get very hot during summer days.Why?
Thermal conductivity of concrete is moderately high.
45.What is convection?
Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in
fluids.
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Chapter 12
Thermodynamics
1.What do you mean by thermal equilibrium?
A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature of the
system remains constant.
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𝟔. 𝐂𝐩 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐂𝐯 . Why
When gas is heated at constant volume, the entire heat is used to increase the internal
energy of the gas. But when the gas is heated at constant pressure, the heat is used to
increase the internal energy and also to do external work during expansion. Hence Cp
is greater than Cv .
7.What are thermodynamic state variables?
Every equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system is completely described by specific
values of some macroscopic variables. These are called thermodynamic state variables.
Eg: pressure, volume, temperature, mass , composition,Entropy, Enthalpy
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14.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process.
PV = constant
16.Derive the expression for work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process.
v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV= μRT
μR T
P=
V
v μR T
W =∫v 2 dV
1 V
v 1
W =μ R T ∫v 2 dV
1 V
v
W = μR T [ln V]v21
W = μR T [ln V2 − ln V1 ]
V
W = μRT ln [ 2 ]
V1
17.Derive the expression for workdone by an Ideal gas during an adiabatic process
v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV γ = k
k
P=Vγ
P=k V −γ
v
W = k ∫v 2 V −γ dV
1
v2
V−γ+1
W = k[ ]
−γ+1 v
1
k
W= [v21−γ − v11−γ ]
1−γ
1 k k
W= [ γ−1
− ]
1−γ v2 v1 γ−1
PV γ = k
P1 V1 γ = P2 V2 γ =k
1 P2 V2 γ P1 V1 γ
W= [ − ]
1−γ v2 γ−1 v1 γ−1
1
W= [ P2 V2 − P1 V1 ]
1−γ
μR
(or) W= [ T2 − T1 ]
1−γ
18.Workdone in an isochoric process is ------------
Zero
19.Work done by the gas in an Isobaric process
Δ W=P ΔV
W = P (V2 − V1 )
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20.What is a cyclic process?
In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state.
Since internal energy is a state variable, ΔU = 0 for a cyclic process
26.What is the efficiency of a heat engine working between 233K and 373K.
Or
What is the efficiency of a heat engine working between ice point 𝟎𝟎 𝐂 and
steam point 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐂 .
T −T
η= 1 2
T1
T1 = 100 + 273 = 3730C
T2 = 0 + 273 = 2730C
373− 273
η=
373
η =0.268=26.8%
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27.What is an external combustion engine?Give example.
In an external combustion engine, the system is heated by an external furnace.
Eg: steam engine
38.Draw P-V diagram for a Carnot cycle .Also write different thermodynamic processes
involved in a Carnot cycle.
T1 − T2 T2
η= or η=1−
T1 T1
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40.Obtain the expression for workdone in a Carnot cycle
(a)Step 1 →2 Isothermal expansion of the gas from (P1 , V1 , T1 ) to (P2 , V2 , T1 ).
V
W1→2 = Q1 = μ RT1 ln ⌊ 2 ⌋ ------------(1)
V1
(b) Step 2 → 3 Adiabatic expansion of the gas from (P2 ,V2 ,T1 ) to (P3 , V3 , T2 ).
μR
W2→3 = [ T1 − T2 ] ------------------(2)
γ−1
(c)Step 3→4 Isothermal compression of the gas from(P3 ,V3 ,T2 ) to (P4 ,V4 ,T2 ).
V
W3→4 = Q 2 = − μ RT2 ln ⌊ 3 ⌋ -----------(3)
V4
(d) Step 4 → 1 Adiabatic compression of the gas from (P4 ,V4 ,T2 ) to (P1 ,V1 , T1 )
μR
W4→1 =− [T1 − T2 ] -----------------(4)
γ−1
V V
W= μ RT1 ln ⌊ 2 ⌋ − μ RT2 ln ⌊ 3 ⌋ -------------(5)
V1 V4
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Chapter 13
Kinetic Theory
1.Real gases approach ideal gas behaviour at ………………………………………..
Low pressures and high temperatures.
Q = nmAvx 2 Δt
Q
The force on the wall, F =
Δt
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2
F = nmAvx
F
Pressure, P =
A
P = nmvx 2
All molecules in a gas do not have the same velocity; so average velocity is to be taken
P= nmv ̅̅̅x2
̅̅̅ 1 2
vx2 = ̅̅̅
v
3
̅̅̅2 1
P= nmv
3
5.Show that the average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.
1 ̅̅̅2
P= nmv
3
N
n= , N=nV
V
̅̅̅2 1
PV= Nmv
3
where N is the number of molecules in the sample.
