'II!ble 4,1, Slanlll>rd Normal Deviate {Z,..) Va!ues alíon (S") suim.

ble lo his own conditions In

Corr<"S¡>ooding to !Mecled Leveis of doing so} the appendix Udentifies ·vaxümce estimates
Re!iabllll.y !or each of !he individual factor;; associated with the
performance pre:di,:tiou models (iodnding the vad-
Rellabllity, Slan lll>rd Normal
ance in futore traffic and ;;olltleqW:1ntly
R (per<ent) Deviate, z. arrives at overaH variance and standard deviaticm es ti-
50 -- o 000 mates whicl:t may be us.ed as intedm crBteria
60 --o 253 (!) The eslimated overall s!andard devmlions fur
70 --0 524
--o 674 the case where the variance future.
75
-o 841 traffic is considered with the other v.ui-
80
-1 037 am:es associatcd wit:h the revised pav>.f',ment
85
-·1 282 performance models) are O 39 for pave-
90
91 -·1 340 ments and O 49 fur flexible pa\'err•ents
(2) The estimated overa1l standard Jeviatio!Ls for
92 -·1 405
93 -·1 476 the case when the variancC of fm:me
94 ·-! 555 traffk is not cons.idered tite bther vafi."
-·1 645 ances associated with the revisOO pavement.
95
ne>rfu,.m,mce mq<lels are () 34 for pave-
96 -· l 751
97 ·- 1 881 meuts and O 44 lbr flexible pa'lernerrts)
98 -2 054 (3) 'fhe range oí S, valnes in Pan ll
--2 327 tion 2 1 3) are based on the values identil]oo
99
99 9 -3 09{) above
99 99 ·-3 750 o 30--0 40 Paveme.nts
o 40-0 50 Flexible Pavements
Thc lower cnd of euch range, however, corresptmdls
in tlle de:;igin-perlbnna¡Jce prücess and at a roughly to the estimated variances associated with the
known leve! AASHO Road Test and !he pavcment.
the i) variances S!, and can be formance models ¡m1sent<:d in tho pr<:VH>us attd.
de<:onlpc:S<>:<l, respectivelyv i:nto hierarchies of V'drianre J98!) Desígn Guidos
cornpi>lle:nts alleve!s 2, 3, and 4 1lie decompositicms NOTil !1 is useful to l'C"C:ogn;ize Jhat inherent in me
Af>pendix EE, Volume 2, wilere numeri- S0 values identified in and (2) above is a m~:'ÚlnB fcr
in Table EE 4 for ílexíble pave- the user to specífy an ovetaH standard devlation
which better represents his to future ! 8-
"''"''"· in Thble EE 5 fur dgid pnvemenl&, and ín
Thblc EE 6 for traffk predictlons Por example, leve! kip ESAL traf!lc becaose of au extensivo trame
4 components are rneasmes of chanct~ variatiml in in" count and weigh-in~modon program, one state ls '~:a­
dividm:ü d.esign factors such as snrfacing thickness pab!e of pmjecting futurc traffic bctter rmd !herefore
and wadbcd soil modulus The appeudix gives guíd .. hms a. lower tra.fftc variance (than that ñdentUled ln
ancc für user estimation nf eaeh component at ea.ch .1\ppendíx EE of Volmnc thcn lhal: stme use
level the usex rnay rrxa.ke new estimates fur· any an S,-va!ue smnewhere between !he valucs idenlifkd
cmnponent and a.rrive at a new estimate for S~ in and (2) Por for rigid pavements,
where S0 (low) is O 34 and S, is. O a valuc of
•~í~l:~,~;~¡;t:o ~]ocal condidons Nomographs for
the si 1 Par! Ir, Chapter 3) provide O 37 or O 38 could be nsed
S() values at wny reliabHity Ieve1, R

4. 4 C.IUTI>RIA FOR SJi:LEC1'ION <n'

4 . 3 CR.l'f:KRIA FOR s~;Lru:enON (n" RI<~UABJUTY U!NEL
OV~:RAU .. STANOARD DEVMUON
The selectirm of an leve! of relra!:J:IIJI:Y
As
vides dtf.':
.1\ppendix EE of Volumc 2
necessary for ·.any user t<J de,relc>D
for !he designro~ !:·j•:¿~::l¡j~~=¡'
ily upon lile p 1 leve! of usage and lile conse-
levels of overaH variance (S~) or averaH standard devi- quences (risk) associated with con.strucüng an ini>tially
!Hfi

05

Jl"
"
®

~
u
¡¡;
Q)
¡¡
" " ()3 ·------·
iE .'!!
;;
8
u "'"
,."'" "
!l
" o

-1-
_¡
¡¡¡
o 02
u
;;;
¡¡ il
, "'
tli "
~
~
<(

o1

--~-- _ _ J.._
00
o 100,000 4(10,000 &JO,OOO

Elastrc Modulus, EAC (psi), o!

