Alternate 20th Century

PREWAR:
• Wilhelm II dismisses Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor (1890)
• Leopold II is overthrown as Belgian King due to atrocities in the
Congo. He is succeeded by his son, Prince Leopold as King Leopold III. This new
king’s marriage to Princess Victoria of Prussia meant a shift in Belgian alignment
towards Germany (1895)
• At her Diamond Jubilee, Queen Victoria is declared Empress of Great
Britain (1897)
• The United States defeats Spain in the Spanish–American War; US
acquires the remaining Spanish colonies of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and
Guam (1898)
• Spain sells the Caroline Islands to Germany (1900)
• No Anglo–Japanese Alliance; Japan retains neutrality (1902)
• France and Britain signs a treaty of alliance, creating the Entente
Cordiale (1904)
• Japan wins the Russo-Japanese War more decisively; Japan acquires the
port of Vladivostok (1904)
• Russia becomes a Constiutional Monarchy after a failed revoluion. Grand
Duchess Anastasia is sent to London (1905).
• Britain and Russia enters into an alliance (1907)
• Portugal overthrows its monarchy. Britain, Germany, and Spain refuse to
recognize the Portuguese Republic; Britain and Germany seize all Portuguese
colonies in Africa, Algeria to Britain and Mozambique to Germany; colonial
government in Goa refuses to acknowledge the authority of thr Portuguese Republic.
• Japan annexes Korea (1910)
• Mexican Revolution starts with the ouster of Porfirio Diaz (1910)
• Chinese revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen overthrows the Qing Dynasty
and establish the Republic of China (1911)
• First Balkan War (1912)
• Second Balkan War (1913)
• Russian Empire invades and occupies Mongolia (1913)

THE GREAT WAR

1914
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated by a
Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian agent. Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to the Serbian
government, which is partially rejected at the urging of the Russian Empire.
• Austria declares war on Serbia
• Russia declares war on Austria in support of Serbia
• Germany declares war on Russia and Serbia in support of Austria
• France declares war on Germany and Austria in support of Russia
• Germany and Belgium enter into a treaty, allowing German troops to
enter Belgian territory and into France.
• The First Battle of the Marne halts German advance into Paris. The
Western Front turns into a stalemate.
• Britain joins the war on the side of the Entente Powers, sending a
smaller Expeditionary Force to France
• The Ottoman Empire joins the war on the side of the Central Powers.
1915
• Battle of the English Channel: the British Royal Navy engages and
defeats the Imperial German Navy in the English Channel.
• Greece enters the war on the side of the Entente
• Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central Powers, invading
Serbia
• Britain and Greece invardes Anatolia through Gallipoli
• Arabs launch their revolt under the leadership of the Shariff of Mecca
and the Hashemites, British forces from Egypt invade Palestine in support of the
Arab Revolt.
 • Italy joins the war on the side of the Entente, betraying the Central
Powers
• German U-boats sink RMS Luisitania, killing 126 Americans onboard.
Outcry in the United States forces Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine
warfare.
• The Beiyang Army under General Yuan Shikai launches a coup that deposes
the Republican government. Yuan declares himself the Hongxian Emperor of a new
Chinese Empire. Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang are sent into exile in the
Philippines.
• Treaty of Belgrade: Serbia capitulates, Austrian and Bulgarian forces
occupy Belgrade.

1916
• Istanbul falls into Entente hands, capturing the Ottoman Sultan; the
Ottoman Empire collapses. Greece annexes Thrace and moves its capital to
Constantinpole; King Constantine I is declared Emperor Constantine X and Greece the
successor of the Eastern Roman Empire. The success of the Gallipoli Campaign
catapults Winston Churchill into fame.
• The Battle of Verdun starts, in an attempt to bleed the French Army
dry. In reality, all sides bleed equally in a battle which soon loses its military
objective.
• Tanks were first used by the British at the Battle of the Somme
• Ottoman remnants in Palestine retreats to Jerusalem; Siege of Jerusalem
starts
• Arab forces captures Damascus; the Shariff declares one of his sons as
Caliph.
• Romania enters the war on the side of the Entente and invades
Transylvania
• Franz Jozef dies; Karl succeeds him as Emperor

1917
• The February Revolution: tensions in Russia explodes into Revolution.
Tsar Nicolas abdicates the throne. Germany sends Vladimir Lenin to Russia to stir
dissent.
• The Grand Offensive: French forces attempts to break the stalemate by
launching an offensive. Attempt failed, resulting into massive loss of life and
discontent among the soldiers
• Arabs capture Baghdad, unifying all of Arabia (with the exemption of
several Gulf states).
• The October Revolution: the Bolsheviks overthrow Alexander Krensky,
Soviet Russia is proclaimed
• Ethinic tensions within Austia-Hungary reignite as Austrian troops
clashed with Hungarian troops in Belgrade. This incident was met with outcry in
Hungary.