2 1 ̅̅̅
2)
PV= (N mv
3 2
2
PV= E---------------------(1)
3
6.Obtain the expression for Root Mean Square (rms) Speed of a molecule of an ideal gas
3
E/N = k B T
2
1 ̅̅̅2 = 3 k B T
mv
2 2
̅̅̅ 3k T
v2 = B
m
𝟑𝐤 𝐁 𝐓
𝐯𝐫𝐦𝐬 = √
𝐦
10.By using law of equipartiotion of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacities
of monoatomic gases. Also find the value of 𝛄
The molecule of a monatomic gas has only 3 translational degrees of freedom.
1 3
Average energy of one molecule =3 𝑥 k B T = k B T
2 2
The total internal energy of one mole ,
3
U= k B T x NA
2
k B NA =R
3
U = RT
2
Specific heat capacity at constant volume
dU
Cv =
dt
d 3
= (2 RT)
dT
𝟑
𝐂𝐕 = R
𝟐
For an ideal gas, CP – CV = R (Mayer’s relation)
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure,
CP = CV + R
3
= R +R
2
𝟓
𝐂𝐏 = R
𝟐
The ratio of specific heats
5
CP R
2
= γ = 3
CP R
2
𝟓
Adiabatic constant , 𝜸=
𝟑
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11.By using law of equipartition of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacities
of rigid diatomic molecule. Also find the value of 𝛄
A diatomic rigid rotator has , 3 translational and 2 rotational degrees of freedom.
1
Average energy of one molecule = 5 x k B T
2
5
= kB T
2
The total internal energy of one mole,
5
U= k B T x NA
2
k B NA =R
5
U = RT
2
Specific heat capacity at constant volume
dU
Cv =
dt
d 5
= (2 RT)
dT
𝟓
𝐂𝐕 = R
𝟐
For an ideal gas, CP – CV = R (Mayer’s relation)
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure,
CP = CV + R
5
= R +R
2
𝟕
𝐂𝐏 = R
𝟐
The ratio of specific heats
7
CP R
2
=γ= 5
CP R
2
𝟕
Adiabatic constant , 𝛄 =
𝟓
12.By using law of equipartition of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacities
of non rigid diatomic molecule. Also find the value of 𝛄
A non rigid diatomic molecule has , 3 translational , 2 rotational and 1 vibrational
degrees of freedom.
1
(Each vibrational degree of freedom contributes ,2x k B T =k B T)
2
5
Average energy of one molecule = k B T + k B T
2
7
= kBT
2
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Specific heat capacity at constant volume
dU
Cv =
dt
d 7
= (2 RT)
dT
𝟕
𝐂𝐕 = R
𝟐
For an ideal gas, CP – CV = R (Mayer’s relation)
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure,
CP = CV + R
7
= R +R
2
𝟗
𝐂𝐏 = R
𝟐
The ratio of specific heats
9
CP R
2
= γ= 7
CP R
2
𝟗
Adiabatic constant , 𝛄=
𝟕
13.By using law of equipartition of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacities
of Polyatomic Gases. Also find the value of 𝛄
A polyatomic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational degrees of freedom and a
certain number ( f ) of vibrational modes.
3 3
Average energy of a molecule = k B T + k B T +f k B T
2 2
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14.By using law of equipartition of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacity of
of solids
Consider a solid of N atoms, each vibrating about its mean position.
1
A vibration in one dimension has average energy = 2x k B T
2
= kBT
In three dimensions, the average energy = 3k B T
The total internal energy of one mole of solid is,
U =3k B T x NA
k B NA =R
U =3RT
dU
Specific heat capacity C=
dt
d
= (3 RT)
dT
𝐂 = 𝟑𝐑
15.By using law of equipartition of energy obtain the values of specific heat capacity of
of Water
We treat water like a solid.
Average energy of each atom in three dimension= 3k B T
Water molecule has three atoms, two hydrogen and one oxygen.
Average energy of Water molecule = 3 x 3k B T
= 9k B T
The total internal energy of a mole of water is,
U = 9k B T x NA
k B NA =R
U = 9RT
dU
Specific heat capacity , C=
dt
d
= (9 RT)
dT
𝐂 =𝟗 R
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Chapter 14
Oscillations
1.What is non periodic motion?
The motion which is non-repetitive .
e.g. rectilinear motion , motion of a projectile.
2.What is periodic motion?
A motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion.
e.g. uniform circular motion , orbital motion of planets in the solar system.
3.What is oscillatory motion?
