Unit -1

What is Raster Graphics?

In the world of digital photography and computer graphics, a raster is a technique that defines a
two-dimensional picture as a grid of square pixels or a rectangular matrix that we are able to
view through computer display, paper, and many other mediums.

What is Vector Graphics?

In the world of computer graphics, a vector is the collection of techniques for constructing visual
images straight from geometric shapes illustrated on a Cartesian plane, such as lines, curves,
points, and polygons.
These are basically known as computer images constructed utilising a series of commands or
mathematical statements that put lines and shapes in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional
area or space.

Difference between Raster and Vector Graphics

S.No. Raster Vector

1. Raster images are constructed through Vector images are constructed through lines,
pixels. curves, and fills.

2. Raster prefers graphic formats like GIF, Vector uses graphic formats like EPS, WMF,
JPEG,PNG and PCX, etc. TrueType, PICT etc.

3. Raster are not that scalable. Vectors are scalable to any size.

5. They work best when it comes to editing They work best when it comes to drawings,
photos. illustrations, and logos.

6. We can use rasters in GIMP, Photoshop, We can use vectors in CorelDraw, Illustrator and
and paint shops. Inkscape.
 7. It is complex and time consuming to We can easily convert a vector image into a raster
transform a raster file to a vector image.
photograph.

8. When the spot colours are limited, it It is easy to print vector images as the number of
becomes challenging to print raster images colours can be modified anytime during printing.

9. We can easily convert a raster file into any We cannot change the vector files.
file format.

Types of objects

Audio formats

Audio File Format: PCM

PCM stands for Pulse-Code Modulation, a digital representation of raw analog audio signals.
Analog sounds exist as waveforms. To convert a waveform into digital bits, the sound must be
sampled and recorded at certain intervals (or pulses).

This digital audio format has a "sampling rate" (how often a sample is made) and a "bit depth"
(how many bits are used to represent each sample). There is no compression involved. Digital
recording is a close-to-exact representation of analog sound

Audio File Format: WAV

WAV stands for Waveform Audio File Format (also called Audio for Windows at some point
but not anymore). It's a standard that was developed by Microsoft and IBM back in 1991.

Many assume that all WAV files are uncompressed audio files, but that's not true. WAV is a
Windows container for different music formats. This means that a WAV file could potentially
contain compressed audio, but it's rarely used for that.
Most WAV files contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. The WAV file is just a wrapper
for the PCM encoding, making it more suitable for use on Windows systems. However, Mac
systems can usually open WAV files without any issues.

Audio File Format: AIFF

AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format. Similar to how Microsoft and IBM developed
WAV for Windows, AIFF is an audio file format developed by Apple for Mac systems back in
1988.

Another audio format similar to WAV files, AIFF files can contain multiple kinds of audio
formats. For example, there is a compressed version called AIFF-C and another version called
Apple Loops used by GarageBand and Logic Pro. They both use the same AIFF extension.

Audio Formats With Lossy Compression

Lossy compression is when some data is lost during the compression process—and compression
is important because uncompressed audio takes up lots of disk space.

In other words, lossy compression means sacrificing sound quality and audio fidelity for smaller
file sizes. You'll hear artifacts and other weirdnesses in the audio when it's done poorly. But
when it's done well, you can't hear the difference.

Audio File Format: MP3

MP3 stands for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. It was released back in 1993 and exploded in
popularity, eventually becoming the most popular audio format in the world for music files.
There's a reason we had "MP3 players" but not "OGG players!"

The main goal of MP3 is three-fold:

1. To drop all the sound data that exists beyond the hearing range of normal people.
2. To reduce the quality of sounds that aren't easy to hear.
3. To compress all other audio data as efficiently as possible

Audio File Format: AAC

AAC stands for Advanced Audio Coding. It was developed in 1997 as the successor to MP3;
while it did catch on as a popular digital audio format, it never really overtook MP3 as the most
popular.

The compression algorithm used by AAC is much more advanced and technical than the MP3
music file type, so when you compare the same recording in MP3 and AAC formats at the same
bitrate, the AAC one will generally have better sound quality.

