Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H.

Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
390 AllPOIT DIAINAGE AND PAVEMENT DBSIQN

STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT DESIGN

12.5 IHTRODUCTION'

excavation.

ooiruamct cement, or
en<Jullm to fulfill its prin-
and to distribute the to
12.5 INTRODU'C'l'ION 391

Pactors That Intluence Pavement Performance.

co1rno1ex """"''r>"• ...... svs1tern,s. and their oe1rto1rm:am;e aeo<mcls

Load Variables
Aircraft gross load
Wheel load
Number and of wheeJs
Tire contact pressures
Numberofap~,u~au,Ju3

or rh11ruu·n 1('
Environmental variables
Amount and distribution of tm~cu:>mmcm
Ambient temperatures
Aircraft blast and heat
Fuel s1nnai;~e
Structural variables
Number, thickness, and type of pavement
:Streni~th of materials
Construction variables
Maintenance variables
392 AJIPOIT DRAINAGE AHD PAVIMENT DESIGN

12.6 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METBODS

(U.S. PRACTICE)
The Callfomia Bearing Ratio Method. California ratio
method of na,rement the
aacmte:Cl for airfield
12.6 PLE11BLE PAVBMENT DESIQH METBODS (U.S. PRAC'l'1CB) 393

a 2-inch the soil. The

re<i1uurea to force the into the soil 0.1 inch 0.2 is
per·cerlta~~e of the standard value for crushed stone.... The test

reciommencl(~a that
courses.
as~>1g111e<1, as shown below:

100
100
100

100
80
80

t = ~] (12.9)
394 AIRPORT DIADIAGB AND PAVBMENT DBSIGH

tntcKness (in.)
(lb)
contact area (in. 2)

In the equation was 1AU.J•uu.u.•u

multiple-wheel co11t1JJ~n1t1cms.
of an equivalent s1nll1e·-wr1ee1

~J
ESWL
t=f
[ 8.l(CBR)

where

f =
ESWL =

ESWL
t = a¡ 1)
8.l(CBR)
where

in
12.6 FLDlBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS (U.S. PIACTICE) 395
Repetitlon a,, for

Number of Tires U sed to ESWL

Number of Passes 2 4 12 24

1,000 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.64

5,000 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.67
10,000 0.88 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.68
100,000 1.03 0.88 0.79 0.72 0.69

Source: G. M. Hammitt II, et al., Multiple-Wheel Heavy Gear Load Pavement Tests, Vol. 4,
Technical Report S-71-17, for the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
November 197 l.

l. Determine

(11)

and Marine tire pressure, B and C

traffic areas
and Marine B and C
traffic areas
and Marine dual-wheel aircraft, B and C traffic areas
C-5A aircraft, B and C traffic areas
Air Force pavement, B and C traffic areas and overruns
Air Force medium-load pavement, A traffic areas
Air Force medium-load pavement, B, C, and D traffic areas and overruns
Air Force pavement, A traffic areas
Air Force pavement, B, C, and D, traffic areas and overruns
Air Force shoulder pavement
Air Force shortfield pavement, A traffic areas and overruns
~
o.

(sec AFM 88-6, chaptcr l/TM5·824-1 for

dcsign aircraft load$, pa.sses, and traffic arcas)

FIGURE 12.10 Example of California bearing Reference

12.6 FLEXDLB PAVBMINT DBSIGN MBTBODS (tJ.S. PRAC'l'1CE) 397

The PAAMethodof Flexible Pavement Deslgn..

l. u,,.,..,_,,._ .. ,.,A,,.
.uu'~"""1~,u retamtea on No. 200 sieve.
2. ............. ., ......... retamtea on No. 4
3. ,._,................
4.

Clé:lSSttiCéittcm s·vstc~m. The

na'verne111 foundation
nror!:lnlí' materials that are unsuitable
398 AIRPOl'l' DUJNAGB AND PAVEMENT DISIQN

Major Divisions

Soils more than 50% retained on No. 200

si e veª
Gravels 50% or more of coarse fraction
retained on No. 4 sieve
Clean GW 60-80 300 or more
GP 35-60 300 or more
Gravels with fines GM 40-80 300 or more
oc 20-40 200-300
Sands less than 50% of coarse fraction
retained on No. 4 sieve
Clean sands SW 20-40 200-300
SP 15-25 200-300
Sands with fines SM 20-40 200-300
se 10-20 200-300

Soils 50% or less retained on No. 200 sieveª

Silts and ML 5-15 100-200
Limit CL 5-15 100-200
50% or less OL 4-8 100-200
Silts and MH 4-8 100-200
Limit CH 3-5 50-100
Greater than 50% OH 3-5 50-100

12.7. The coeu1c1ents

Table 12.7 areused
...,.,._,,,.....:.. ,,,,"',... soil. These ,.,...,~TT•r»

refers to the a1clm1eter> that corre-

have similar
 ClassW.cation Based on vuJJ.J.ov.