Periodic to and fro motion is called oscillatory motion.
e.g. motion of a cradle , motion of a swing, motion of the pendulum of a wall clock.
Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory.
4.What is the difference between oscillations and vibration?
▪ When the frequency is small, we call it oscillation.
e.g.The oscillation of a branch of a tree
▪ When the frequency is high, we call it vibration.
e.g. The vibration of a string of a musical instrument.
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10.Write the expression for angular frequency
2𝜋
ω= or ω =2𝜋𝜈
𝑇
Unit of ω is rad/s
Angular frequency is a scalar quantity
𝝅
11.An SHM is given by x = 8 sin(10𝝅𝒕 + ) m
𝟒
Find the (i) amplitude (ii)Angular frequency (iii)period
(iv)frequency(v) initial phase angle or phase constant
𝜋
x = 8 sin(10𝜋𝑡 + )
4
Comparing with general expression for SHM
x (t) = A cos (ωt + ϕ)
(i)Amplitude , A=8 m
(ii)Angular frequency , ω = 10𝜋 rad/s
2𝜋
(iii)ω =
𝑇
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period , T = = =1/5 s
ω 10𝜋
1 5
(iv)Frequency , 𝜈 = = =5Hz
T 1
𝜋
(v)Initial phase angle, ϕ = rad
4
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13.Obtain the expression for acceleration in SHM
dv
Acceleration in SHM , a=
dt
d
a = – ωA sin (ωt + ϕ)
dt
a =– ωA cos (ωt + ϕ) x ω
a =– ω2 A cos (ωt + ϕ)
x = A cos (ωt + ϕ)
a =– 𝛚𝟐 x -------------(3)
In SHM, the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and is always directed
towards the mean position.
1
▪ At mean position,(x= 0), K = mω2 A2
2
KE is maximum At Mean position
▪ At extreme position,(x= A), K= 0.
KE is minimum At extreme positions.
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16.Obtain the expression for potential energy in simple harmonic motion
1
U = kx 2
2
k= m ω2
1
U = mω2 x 2 ----------------(6)
2
▪ At Mean position, x= 0 , U = 0
PE is minimum At Mean position
1
▪ At Extreme position, x = A , U = mω2 A2
2
PE is maximum At extreme positions.
18.Draw the variation of potential energy , kinetic energy k and the total energy e with
time t for a linear harmonic oscillator
19.At what position the KE of a simple harmonic oscillator becomes equal to its
potential energy?
KE =PE
1 1
mω2 (A2 − x 2 ) = mω2 x 2
2 2
A − x = x2
2 2
A2 = 2x 2
A2
x 2=
2
𝐀
x=
√𝟐
20.Give examples of systems executing simple harmonic motion
▪ Oscillations due to a Spring
▪ Oscillations of a simple pendulum
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21.Define spring constant of a spring.
F mg
k= =
𝑥 𝑥
The restoring force per unit displacement of the spring is called spring constant.
A stiff spring has large k and a soft spring has small k.
Restoring force, F = –k x
where k= mω2
k k
ω2 = , ω=√
m m
2π 2π
Period, T= =
ω k
√
m
𝐦
T = 𝟐𝛑√
𝐤
23.A 5 kg collar is attached to a spring of spring constant 500 N 𝒎−𝟏 . It slides without
friction over a horizontal rod. The collar is displaced from its equilibrium position by
10.0 cm and released. Calculate
(a) the period of oscillation,
(b) the maximum speed and
(c) maximum acceleration of the collar.
(a) The period of oscillation as given by
m
T = 2π√
k
5
T = 2π√
500
1
T = 2x 3.14 x = 0.63 s
10
I α = –L mg sinθ
–mgL
α= θ ---------------(3) (since θ is very small, sinθ≈θ)
I
g
ω=√
L
2π 2π
Period, T= =
ω g
√L
𝐋
T = 𝟐𝛑√
𝐠
102
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25.A girlis swinging on a swing in sitting position with period T. What will happen to
the period of oscillation when she stands up?
L
T = 2π√
g
When she stands up ,the length of the pendulum decreases and hence period of
oscillation decreases.
T2 g
L=
4π2
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32.What are free oscillations?
If an oscillator is displaced and released, it begins to oscillate with its natural frequency
(ω). Such oscillations in the absence of an external force are called free oscillations.
E.g, A person swinging in a swing without anyone pushing it .
A simple pendulum, displaced and released.
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Chapter 15
Waves
1.The waves governed by Newton’s laws, and require a material medium for their
propagation are called ……………………..
Mechanical waves
E.g, water waves, sound waves, seismic waves, etc.