Even though MP3 is more of a household format, AAC is still widely used today. In fact, it's the
standard audio compression method used by YouTube, Android, iOS, iTunes, later Nintendo
portables, and later PlayStations

What is a video file format?

A video file format is an extension at the end of a video file, such as AVI, MP4, or MOV. These
file formats may vary in several ways, including file size, compression, encoding, and
compatibility. You might want to choose the format with the smallest file size for some projects,
but resolution and video quality might be more important in other cases. Anybody who creates
video content should have a basic understanding of the different types of video files.

What are the different types of video files?

There are lots of different video types, but there are 7 that you really need to know if you’re
creating video content. Any time you save a video, you’ll have to choose between these different
types of files. From email marketing and social media to YouTube, these are some of the most
commonly used file types for videos.

1. MP4

MPEG-4, also known as MP4, is the most common file type for videos. The MP4 format is the
standard format for web videos because MP4 videos are high-quality with relatively small file
sizes. Not only is MP4 the standard for the web, but this video format is also used for TV. If
you’re adding a video to your website or uploading a video to YouTube, using an MP4 video
format is a safe bet.

The only real downside to the MP4 format is the fact that the encoding and decoding processes
require a lot of resources. While the actual file sizes are small, compressing the video when you
save it is demanding on your PC. When people watch these videos, they have to be
decompressed in real-time for maximum quality.
2. MOV

The MOV file format was designed by Apple to support the Quicktime player and is used
primarily for video editing. People don’t typically publish MOV videos directly to the web or
send them in emails because of the large file size. However, this large file size means that MOV
files typically offer higher quality than MP4s and other video types. People use MOV files in the
editing stage because you want to edit with the highest-quality version of your video. However,
once editing is complete, you’ll have to compress it and format it for the web, which can take up
time and memory space.

3. AVI

AVI files are unique because they offer very high-quality audio, which is a feature you don’t get
in some of the other video types. Because AVI files offer excellent video and audio quality, file
sizes are typically much larger. This is an even bigger concern when you’re using lossless AVI
files that haven’t been compressed; you don’t need to decode these files to watch the video, but
each minute of video results takes up gigabytes of space.

AVI files can be used for YouTube as well as TV production, but they’re not great for web use
because of the large file size.

4. WMV

WMV, or Windows Media Video, is a video format that was developed by Microsoft for use
with Windows operating systems. Because WMV was created for Windows, Apple and Linux
devices don’t typically offer out-of-the-box support for WMV playback. However, WMV files
offer excellent quality with small file sizes, which makes them a popular choice for web use in
some cases. That being said, compatibility with Apple and Linux devices is a concern.

At the end of the day, WMV isn’t a standard format as a result of its lack of compatibility with
certain operating systems. There are some niche uses for WMV files, but MP4s reign supreme
for web use.

5. AVCHD

AVCHD is a format that was originally developed by Sony and Panasonic for camcorders. This
file format is designed to capture a high-quality version of a video directly after it’s been
recorded, that way you have a high-resolution video you can use when you’re ready to edit your
video. While AVCHD videos typically offer slightly higher quality than MP4 videos, MP4 file
sizes are smaller. As a result, many newer camcorders actually record MP4 videos instead of
using the AVCHD format.

6. WebM

The WebM format was developed by Google and released in 2019 as HTML5 grew in
popularity. This video format is specifically designed for the web, but the biggest issue it faces is
a lack of support. WebM videos have an extremely small file size without sacrificing too much
in terms of quality. Unfortunately, Internet Explorer and Safari don’t offer support for WebM
videos unless you use additional plugins. The result is that MP4 is still the champion in terms of
the best web video types.

7. FLV

There was a time when Flash video (FLV) was the most common video type, but that’s no longer
the case since Flash Player was discontinued at the end of 2020. Flash Player is no longer
included with popular web browsers, and anyone who tries to play an FLV video on the web will
see an error message instead of the video. You can still use a third-party video player to open
FLV videos on your phone or computer, but you can’t use them for the web. Essentially, there’s
no reason to spend money creating Flash videos anymore.