Classification

Philadelphia: hmencan Materials, 1990.

~
 AIIPOft DRAINAGB AND PAVBMENT DESIGM

limit and plasticity

Sands

Silts and Clays

50.

M
c.
)(

~
z

FIGURE 12.11
12.6 401

Highly Organic Soils

muck and other

it is necessary to determine the pave-

tm1c;Kntess ..""'r
11
for each aircraft
••·rort
curve with the t:h<f'•"'"'""'° .,. .......... ...,,.., ..
 CBR
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 'º 15 20 25 30 40 50
CURVES BASED ON 20·YEA
PAVEMENT LIFE
THICKNESS •BITUMINOUS
SURFACES

THICKNESS, IN.
FIGURE 12.12 Flexible oa,rernent curves for critical areas, dual-wheel gear.
t.>Q'urc·e; Reference 8)
12.6 FLllJBLE PAVBUENT DBSJGN 1111'110DS (U.S. PRACTICB) 403

TABLE Landing

To Convert From To

wheel Dual wheel 0.8

wheel Dual tandem (};5
Dual wheel Dual tandem 0.6
Double dual tandem Dual tandem 1.0
Dual tandem wheel 2.0
Dual tandem Dual wheel 1.7
Dual wheel wheel L3
Double dual tandem Dual wheel 1.7
and Evaluation, 150/5320..6C, includ~
:sev~temtber14, 1988.

to COilílPUte FAA (8) recommends

the use of the following ecn1atton:

logR1 =

are

EXAMPLE 12.4 EQUIVALENT DESIGN DEPARTURES

An atn>ort nmrem.ent1s

For CV-880 group,

= X 3,000)

R 1 = 395

For the DC-9-32 group,

404

= X 1

= 1134
For the DC~8·61 group, = and

395 +1 + 3000 = 4529

Pavements for Lightweight.Aircraft.

maynot
12.7 IIQID PAVEMENT DESIGN MEfBODS (U.S. PRACTICE) 405
CBR
3 4 5 7 8 9 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25

NOTE: 2 IN. MINIMUM SURFACING

COUASE REQUIRED
1in.= 2.54 cm
llb.: 0.454 k9

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181920 25
THICKNESS, IN.

FIGURE 12.13 curves for flexible aircraft 1."\n1Jrr1:r Refer-

ence 8)

12.7 RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN METBODS (U.S. PRACTICE)

406 .AIRPORT DRAINAGE A.NI> PAVIMBNT DESIGN

coimtJtUtc~r program the of concrete

the Portland Cement Association in

The FAA Metllod of Rigid Pavement Design. The FAA has our:msJriea
curves for similar to those
12.14 are

curves, information is reC11m1rect

sut>~mwe J.uu•uuJLu.::>. and the
aircraft. One enters the
concrete as determined
metnoa T-78.
 too----.--------------.1""'1"....,....-......--....---,.---.---,----r----.,.--,.

8501 1 1 1 1 P"l\"\T \

800

7501 1 1 1 1 l\

100 .____..._

650

6001---+---+----+---+.

550.,__.,._....,.

500
NOTE:
1 i•cll•2.54 cm
1111, ~o.45411.o
~ FIGURE 12.14 curves-aual-wheel 2ear. (¡)ource: Reference 8)
408 AIRPORT DJWNAGB AND PAVEMENT DISIGN

TABLE Where Is
Good
Soil Classification No Frost Frost No Frost Frost

GW X X X X
GP X X X
GM X
GC X
sw X
Source: Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation, FAA Advisory Circular
12.7 RIGID PAVBMINT DISJGH Mn"HODS (O'.S. PRACTICB)

l.
2. co11tmu011s1v ,,.,,..'"'''""'"''"ªr1 om1emten1ts.