2.The waves which not require any medium for their propagation and travel through
vacuum at speed of light are …………………
Electromagnetic waves
E.g, visible light, ultraviolet light, radio waves, microwaves, x-rays etc.
3.The waves associated with moving electrons, protons, neutrons and other
fundamental particles are called…………..
Matter waves.
6.Given below are some examples of wave motion. State in each case if the wave motion
is transverse, longitudinal or a combination of both:
(a)Motion of a kink(particle) in a longitudinal spring produced
by displacing one end of the spring sideways.
(b)Waves produced in a cylinder containing a liquid by moving
its piston back and forth.
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(c) Waves produced by a motorboat sailing in water.
(d) Ultrasonic waves in air produced by a vibrating quartz crystal.
(e) The waves in an ocean.
Answer:- (a) Transverse and longitudinal
(b) Longitudinal
(c) Transverse and longitudinal
(d) Longitudinal
(e) Transverse and longitudinal
7.What is a travelling wave or progressive wave?
A wave, transverse or longitudinal, is said to be travelling or progressive if it travels
from one point of the medium to another.
8.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along the positive
direction of the x-axis and explain the terms.
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx – ωt + 𝛟)
y (x, t ) = displacement
a=amplitude
(kx – ωt + ϕ) =phase,
k=wave number or propagation constant
ω=angular frequency
Φ =initial phase angle or phase constant
9.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along the negative
direction of the x-axis
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx +ωt + 𝛟)
(c) ω=3
2𝜋
but, ω =
𝑇
2𝜋
=3
𝑇
2𝜋
𝑇 = = 2.09 s
3
Frequency, 𝜈 = 1/T
=1/2.09 = 0.48 Hz
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13.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string
𝑇
v=√
μ
𝑚
μ - linear mass density or mass per unit length, μ=
𝑙
T-Tension on the string.
14.A steel wire 0.72 m long has a mass of 5.0 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg. If the wire is under a tension of
60 N, what is the speed of transverse waves on the wire ?
𝑇
v=√
μ
𝑀 5.0 ×10−3
μ= = = 6.9 ×10−3 kg 𝑚−1
𝑙 0.72
T = 60 N
60
v=√
6.9 ×10−3
−1
v= 93 m 𝑠
15.Asteel wire has a length of 12m and a mass of 2.1 kg. What is the tension in the wire
if the speed of transverse wave on the on the wire is 343ms-1
𝑇
v=√
μ
𝑇
v2 =
μ
T= v2 μ
𝑀
T= v2 x
𝑙
2.1
T = 3432 x =20588.56 N =2.06 104N
12
16.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string.
𝑻 𝑚
v=√ μ = linear mass density or mass per unit length=
𝛍 𝑙
T=tension on string
17.Write the expression for speed of longitudinal wave in a fluid
𝑩
v=√ B= the bulk modulus of medium
𝛒
ρ = the density of the medium
18.Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar
𝒀
v=√ Y =Young’s modulus
𝛒
ρ=density of the medium,
19.Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑷
v=√ P= Pressure of gas
𝛒
ρ = density of gas
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20. Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in
an ideal gas
𝜸𝐏
v=√ P= Pressure of gas
𝛒
ρ = density of gas
𝐶
γ= 𝑃
𝐶𝑉
21.Derive Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑩
v=√
𝛒
Newton assumed that, the pressure variations in a medium during propagation of
sound are isothermal.
For isothermal process, PV = constant
VΔP + PΔV = 0
VΔP =- PΔV
−VΔP
=P
ΔV
B =P
𝑷
v=√
𝛒
22.Derive Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in
an ideal gas.
𝐵
v=√
ρ
Laplace found that the pressure variations in a medium during propagation of sound
are adiabatic and not isothermal.
For adiabatic process, P𝑉 𝛾 = constant
Δ P𝑉 𝛾 =0
P𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 ΔV + 𝑉 𝛾 Δ P =0
P 𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 ΔV =− 𝑉 𝛾 Δ P
−𝑉 𝛾 ΔP
𝛾P=
𝑉 𝛾−1 ΔV
−VΔP
𝛾P= =B
ΔV
B=𝛾P
𝜸𝐏
v=√
𝛒
23.The speed of sound in air at STP = ---------------
331.3 m 𝑠 −1
24.A progressive gets reflected at a rigid boundary . Write the displacement relation for
incident wave and reflected wave.
Incident wave, 𝑦𝑖 (x, t) = a sin (kx – ωt)
Reflected wave, 𝑦𝑟 (x, t) = a sin (kx + ωt + π)
▪ For reflection at a rigid boundary ,the reflected wave will have a phase reversal
i.e, a phase difference of π radian or 1800 .
