Quiz 2: Animal Reproduction & Digestion (take-home quiz) Page 1 of 4

Quiz 2: Animal Reproduction & Digestion (take-home quiz)

DUE: Monday, March 1, 2021 at 09:30

Name:
Total: 20 marks (5% of final grade)
PLEASE submit assignments as a PDF file. Please ensure that your PDF file is flattened1 prior to submission.
Files not submitted by PDF will not be marked.

A. Multiple Choice Questions (15 Marks)

Answer all multiple choice questions in the provided grey box beside each question, for example:
(c)

Examine Figure 1. For questions 1-5, match the following:

a) Estrogen
b) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
c) Progesterone
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

Figure 1. The three main hormones2 of human pregnancy include:

hCG, progesterone, and estrogen

1. What hormone(s) is/are necessary in maintaining pregnancy?

2. What hormone(s) trick(s) the brain into thinking it is pregnant, and is therefore used in oral
contraceptives?

3. What hormone is responsible for the positive result observed on a standard urine pregnancy test?

4. What hormone gradually increases throughout gestation, and protects the fetus from pre-term birth?

5. What hormone prepares the uterine myometrium for hormonal stimulation by increasing its sensitivity
to oxytocin?

6. How does the oral contraceptive pill trick the brain into thinking that a woman is already pregnant?
a) Suppresses the release of LH and FSH.
b) Stimulates the release of GnRH.
c) Prevents ovulation.
d) All of the above.
e) (a) and (c) only.

1 How to Flatten a PDF à https://pdfpen.com/pdfpen/entry/how-to-flatten-a-pdf/
2 Khan Academy (2020). Physiology of Pregnancy. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-reproductive-system-physiology/rn-pregnancy/a/physiology-of-pregnancy

Animal Physiology II (Bio337) Darnel, A.D. © Winter 2021

 Quiz 2: Animal Reproduction & Digestion (take-home quiz) Page 2 of 4

A. Multiple Choice Questions (15 Marks), continued

7. Examine Figure 2. What pituitary hormone is responsible for the appearance

of a “donut-hole” in the cervix at this stage of the menstrual cycle?
a) Progesterone
b) Luteinizing hormone
c) Testosterone
d) Estradiol
e) Oxytocin
Figure 2. External os of the cervix during ovulation.3

8. Examine Figure 2. When was this photo likely to have been taken?
a) Pelvic exam (Pap test)
b) During childbirth
c) Hysterectomy surgery
d) Diagnostic laparoscopy
e) Digital rectal exam

9. Which of the following organisms has a complete digestive system?

a) Common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
b) Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)
c) Common starfish (Asterias rubens)
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

10. A vagotomy (cutting of the Vagus nerve) would?

a) Decrease the feeling of hunger.
b) Reduce stomach acidity.
c) Prevents peristalsis in the esophagus (i.e., swallowing).
d) All of the above.
e) (a) and (c) only.

11. Which of the following would stimulate appetite?

a) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
b) Ghrelin
c) Insulin
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

12. Examine Figure 3. In addition to Riftia pachyptila, what other animal also
utilize a symbiotic relationship with bacteria to aid in digestion?
a) Goats
b) Termites
c) Humans
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

Figure 3. Giant tube worms (Riftia pachyptila)4 are marine invertebrates in the phylum Annelida
that rely on chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as a source of nutrition.

3 Andersen, C. H. (2017, December 25). 7 Photos Of Your Cervix You Need To See. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from
https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a19977125/cervix-pictures/
4 NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, Galapagos Rift Expedition 2011. (2011, July 23). Riftia tube worm colony Galapagos 2011.
Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/9660806745/in/set-72157635360690997
Animal Physiology II (Bio337) Darnel, A.D. © Winter 2021
 Quiz 2: Animal Reproduction & Digestion (take-home quiz) Page 3 of 4

A. Multiple Choice Questions (15 Marks), continued

13. Examine Figure 4. When compared to an owl, which of the following

features are unique to falcon digestive physiology?
a) Lack a true crop which makes it easier to swallow prey whole.
b) Possess a tomial tooth used to snap the neck of its prey.
c) Talons are massive, which makes them more effective hunters.
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (e) only

Figure 4. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) possess unique characteristics.5

Read the paper by Zheng and colleagues (2018),6 and answer questions 14 and 15 below.

Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of avian-style digestion

Birds have a highly specialized and efficient digestive system, but when this system originated remains uncertain.
Here we report six gastric pellets attributable to the recently discovered 160-million-year-old troodontid
dinosaur Anchiornis,7 which is among the key taxa for understanding the transition to birds. The gastric pellets
contain lightly acid-etched lizard bones or fish scales, and some are
associated with Anchiornis skeletons or even situated within the
oesophagus. Anchiornis is the earliest and most basal theropod known to
have produced gastric pellets. In combination with other lines of evidence,
the pellets suggest that a digestive system resembling that of modern
birds was already present in basal members of the Paraves, a clade
including troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds, and that the evolution
of modern avian digestion may have been related to the appearance of
aerial locomotion in this lineage.