Asphalt Concrete (Ol 61l 0 F}

Figure 2.5. Charl for Estima!ing Slructu.rall.ayer C~>efficienl of Dense-Gnuled Asphal! Concrel.e
Based "" lhe Elastic (Resilienl) Mnd,.Hus (3)
 /l-19

020

O lB
40 "
o 16 "

o 14 - ·- """ -· 100-
N
70
"' 50
() 12
"'!!
;,~
5ll
40 ru
.2 25
010 il- ·-- -- -· 30 " 11:)
·'?
·-- "- - - · · - - · ....

o
j\\ 60
o 08 ·"
ti 35 w
ro
X
2 20 ~·
¡...
o 06 "' ---------50--- --- -·----
40
-- -
004

o 02

o
(t f Sca¡e derived by averaglng correlations obta¡ned from Wmois
\2J Sc:a!e derived by averagíng correlvtíons obtained from Ca!itornfa, New Mexico and Wyoming
(3~ Scale derived by averaging corrc!ations obtained frorn Texas
(41 Scale derivad on l\ICHF!P pmjecr (31

Figure 2Ai. Varlalion hn {;rannlar fiase 1-"'yer Coe!Tident (a2 ) wil.ln Va!'io111s flose SlreN~glh
hramelers (J)
Design Requirements

o 20

o 14"
,. M
·-· -··· ~~- 100
70
-- 00"·-
80
§-·---· ·--2
50
o '12 40 70 © 3
~

30 Tu
?
()lO -----
20
-!X:-~·-·--

~ 50
() 08" =
tl 10 4·
2 40
(j)
006 ~--·--~~·-

30
5
25 5

(1) Sca1e dérlved from comdations from Winoís

(:2.) Sca:!e derived from correlations obt'ained fmm The Aspha!t !nstitute, ~~a!ifomia, New
Mexico and Wyoming
(3) Scale derlved from correlatlOns obtalned frorn Texas
(4l Scale derived on NCHRP project (3)

iB'igure 2.7. Vada!Uoil In Gral!uiar &'¡¡libase Layer Coeffl'idenl (a3 ) wilh Varioll& Sl!bbwse S!re~>g!l!
Paramelers (3)
Deslgn Re«pJiremer~.ts i!-25

Thl>fte 2.4. Recommende!l m, Values for Modi.fying Struclural l.ayer Coefl!clenls

of UUllreared Base aml S"bl:>ase Malerials !11 Flexil:>l< l'avements
l'cJrCent of 'I!"'" Pnvome"! Struclure is Isx.posed
lll Moislure LeveL~ Saluralion
Qo!!lily Qf Less Tlum Greater 'f'ban
Drahmge 1% 5-25% 25%
Excellent l 40-1 35 1 35· ¡ 30 1 30-l 2!) 1 20
Good 1 35-l 25 l 25-1 15 l 15-J 00 l 00
Fa ir 1 25-·l 15 J 15- ¡ 05 1 00-0 80 () 80
Poor 1 !5-l 05 l 05-() 80 o 80~0 60 o 60
Very poor l 05·-0 95 () 95-0 75 o 75--0 40 o 4()
---------··---"----~----·-----------~--~- . ---- ·-----~·--·--·~-··--- ..,..._. -------

sa!uration Obviously, !he lal!cr is dependen! on !he load across SU(;h as ür cracks
aw.rage yearly rainfaU and !he prevaillng draínage Load transfer deviccs, aggregate and !he
t~ondit]ons As a basis the tU¡ value for presenc:c uf tied concrete: shoulders kl.H have an effect
com!i!imts at the AASHO Road Test is 1 O, regardless on this value tlle J-value fil:t a set of
of the type of material A discussion of how these conditions (e g 1 jointed concrete pa:vement wir.h üed
recommended r:11í values werc: derived is presenterl in shoulders) increases as trafttc loads ine,nm.se since ag··
Appemlíx DD nf Volnme 2 gregate load transfer deereases with load re¡:oelítim3S
Pin.ally l.t is also imporaant to note that tht..~se vah.tes
1 'Thble 2 6 establishes rnnges of load tmnsfer coefll-
apply to !he effects of drainage on unu-eated cien:ts for different conditions from
base and snbbase Althougl! impmved drain· enec and mechanistic stress analy>~S
2ge is beneficiat to st'lblHzed or treated guide for the range of J·Valll'Ca.
materials, íl!e cffects cm of flexible pavc- used ·with low k#vaiues, high therma! and
ments are nm as as those quantHkd in largc variations of ~em_perature ifJ>f
Tab!e 2 4 thc J-factor terms is in KK of Vol«
ume 2 ) !:lach agency shou!d, !towever, crife-
lligid l'avements. The treatment for the ex¡>ec,ted ria fOr theír own dimatk etc
level o.f dra.inage for a pavement. is thmugh the If dowels are us.ed, the síze and should be
use of a in the performance detemtioed by the local andlor
equatíon has an effect similar !O that of the load experience As a g1i!\neml the dowel dinme~
transfe~· J ) As a basls für comparíson, the ter should be equal lo !he slab t.hickness multi¡rlied
va!ue !m' C, for cmtdítkms at the AM>HO Road Test is 1/s lnch (e g , íor a Hl-ínch pavemen!, !he diumeler is

I 1:1 1 1f4 Ineh The dowel and are nm·n¡¡;rltv

"llihle 2 5 the recommended C¡¡ values, D ínches aml !8
de¡>endirtg cm quality of drainage ami the percent
!imedudng !he year the pavement stmctnro would Jointed Ptwements. The vaJue of J recommended
normally be to moisture levcls approaching for a p!alu jointed pavemenl (JCP) or rcin-
satmation As !he la!ler is dependen! on the forced concrete pavement w!th sorne type of
average yearly rainfall and the prcvailing drainagc load !ransfer device (suc!J ar; dowe! atlhe
conditions A discussion of how thest: .mcornmended is 3 2 comer" condilkm ~~ thc AASHO
valnes were derived is also prcsented in Appendix Roacl 'Jest) This value is indicative of !he load trausfer
DD of Volume 2 of jolnted pavements without tied concn::te shouiders.
F'or jointed p-avements wi~hout load tnuwfer de.vices
at lhc joints, a J-value of 3 8 lo 4 4 is recommonded
(This baslcally accmmts for the
The load transfer !, is a factor use<! in stresses that devclop in undawclled but
pavement to account for thc abllity of a also hwludes some consideration of the pn ..
<:oncrcte pavement structure to transfer (distribute) tential for faultieg) If the concrete has a high thennal