Image Formats
Image Format describes how data related to the image will be stored. Data can be stored in
compressed, Uncompressed, or vector format. Each format of the image has a different
advantage and disadvantage. Image types such as TIFF are good for printing while JPG or
PNG, are best for the web.
 TIFF(.tif, .tiff) Tagged Image File Format this format store image data without losing any
data. It does not perform any compression on images, and a high-quality image is obtained
but the size of the image is also large, which is good for printing, and professional printing.
 JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg) Joint Photographic Experts Group is a loss-prone (lossy) format in
which data is lost to reduce the size of the image. Due to compression, some data is lost but
that loss is very less. It is a very common format and is good for digital cameras,
nonprofessional prints, E-Mail, Powerpoint, etc., making it ideal for web use.
 GIF (.gif) GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for web graphics. They can
be animated and are limited to only 256 colors, which can allow for transparency. GIF files
are typically small in size and are portable.
 PNG (.png) PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format. It was
designed to replace gif format as gif supported 256 colors unlike PNG which support 16
million colors.
 Bitmap (.bmp) Bit Map Image file is developed by Microsoft for windows. It is same as
TIFF due to lossless, no compression property. Due to BMP being a proprietary format, it
is generally recommended to use TIFF files.
 EPS (.eps) Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type. EPS files can be
opened in applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
 RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2) These Files are unprocessed and created by
a camera or scanner. Many digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be
a .raw, .cr2, or .nef. These images are the equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that
they hold a lot of image information. These images need to be processed in an editor such
as Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom. It saves metadata and is used for photography.

File Formats for multimedia
Text Formats
RTF
Rich Text Format is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the
specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.
Plain text Plain
text files can be opened, read, and edited with most text editors. commonly used are Notepad
(Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS and so on. Other computer
programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and
popular way of conveying an e-mail.
TYPES OF VIDEO EDITING
What is Video Editing? ●
Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work. In
the
film industry editing is considered part of the post-production process–that is it is a process
taking place after production, or the filming/collection of imagery. Other tasks included in post-
production are color correction (adding a mood to the film using color, contrast, etc.), and sound
mixing (this occurs after audio has been recorded).

Why Editing? (The Goals of Editing)

● Remove unwanted footage
● Choosing the best footage (called selects)
● Creating a flow (telling a story, providing information)
● Adding effects, graphics, music, etc.
● Change the style, pace or mood of footage (found or created) speed, slow motion ex.
● Telling a specific viewpoint on a subject/topic

History of Moving Pictures

● The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device designed in the late 19th century.
It was meant to view films by looking through a peephole.
● Play a recording of a sneeze 1894
● Although this is a precursor It’s different from a movie projector in that you are viewing a 47-
foot film on spools moving over a light source.
● It was invented by Thomas A. Edison and William Dickson of the US in 1891. It’s said that
Edison regarded his invention as an “insignificant toy” but when it was publicly exhibited in
NYC it immediately took off.
● Several Kinetoscopes were sold in Europe, forming the basis for the first film projector

The Cinématographe & Optical Theatre

● The Cinématogaphe was invented by the Lumiere brothers in France inspired by Thomas
Edison’s Kinetoscope and Émile Reynaud’s Optical Theatre in Paris. The optical theatre was
known for its projection of animation by using ink on gelatin plates.
● In the last 200 years, video editing has evolved at a rapid pace, becoming a medium to craft
films, edit music videos, or vacations.
Analog Editing
● Filmmaking is now an art and more people are wanting to make films and tell stories. In the
beginning video editing was only scissors and glue.
● The first use of editing was in the film, “Come Along, Do!” by Robert W. Paul, a 1898 British
silent short film that was only 1 minute in duration. Only 38 seconds of it survived and the
second shot is only available as stills.