1918
• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed between the German Empire and
Soviet Russia. Russia would renounce all territorial claims in Finland, Poland, the
Baltic states, Belarus, and the Ukraine.
• Battle of Jutland: the British Royal Navy finally destroys the Imperial
German Navy, resulting into the death Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and the loss of
German naval power.
• Forces loyal to the deposed Tsar and other anti-Bolshevik forces unites
into the All-Russia Army. Russian Civil War begins
• Treaty of Athens: Bulgaria and Greece end hostilities; Bulgaria breaks
alliance with Austria and Germany and withdraws from Serbia
• Operation Radowitz is launched on the 11th of March, attacking the
Italian forces from Trento instead of the Piave. Vicenza and Verona fall on the
24th, pinning the Italians between two Central armies after Venice was reached on
the 10th of April. A stalemate begins to set in along the Adige
• Vladimir Lenin is assassinated, Bolsheviks fall into a power struggle
between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Budapest erupts into anti-Hapsburg riots.
• Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov Dynasty are executed by Bolsheviks.
Admiral Alexandr Kolchak orders the massacre of leftist elements within the All-
Russia Army
• The Winter Offensive: German forces encircle Paris, the Siege of Paris
begins. BEF withdraws from France and is deployed to Anatolia. This withdrawal of
British forces is seen as a betrayal in France.

1919
• Armenia and Kurdistan declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Greece recognizes Armenian and Kurdish independence
• Berlin Coup: Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the blessing of the
Kaiser, storms and dissolves the Reichstag after a socialist plot was uncovered.
German socialist Rosa Luxembourg flees to France. The Chancellor is dismissed and
Hindenburg proclaimed provisional Chancellor.
• Italy signs an armistice with the Central Powers, with Austrian troops
occupying Veneto and Lombardy.
• Fall of France: German forces finally capture Paris, Marshal Petain
surrenders to Field Marshal Hindenburg. The French government collapses as the
French Army erupts into open mutiny.
• Treaty of Versailles: Although France was defeated, Germany does not
have a functioning navy; prompting the Central Powers to sue for peace.
• Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and Slovenia merge, creating the Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes under the Hapsburg Monarchy
• France cedes all Sub-Saharan colonies (French West Africa and French
Equatorial Africa), concessions in China, control in Morocco, and territories in
India to Germany. France retains Indochina, and her South Pacific colonies;
Madagascar restores its monarchy and becomes a German protectorate
• Germany cedes German East Africa to Britain.
• Estonia and Latvia are fused into the United Baltic Dutchy, a German
puppet state
• The Hetmanate of the Ukraine is established as a German protectorate
• The Grand Duchy of Finland is established as a German puppet
• The Grand Duchy of White Ruthenia is established as a German puppet
state
• Ottoman Empire is placed under a provisional government.
• The Kingdom of Arabia and the Hashemite Caliphate is recognized
• Britain gains control over Palestine, Lebanon, and Antioch
• Greece annexes Cyprus and Northern Macedonia
• Italy cedes Veneto, Lombardy, and Libya to Austria
• Temporal Authority of the Pope is recognized; Italy transfers capital
to Florence. Austrian troops deployed to Rome to assert Papal sovereignty
• Bolshevik power struggle erupts into a “civil war” amongst the Red
Russians. Trotskyist faction occupy Petrograd while the Stalinists concentrate to
the south
• All-Russia Army captures Tsaritsyn
• A joint German, Austrian, and British force occupies Moscow.
• Jerusalem finally falls to British hands after a three-year siege.
• Italian Civil War: Italian Army officers backed by the National Fascist
Party launches a coup in Florence; the Italian Royal Family flees to Sardinia. A
civil uprising in Rome leads to the assassination of Pope Benedict XV; Austrian
troops crushes the uprising. Communists in Turin also launch a revolution. Sicilian
Nationalists declare independence at Palermo.
• Encouraged by the fall of Italy, Ethiopia invades Eritrea and Italian
Somaliland, reversing a European colonization of Africa for the first time.
• The Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), led by anarcho-syndicalist
Emile Pouget, declares a general strike in reaction to the bloody defeat of the
French army during the German Great Offensive and the second mutiny. Its main aim
was an immediate end to the war. After the fall of Paris, the government of Georges
Clemenceau was replaced by a Provisional Government under Aristide Briand.

