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Qanun al-Tawba
from Qawanin Hikm al-Ishraq ila kafat al-Sufiyya bi-Jami’ al-Afaq
by
Shaykh Abu al-Mawahib al-Tunisi al-Shadhili
(d. 881/1477)
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The Law of Repentance
A translation by Tarek Ghanem
11 June, 2019
http://masud.co.uk/the-law-of-repentance/
Introduction
Shaykh Abu al-Mawahib Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Ahmad bin Dawud bin
Salamah al-Tunisi, known as Ibn Zaghdan, was born in Tunisia in
820/1417. He died in Cairo in 881/1477 and is buried in a mosque that
bears his name to this day. He memorized the Qur’an and studied Arabic,
theology, and Maliki fiqh from a young age in Tunisia before moving in
Cairo. After settling in Cairo, he resided near al-Azhar Mosque and his
spiritual retreat was no other than the very minaret of that famous mosque
and honored educational institution. In Cairo he studied Hadith with the
erudite master Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 885/1449) and Sufism with Yahya
ibn Abi al-Wafa’. He came to be associated with the Shadhili Sufi order and
the Wafa’iyya branch, which was started by Shaykh Ali al-Wafa (d.
807/1405) and then continued to become a vibrant zawiya under his sons
in the Mamluk era. Currently the Mosque of Wafa’iyya is separated from
the Mosque of al-Tunisi by a highway. From Cairo, Shaykh Abu al-
Mawahib went to perform pilgrimage and stayed there for a while.
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Imam al-Manawi describes Shaykh Abu al-Mawahib as “His words are
well-regarded. Talk about his stature testify to his elevated rank. He is the
imam of piety, the of chief the ascetics, and the treasure of the Gnostics”.[ii]
Shaykh Abu al-Mawahib was known for his connection with and immense
reverence for the Prophet, Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him. His
profound admixture (mazj), or intertextual commentary, on the famous
Prayer of Ibn Mashish, titled al-Wazifa, continues to be recited to this day.
He authored few books on spiritual topics and a collection of poetry. His
Law of the Wisdom of Illumination is his most celebrated. According to its
author, the reason he wrote down these laws is, “Because they contain that
which is either as swift passing as an arrow or lofty and pristine, referring
to knowledge with the most gracious allusion… offering intimacy to the
wayfarer in the beginning, and cause him or her to reach guidance, God’s
willing, in the end.”[iii]
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We did offer the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the
mountains, but they refused to bear its burden and were afraid
of it, and man picked it up. Indeed he is unjust, unaware. The
result (of all this) is that Allah will punish the hypocrites, men
and women, and the idolaters, men and women, and will accept
the repentance of the believing men and women. Surely Allah is
Most-Forgiving, Very-Merciful. (33:72-73)
I trust that the readers can benefit from the inspiring insights of this text.
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The Law of Repentance
Being a translation of Qanun al-Tawba, from Abu al-Mawahib al-
Tunisi al-Shadhili’s Qawanin Hikm al-Ishraq ila kafat al-Sufiyya bi-
Jami’ al-Afaq
The Most Sublime says, {And turn all together to Allah, O you
believers; so that you may prosper} (24:21).
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Affirmation: He only commended you to repent in order to cleanse
you from desecration, and in order to adorn you with the attributes
of satisfaction. Therefore, rid yourself from your base and
reprehensible attributes, and, instead, take on His majestic and
honorable attributes.
He, Most Sublime, says, {Truly, Allah loves those who repent, and
He loves those who cleanse themselves} (2:222).
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Affirmation: The repentance of the common ones is from slippage.
The repentance of the elites is from habits. The repentance of the
elites of the elites is from everything other [than He], and
gravitating toward spiritual stations and lights.
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Affirmation: He who the Real has made to witness the darkening
of sins abandons them.
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Affirmation: Had repentance not have any virtue except that it
saves its possessors from their destruction, and bring them closer
to the Sovereign Lord after remoteness [that would suffice]!
Otherwise, one would be among the perishing one, because of their
remoteness from the Lord of Worlds.
Caution: Stay away from that which will cause even the hands of
an innocent person who is satisfied with kind commendation to
apologize. Goodly states are in tranquility and happiness. Are not
the types of confirmation that are often-recited enough of an
admonition for a sagacious person?
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Affirmation: The station of repentance does not take it possessor
away from the beginnings. That is why he or she is preoccupied
with their striving, while in the end there awaits them the pleasure
of different kinds of beholding.
Or you may say, the beginning is getting rid of one’s habits and
purification, while the end is a possession of enlightenment.
Or you may say, the beginning rids oneself and adorns them, while
the end is preparation for the light of manifestation.
Or your may say, the beginning is the filling the vessel with a better
‘I’, while the end is differentiating between ‘You’ and ‘I’.
Or you may say, based on the beginning the end; is realized by way
of discernment (firāsah) without the unveiling of devotion, which
is known habitually.
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Endnotes
[i] Abd al-Wahhab al-Sha’rani, al-Tabaqat al-kubra, edited by Ahmad al-Sayih and
Tawfiq Wahba(Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya, 2005), 2:135.
[iii] Jamal al-Din Abi al-Mawahib al-Shadhili al-Tunisi, Qawanin hikm al-Ishraq ila
kafat al-Sufiyya bi-jami’ al-afaq, edited by Muhammad Shihata Ibrahim (Cairo: al-
Maktaba al-Azharyya lil-Turath, 1999), 5.
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