Premiere Pro User Interface Overview (Use CeramicBowl_Skowhegan_2019 file)

● Media Browser is where you import your video, image, and audio files
● Project Panel is where your video, image, and audio files are stored.
● Double-clicking on a video, image, or audio file will cause it to open up in the Source Monitor
where you can make your selection and drag it into the Timeline.
● Timeline is where you build a sequence of video, image, and audio clips.
● As you play your sequence in the timeline you will see them in the Program Monitor. The top
tracks will appear first.
● Workspaces
○ Assembly
○ Editing
○ Color
○ Effects
○ Audio
Video Codecs, Formats, & Resolution
● Video formats is a video structure where the file is stored.
 ○ MP4 this a standard format used primarily in websites like YouTube and Vimeo
○ MOV (Quicktime) high quality file but with a much larger file size. Difficult to play without a
software
○ AVI a smaller file size created by Microsoft
○ MKV this is often used for movies or tv shows since it provides quality while also being able
to be played without having to bring it through a software to view
○ FLV an Adobe file created for fast online video streaming
○ WMV works well on PCs and is a small size.
The downside is that it also has a low quality
● A video codec is the compression or decompression of the formatted file. An example is that
you can have an H264 Quicktime (MOV) file as well as an H264 MP4 file– the Quicktime file is
hi-resolution and the MP4 is medium-resolution.
● In order to create a hi-resolution MP4 (for easy playback), the original file must be exported at
a high enough resolution. The resolution of a video is the number of pixels that the image has.

DIFFERENT COLOR MODES

CMYK

CMYK was the colour mode most commonly used for professional colour printing. This means
that the colours in the image are presented using a combination of:

 Cyan (medium blue)

 Magenta (hot pink)
 Yellow and
 blacK(referred to as “K” so as not to be confused with “B” for Blue).

CMYK is a 32 bit (232) application. It is the arrangement of these dots of pure colour on the
printed page that gives the final impression of the colour image. Note: you can not
use CMYK for graphics intended for the Web.

Screen Graphics

With screen graphics, a number of choices are available:

RGB

RGB is the colour mode most commonly used for Screen graphics simply because this is the
way most screens work. Most printers use this method now as it is cheap to manufacture and has
become the standard. RGB Mode stands for;
 Red,
 Green, and
 Blue

Red, Green and Blue, are also the colours of the light cannons in your monitor. These 3 colours
are blended to create up to 24-bits per pixel (224) resulting in 16 million colour variations.
Scanning is now almost exclusively done in RGB mode and photos are transferred in this mode
as well. The reason for this is that RGB photo files divide the data between three "channels"
while CMYK photo files divide the colour between four.

An RGB graphic will allow you to run any filters or make any modifications to your image
before you decide what mode or file format it should be saved in. File formats .jpg and .bmp use
24 bit

Indexed colour

Indexed Colour Mode refers to 8 bits per pixel (28) so can display up to 256 colours. Edited
graphics which have been saved in this mode are limited, so you may have to switch the mode to
RGB in order to run some filters etc
File format .gif use 8 bit

Grayscale Colour Mode (technically it’s grayscale)

Grayscale is a colour mode, made up of 256 shades of grey. These 256 colours include absolute
black, absolute white and 254 shades of grey in-between. Images in grayscale mode have 8-bits
of information in them. Black and white photographic images are the most common examples of
the grayscale colour mode. We call them black and white photographs but the photo is actually
made up of lots of different shades of grey (it probably doesn't help that when a photo is printed
from a computer, it is converted to a “halftone” image which is made up of purely black or white
dots). Black and White (line) drawings are NOT grayscale images.

If you need to put a picture in a printed document that has no colour, you could insert a coloured
picture (even though you won’t see it in colour). This will make the overall document file size
larger. A better option is to convert the picture to greyscale first.

Bitmap colour mode

Bitmap colour mode, or line art, is one that is made up of either black or white pixels. There are
no colours in Bitmap mode and there are no grey tones.

When we think of bitmap images, we most commonly think of line drawings, made up of solid
black and white images and/or text. Though they may look like they have jagged edges on-screen
but they can print very crisply and cleanly with smooth edges if it has enough printing resolution.
What is Scanner in Computer
Scanners are computer devices that are used to convert a hard copy into
a soft copy that can be later modified and viewed using a computer,
laptop, or mobile.

To modify these soft copy special editing software are used like
Photoshop and Adobe Reader.

The scanner is a device that is designed and developed to scan

photographs, posters, magazines, documents, text files, etc., and save
them in a computer hard disk drive for further usage.

The scanner grants permission to the computer system for printing

documents that are converted into digital format.