POST WAR
1920
• The French Revolution: an uprising in Paris overthrows the French
Government, who then flees to Algiers; the French Commune is established,
fulfilling the Marxist idea of a Proletarian Revolution. The French People’s Army
rebuilds itself as the new communist government restores order.
• Fascists in Florence declares the Italian Social Republic. Communists
in Turin declare the Confederation of Italian Communes, Republicans in Bologna
declare the Italian Republic
• Brazil occupies French Guiana
• Dissolution of the Hapsburg Empire: Hungary deposes its Austrian
monarch and establishes the socialist Hungarian People’s Republic. Austria pulls
out her troops from occupied Belgrade and Northern Italy to invade Hungary. Serbia
also revolts against the Hapsburg king, restoring the deposed King Peter I to his
throne. Romania enters into secret negotiations with the Hungarian socialists to
enter the war against Austria in exchange for Transylvania.
• Indochina Crisis: French Indochina is invaded by both the British
Empire from the West and the Japanese Empire from the East. Japan takes Tonkin and
Annam; Britain acquires Cambodia and Laos.
• Papal Conclave elects the Cardinal-Archbishop of Salzburg, an Archduke
of Austria, as Pope Gregory XVII. The Austrian garrison in Rome is made into the
Pope’s personal army.
• With Austria busy in Hungary, the Italian Social Republic invades and
annexes Lombardy. Fascists also take over Naples, incorporating Southern Italy with
the North.
• Emiliano Zapata, having survived an assassination attempt in 1919,
takes power in Mexico, initiating reforms that would transform the nation into a
socialist one.
• All-Russia Army besieges Soviet Petrograd. Kolchak enters into
negotiations with Britain and Germany
• Italian Social Republic captures Milano.
• Fascist forces capture Turin; the Communist stronghold is massacred by
the Fascist forces.
• Theodore Roosevelt is reelected as President of the United States
• Polish War of Independence: as Germany fails to fulfill their promise
of Polish independence, the Polish Legion revolts, starting the Polish War of
Independence.
• Finnish Revolution: unrest in the German puppet state of the Grand
Duchy of Finland erupts into civil war between Republicans and pro-German
monarchists
• Easter Uprising: the Irish War of Independence begins.

1921
• Hungarian revolutionaries capture Budapest, the Hapsburg government of
Hungary falls.
• Finnish Republicans emerge victorious, establishes the Republic of
Finland. The German Grand Duke is expelled.
• Fall of Petrograd: Petrograd is captured by the All-Russia Army;
Trotsky flees to France, the Trotskyist Red Army is destoyed. Stalinist forces
retreats to the Caucasus, overthrows the governments of Georgia and Azerbaijan,
establishing the Soviet Republic in the Caucasus. Negotiations between Kolchak and
Britian & Germany breaks downi.
• Negotiations between the remaining Italian factions (Kingdom of Italy,
Italian Republic, italian Social Republic, and Sicilian Nationalists) commence.
 • Reza Pahlavi deposes the Qajar Dynasty of Persia, installs himself as
Shah.
• Turkish War of Independence: Turkish uprising in Constantinople results
into massacre, Turkish Nationalists starts revolt in Ankara.
• Turkish forces manage to crush the Armenians to the east.
• Stalinist Red Army recaptures Tsaritsyn. Red and White representatives
agree to a ceasefire.
• Turkish advance to Smyrna is halted by a Greek counterattack. Stalemate
ensures as war regresses into trench warfare across the border.
• Treaty of Budapest: the independence of a Socialist Hungary is
confirmed. The indepedence of Yugoslavia is also recognized. Romania gains
Transylvania. Austrian defeat results into unrest in its remaining territories.
• All-Russia Army attacks Moscow and defeats the combined British and
German occupation forces. Kolchak declares himself Supreme Leader of Russia.
• The Italian Republic surrenders to the Fascists
• Germany launches the disastrous invasion of Russia.
• Polish Legions capture Warsaw, the Second Polish Republic is proclaimed
with Józef Piłsudski as Chief of State.