▪ For reflection at a rigid boundary ,the displacement at the boundary is zero
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25.A progressive gets reflected at a open boundary . Write the displacement relation for
incident wave and reflected wave.
Incident wave, 𝑦𝑖 (x, t) = a sin (kx – ωt)
Reflected wave, 𝑦𝑟 (x, t) = a sin (kx + ωt).
▪ The reflected wave will have same sign (no phase reversal) and amplitude as the
incident wave.
▪ There will be maximum displacement at the boundary( twice the amplitude of
either of the pulses)
26.What are standing waves?
The interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions produces
standing waves.
27.Draw standing waves in a stretched string and mark nodes and antinodes.
28.Obtain the expression for a standing wave and find the condition for nodes and
antonodes.
Wave travelling in +ve x-axis, 𝑦1 (x, t) = a sin (kx – ωt)
Wave travelling in -ve x-axis , 𝑦2 (x, t) = a sin (kx + ωt)
When they superpose, y (x, t) = 𝑦1 (x, t) + 𝑦2 (x, t)
= a sin (kx – ωt) + a sin (kx + ωt)
y (x, t) = (2a sin kx) cos ωt
Amplitude of wave , A= 2a sin kx.
𝜆
L= 1
2
𝜆1 = 2L
v
But v=𝜈λ , 𝜈 =
𝜆
v
Frequency, 𝜈1 =
𝜆1
v
𝜈1 = ----------(1)
2L
The second harmonic
The second harmonic is the oscillation mode with n = 2.
𝜆
L = 2 2 =𝜆2
2
𝜆2 = L
v
Frequency, 𝜈2 =
𝜆2
v
𝜈2 =
L
v
𝜈2 = 2 -------------(2)
2L
𝜈2 = 2𝜈1
The Third Harmonic
The third harmonic is the oscillation mode with n = 3.
𝜆3
L=3
2
2𝐿
𝜆3 =
3
v
Frequency, 𝜈3 =
𝜆3
v
𝜈3 = 2𝐿
3
v
𝜈3 = 3 --------------(3)
2L
𝜈3 = 3𝑣1
and so on
𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
Thus all harmonics are possible in a stretched string fixed at both the ends.
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30.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a closed pipe. Also obtain
the frequencies of harmonics .
(or) Prove that the frquencies produced in a closed pipe are in the ratio 𝟏: 𝟑: 𝟓
(or) Show that only odd harmonics are possible in a closed pipe.
Eg: Resonance Column(Air columns such as glass tubes partially filled with water) .
Fundamental mode or the first harmonic
The oscillation mode with n=0 , fundamental mode or the first harmonic.
𝜆1
L=
4
𝜆1 = 4L
v
Frequency, 𝜈1 =
𝜆1
v
𝜈1 = ------------(1)
4L
𝜆4
L=5
4
4𝐿
𝜆4 =
5
v
Frequency, 𝜈5 =
𝜆5
v
𝜈5 = 4𝐿
5
v
𝜈5 = 5 -------------(3)
4L
𝜈5 = 5𝜈1
And so on
𝜈1 : 𝜈3 : 𝜈5 = 1: 3: 5
Thus only odd harmonics are possible in a closed pipe.
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31.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in an open pipe. Also obtain
the frequencies of harmonics .
(or) Prove that the frquencies produced in an open pipe are in the ratio 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑
(or) Show that all harmonics are possible in an open pipe.
Example for open pipe -Flute
Fundamental Mode or The First Harmonic
The oscillation mode with n=1 , the lowest frequency is called the fundamental mode
or the first harmonic.
𝜆
L= 1
2
𝜆1 = 2L
v
Frequency, 𝜈1 =
𝜆1
v
𝜈1 = ------------(1)
2L
𝜆
L= 1
2
𝜆1 = 2L
v
Frequency, 𝜈1 =
𝜆1
v
𝜈1 = ------------(1)
2L
𝜆1
L=
4
𝜆1 = 4L
v
Frequency, 𝜈1 =
𝜆1
v
𝜈1 = ------------(2)
4L
From eq (1) and (2),Fundamental frequency of open pipe is twice that of a closed pipe.
36.Write the expression for apparent frequency of sound heard by the observer when
the source and observer moving in the same direction of propagation of sound.
𝐯+𝐯
𝝂𝒐 = 𝝂𝒔 ( 𝐨 )
𝐯+ 𝐯 𝐬
vs -velocity of source, vo – velocity of observe
𝜈𝑠 – frequency of sound, 𝜈𝑜 - apparent frequency of sound heard by the observer
Seema Elizabeth
MARM Govt HSS Santhipuram
Thrissur
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