They can be easily connected to computers, and laptops using USB

{Universal Serial Bus} cables, Parallel Port, SCSI{Small Computer
System Interface}, TWAIN { Technology Without An Interesting Name }

Popular scanner manufacturing companies

 Canon Scanners.
 Epson Digital Scanner.
 HP Digital Scanner.
 Fujitsu Scanners.
 HP Sheet Feed Scanner.
 Kodak Scanners.
 Umax Digital Scanner.
 Plustek Digital Scanner.
 Microtech
1. Drum Scanners
They are considered to first use scanners. They use photomultiplier tubes
for better performance and also for enhancing performance.

They are renowned for the good quality scanning of documents and
images. They are widely used in publications and the printing press.

The drum scanners consist of a photomultiplier tube {PMT} which is

responsible for and used for scanning images and documents.

This photomultiplier tube {PMT} is highly sensitive to light.

The drum scanner scans images in high resolutions all the small details
included in the documents and images are scanned in the process.

The image is kept on a glass tube where glass tubes revolve around the
image to scan the document from all angles.

There is a sensor mounted in the center of the cylinder. This sensor

divides the light coming from the document into 3 beams.

After this, each beam is passed through a color filter to the

photomultiplier tube. After coming here, the light is converted into an
electrical signal.

2. Handheld Scanner
The handheld scanners or hand scanners are small and compact in size
devices; they are one of the popular input devices of the computer
systems.

They are capable of scanning any size of products, they are less weighted
and therefore can be used accordingly.

They are also considered small manual scanning devices that are
generally used with hands for manual scanning.
They are used while gently scrolling over the image or barcode to capture
the complete details related to the product such as product
manufacturing details, price, expiry date, and batch number.

They are primarily used in malls and libraries. Handheld or hand

scanners are similar to flatbed scanners.

3. Flatbed Scanner
They are the most famous and popular scanners and therefore widely
used and accepted.  They are also known as desktop scanners or personal
computer scanners.

They are primarily and extensively used in homes and small offices.

Flatbed scanners have a large glass surface and a lid.

These scanners work best with flat objects such as photos and paper, but
you can also place large objects such as open books on the scanner bed.

Some models of flatbed scanners come with built-in all-in-one devices

that function as printers, scanners, copy machines, and fax machines.

4. Optical Character Recognition

The OCR stands for optical character recognition.

OCR is a mechanical device that can convert images, pictures,

documents, or manually written content into readable form.

These scanned documents are later provided to the system for further
processing like modification and updates using editing software like
Photoshop and Adobe Reader.

5. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

 MICR stands for magnetic ink character recognition.

MICR is an input device of a computer system that is generally used in

the banking sector where numerous cheques are handled and processed
every day.

The cheques contain important and sensitive information printed on

them like cheque number, account number, name of the account holder,
and bank id codes.

These details are imprinted with the help and assistance of press oxide
that are further magnetized for later usage.

The MICR devices are capable of reading this information and

comparing and cross-checking check previously-stored detail in the
banking database.

6. Image Scanner
The image scanner is a digital device also an input device of the
computer that is used to scan images, pictures, printed text, documents,
and objects and later convert them into a digital image.

Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial

applications such as design, reverse engineering, orthotics, gaming, and
testing.

7. Light Pen
The light pen is a computer input device similar to a pen used to read bar
codes, also capable of pointing at the object and characters on the
monitor screen.

The light pen helps users modify changes in the drawings. It is also
considered a handheld light-sensitive device known as a “Pointing
Device”.
The light pen is used to command the computer system for performing
specific and special operations.

They are also called “Electronic Pen”.

It is a pointing device that can be used as a computer mouse to point,

select, and drag elements on the computer screen.

The light pen consists of light sensors used when it is touched and shown
to the computer screen. It is used in selecting and drawing pictures that
also distinguish the cursor’s position.

It is typically used as a part of CAD (Computer-Aided

Design), where the client selects something on the screen.

Modern light pens are available in wireless technology. Due to the

contemporary development in technology, they have easily replaced their
counterparts.

They are plug-and-play devices that do not need driver’s files to install
and use.

8. Barcode Reader
These barcodes are scanned with the help of a barcode scanner or
barcode reader to check the details regarding the price, item no, batch
code, etc.