Figure 5. Gastric pellets produced by the troodontid Anchiornis,

containing fish scales and bones. (a) Photograph of Anchiornis STMA0-4,
with red rectangle framing pellet. (b) Close-up of pellet preserved in
STMA0-4. (c) Photograph of Anchiornis STM0-224, with red rectangle
framing pellet. (d) Close-up of pellet preserved in STM0-224. (e)
Photograph of isolated pellet STM0-227. (f) Close-up of isolated pellet
STM0-227. Scale bar, 50 mm for (a,c), 5 mm for (b,d–f).

14. Examine Figure 5. Which of the following would likely be true of the digestive system of the
160-million-year-old troodontid dinosaur, Anchiornis?
a) Anchiornis possessed a two-chambered stomach.
b) Anchiornis possessed teeth for mastication/chewing.
c) Anchiornis possessed efficient antiperistalsis.
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

15. Examine Figure 5. What modern animal(s) is/are likely to also produce gastric pellets?
a) American kestrel (Falco sparverius)
b) Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
c) Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) only

5 Bourgeois, S. (2018, March 11). Faucon pèlerin - Peregrine Falcon. Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://flic.kr/p/G7jRye
6 Zheng, X., Wang, X., Sullivan, C., Zhang, X., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., … Xu, X. (2018). Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of
avian-style digestion. Scientific Reports, 8(1). doi: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32202-x
7 Anchiornis = genus of small, four-winged paravian dinosaur.

Animal Physiology II (Bio337) Darnel, A.D. © Winter 2021

 Quiz 2: Animal Reproduction & Digestion (take-home quiz) Page 4 of 4

B. Critical Thinking Questions (CTQs) (5 marks)

Read the case report by Ciubotaru and Leferman (2020) and answer the questions below. For a review on
peptic ulcer disease (PUD), read the paper by Malfertheiner et al. (2009)8 and/or watch the video on PUD
pathogenesis (Osmosis) at: https://youtu.be/E0IBMWQDEH4

Peptic ulcer disease following short-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a 3-year-old9
Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) affects 1-2 per 1000 people annually in the USA, the UK and Europe,
and occurs less frequently in children than in adults. PUD in children occurs mainly during the second decade of
development. Among risk factors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly used to manage
acute febrile illness or pain in healthy children, is rarely reported to lead to PUD and upper gastrointestinal
bleeding.

Case presentation: We present a rare case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding following a low dose ibuprofen
treatment in a 3-year-old female. The patient with a family history of peptic ulcer was admitted for fever, coffee-
ground vomiting10 and abdominal pain. The clinical examination revealed an altered general health status with
a distended and mildly tender abdomen moving normally with respiration as well as normal stool. The initial
laboratory test indicated anemia with reticulocytosis. During the first hours of hospitalization, the patient had a
second episode of coffee-ground vomiting. An upper digestive endoscopy with biopsy was performed in the
following six hours revealing a non-bleeding gastric ulcer at 2 cm from pylorus. Helicobacter pylori testing was
negative. The patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor (esomeprazole 10 mg/day) for 2 months. There
were no further gastrointestinal symptoms and hemoglobin values returned to normal, indicating resolution of her
gastrointestinal bleeding.

Conclusion: The short-term utilization of NSAIDs in the appropriate dosage can

lead to PUD, and considering the risk factors before administration can lead to
an appropriate management.

Figure 6. Endoscopic imaging. This shows a non-bleeding gastric ulceration

measuring 2.5 × 2 cm with edematous rim located 2 cm from the pyloric ring;
pale gastric mucosa, fluid stasis and food debris; snake skin appearance of
gastric mucosa in the fundus.

16. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain. Briefly explain the mechanism
of NSAID-induced peptic ulcer disease (PUD). (2 marks)

17. In this case, Helicobacter pylori testing was negative. Why test for H. pylori infection? (1 mark)

18. The patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of medications
used in the treatment of gastric ulcers. How do PPIs function in the gastric mucosa? Be specific. (2 marks)

8 Malfertheiner, P., Chan, F. K. L., & McColl, K. E. L. (2009). Peptic ulcer disease. The Lancet, 374(9699), 1449–1461.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60938-7
9 Ciubotaru, A. D., & Leferman, C.-E. (2020). Case Report: Peptic ulcer disease following short-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs in a 3-year-old child. F1000Research, 9, 419. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24007.1
10 Coffee ground vomiting = occurs due to the presence of coagulated blood in the vomit. Vomiting blood is also known as hematemesis
or coffee ground emesis.
Animal Physiology II (Bio337) Darnel, A.D. © Winter 2021