More detailed

ternp1era.tm•e and mois-

pa'vernetlt slabs and

a
are shown in
Table 12.10.
..
.....
o EXPANSION JOINTS

~ 3/4" t 1/8

H~

3/4

ON $LA8 SIZE

IYPE A- oomrn TYPE B - THICKENED f PGE

OONSTRUCTION JOIN TS

IYPE C - KEVED TYPE j) - OOWElEO TYPE E - HINGED (butt « keyedl

CONTRAOTION JOINTS

lftCHES LONG ON 30 ltt<:H CENTEllS

~ED IYPE G- HINGEO TYPE H-OUMMY
1
• /4" MINIMUlll FOii TIEO LOfl&ITUOINAL JOINTS WHEN 1'·&05 TYl'E JmI SULS
SllAHO AllU 1$ JOllll SUUNT
AllE USEO.
•• OEl'TH llUST llE AT LEAST l!OUAL To MAXIMUM SIZE OF COAllSE AG&llEGATE.

FIGURE 12.15 Details in pavement. Reference 8)

 Transverse

Use near intersections to isolate them

Use at intersections where dowels are not suitable Provide thickened ed2e (or kevwav) where
and where abut structures
Coro or doweled con~ Use for ali construction except where type operauons are
struction E is used; are not recommended
for slabs <9 in. thick
E construction Use for all contraction
for all other contraction
less from the pavement
aircraft are expected
F Doweled contraction for a distance of
for

G contraction Use for all contraction

less from the pavement

aircraft are expec:ted
H contraction Use for ali other contraction in pavement Use for all contraction in
nonreinforced pavements

........... Source: Airpon Pnvement and Evaluation, FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5320-6C, including September 14, 1988.
412 AIRPOIT DRAINAGE AHD PAVIMBNT DESIGN

Slab Thickness Transverse

Less than 9 15 12.5

9-12 20 20
Greater than 12 25 25
and Evaluation, FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5320..6C, includ-
:sep,tem11:>er 14, 1988.
 413

12.8 AIRCRAFT AND PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION

NUMBERS

Determ.ination of ACNs for Flexible Pavements. A pro-

'""'·"'''>"'··~ ..... be used to the ACN value for

550 15
Medium 300 10
Low 150 6
Ultra Low 75 3
Pavements, ACN·PCN, Ae1·osp1ace Industries Association of
414 AJRPOIT DRADIAGE AND PAVEMENT DESIGN

is assumed.
3. The ACN is co110Duttea

Determ.1natton of ACNs for Rigtd Pavements.

AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATIOI IUMBER \ACIJ

11 ZI 31 41 51 IJ8 11 .. , ..

51
ACN FLEXlllLE PAVEMENT
CONVERSION CHART
REFERENCE: ICAO ANNEX 14
AMENDMENT 35
•
12.8 .AIRCRAFr .AND PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATIOH HUMBBRS 415

AIRCRAFT ClASSlflCATIOI IUMBER (ACIJ

101 81 20 D

_ _ _ __.__ _ _ 18 •

=
""
=
S:i!
----~.,.......,.._,.~._....-----r---t-t-~~--14 ~

~
ll!
""
a:
t--~~---~---+---'....-.~lt--~..-~---12 m

ACN RIG1D PAVEMENT

CONVERS1DN CHART
REFERENCE; ICAO ANNEX
AMENDMENT

FIGURE 12.17 ACN

Reference

12.17. pressure MPa

<>•r,f"r".lTT "''"r"•"'nHu in
e;;n1rnuuuimg the need to use the programs or the 2ntvrnc1a1

Determination of Pavement Classification Numbers (PCNs). The

"~ "' 1 •Thn~ 1ru is free to
....... ....,.,..,. the method used to the PCN
COltnD!lOllllV used:
416 AJIPOIT DIADIAGI .AND PAVEMENT DISIGH

l.
2.
3.

REFERENCES

l.
2.

3. Bruce and Thomas H. Debo, On-Site Stormwater Management, 2nd ed., Van Nos-
trand Reinhold, 1990.

and the Air

of the Army and the Air Force, Army TMS-820-2

March 1979.
8. Pavement Design and Evaluation, FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5320-6C, including
'lvLH1U):,l¡;i¡) 1 and 2, 14, 1988.
9. Hudson, W. Ronald, and Thomas M. l'l.erme~1v "Parameters of Rational Airfield Pavement
System," American Transportation Engineering Joumal, May
1973.
10. Hutchinson, Ronald L., and Harry H. "Airfield Pavement Research Trends,
Key to the Air Transponation System, New York: American Society of Civil tm.i;~meers,
11. Navy DM 21.3, Army TM 5-825.2, Air Force AFM 88"'6,
2, Departments of the Navy, The Army and The Air Force, 1978.

Experiment Station, November 1971.

13. Ahlvin, R. G., "Flexible Pavement Design Criteria,
the American Society
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Airport Engineering, Third Edition. Norman Ashford and Paul H. Wright
Copyright © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.