This barcode reader or barcode scanner is attached to the computer

system.

After scanning, the complete details of the item can be fetched on the
computer for quick access with database administration.

The barcode is nothing but black and white color parallel lines attached
to any product, and a laser barcode reader is used to fetch the details
inside the barcode.
The barcode is scanned with the help and assistance of an optical
barcode reader.

The Optical barcode reader or barcode scanners are an input device of a

computer system used for standardized identifications.

The information is in dim lines with alphanumeric values that differ in

width and height.

A standard barcode scanner uses laser shaft technology.

The Laser bar is relocated adjoining the bar lines of the standardized
identifications when the Laser pillar moves, and it gets reflected light
from the scanner tags.

A touchy light detector discovers the reflected bar.

That adjustment over light instance into electric heartbeats and later
assist the transformation of alphanumeric values.

The barcode scanner is connected to the computer system where

alphanumeric values are stored in computer memory, such as a
computer hard disk drive.

5 Uses of Scanner Devices

 The scanners are used to scan documents to the computer for
further modifications and use.
 The documents are converted into a digital format which can later
be shared via Google drives, emails or uploaded online on other
websites.
 In modern competitive exams, the answers can be scanned with the
help of an optical card reader.
 The OMR [Optical Mark Reader] is an input device of a computer
that is primarily utilized in the examination for solving multiple-
choice questions.
 The OMR converts these solved questions into machine-readable
form.
  They are extensively used in libraries where scanners scan all
important information related.
 They are used in malls, all the product-sensitive information can be
captured using them like product cost, manufacturing date, expiry
date, batch number, etc.
 One scanner is available in the markets which is capable of
scanning, and printing.
 Modern scanners can be connected to the computer system using
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared, LAN, USB cables, TWAIN, parallel port,
SCSI, etc.
 They are widely used as the qualities of scan documents are never
compromised.
5 Benefits and Advantages of Scanners in
Points
 The speed of modern scanners is pretty impressive, they can carry
out multiple operations simultaneously, without affecting another
important working process.
 They are capable of storing and handling huge files and documents
as they possess enough memory to execute any operation and tasks
given to them.
 As they work with tremendous speed they do not compromise the
quality of scanned documents they present therefore it is
considered the major advantage of scanners.
 They are compact in size and hence can be installed in small
spaces.
 They are highly portable and can be transferred from one location
to another.
 They are extremely easy to use and handle.
 For further modification and viewing additional editing software is
used on computers and laptops.
 They can be easily connected to other devices like laptops,
desktops, and notepads using USB cables or parallel ports, or Wifi.
 The qualities produced by scanners are never compromised and
hence widely used and accepted.
5 Drawbacks and Disadvantages of Scanners
Computer Devices
 The major disadvantages of scanners are they are expensive and
the latest model is not readily available in the market.
 The scanned sizes of documents are huge and hence eat a lot of
space in the hard disk drive.
 They are heavy on maintenance and a professional person is
needed for repair.
 Some scanners take time for scanning documents.
 Low-quality scanners reduce the quality of scanned images.

Function of Scanners
The main functions of scanners are

 Scanning
 Copying
 Archiving
 Research
Scanner Types in Table Form
# Scanner Description

They are considered to first use scanners. They use photomultiplier tubes
1 Drum Scanners
for better performance and also for enhancing performance.

Handheld scanners or hand scanners are small and compact in size devices;
2 Handheld Scanner
they are one of the popular input devices of the computer systems.

3 Flatbed Scanner They are primarily and extensively used in homes and small offices.
 Optical Character OCR is a mechanical device that can convert images, pictures, documents,
4
Recognition or manually written content into readable form.

Magnetic Ink MICR is an input device of a computer system that is generally used in the
5 Character banking sector where numerous cheques are handled and processed every
Recognition day.

Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications

6 Image Scanner
such as design, reverse engineering, orthotics, gaming, and testing.

The light pen is a computer input device similar to a pen used to read bar
7 Light Pen codes, also capable of pointing at the object and characters on the monitor
screen.

Barcodes are scanned with the help of a barcode scanner or barcode

8 Barcode Reader
reader to check the details regarding the price, item no, batch code, etc.