1922
• German invasion force is defeated by the All-Russia Army at Smolensk.
Russia expresses support for Polish independence.
• All-Russia Army pushes back German invasion force from Smolensk
• Poland invades East Prussia and the United Baltic Duchy. Kingdom of
Lithuania joins Poland and deposes its monarchy.
• Polish forces capture Königsberg; the United Baltic Duchy dissolves and
surrenders to Poland.
• Britain and Hungary recognizes Polish indepedence.
• Russian forces cross the White Ruthenian border, captures Minsk;
ceasefire is declared
• Treaty of Warsaw is signed between Poland, Germany, and Russia
• The Polish Republic is recognized with Piłsudski as Chief of State
• Poland annexes Lithuania
• The Russian State is recognized with Kolchak as Supreme Chancellor and
Grand Duchess Anastasia (the last Romanov) as the Protectress of All Russia.
• The Republic of Finland is recognized
• The Republic of Estonia is recognized
• The Latvian Republic is recognized
• Finland, Estonia, and Latvia join Poland to form the League of Baltic
States
• East Prussia is given to Poland, Köingsberg is divided between Poland
and Germany.
• White Ruthenia and the Ukrainian Hetmanate remain under German sphere
of influence
• The existence of the Soviet Republic of Russia and Transcaucasia is
recognized. A demilitarized zone between Russia and the SRRT is delineated.
• Rome Agreeement is signed between all factions of the Italian Civil War
with Austria.
• Italian Social Republic (Fascist faction) is recognized as the sole
government of Italy based in Florence with Benito Mussolini as its Duce.
• Papal sovereignty over Rome is affirmed under the protection of Austria
• The Republic of Sicily is established
• The sovereignty of the former Italian Royal Family over Sardinia is
recognized.
• Germany unites its colonies in Africa into Mittelafrika; Rhodesia
unites with the Union of South Africa in response.
• Armenians, supported by Russians and Arabs, revolt against Turkish
forces. A broad coalition of Armenian, Russian, Arab, and Kurdish forces launch a
surprise attack on Turkish positions to the East and Southeast. The British
Imperial Navy also bombards the Turkish coast.
• The US Navy launches the world’s first aircraft carrier—the USS Langley
• Facing a war on two fronts, Turkey is forced to declare an armistice.
• China invades and occupies Mongolia

1923
• Treaty of Constantinople is signed.
• The independence of the Republic of Turkey is recognized
• The Republic of Armenia is recognized
• Greece retains Smyrna, Thrace, and Constantinople.
• Kurdistan is placed under British rule.
• The Ottoman Sultanate is formally abolished
• The authority of the Hashemite Caliphate is affirmeud.
• Japan occupies the Russian Far East.
• The Kuomintang once again attempts to regain power in China by landing
on Canton. Sun Yat-sen reestablishes once again the Republic of China.
• Relations between Chile and Bolivia worsen
• Miners in Patagonia strike after an mining incident resulted into the
deaths of 1,000 miners.
• Bolivia invades Chile, starting the Second War of the Pacific
• Argetine troops crush the riots in Patagonia. Trade unions are banned.
An underground movement is formed to fight for Patagonian independence.
• Germany declares her support to Chile, sending a small flotilla; the
United States sees this as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine, sends a fleet to
intercept the German flotilla

1924
• Paul von Hindenburg resigns as Chancellor, to be succeeded by Erich
Ludendorff
• Seeking to avoid war with the United States, Germany withdraws its
flotilla from Chile. Military advisers, however, remain.
• The Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed on November 10 after four years of
war. This led to the creation of a fully independent Republic of Ireland. Northern
Ireland remains under British rule, the Royal Navy retains control of several ports
in Ireland; however, the British Army is prohibited inside the island itself. The
Royal Ulster Constabulary is established to provide for the security of Northern
Ireland.
• The Anglo-Irish Treaty is protested by thousands of people in Dublin.
Major trade unions declare strikes in protest of the said treaty. French communist
agents are sent to Ireland to assist leftist groups in their struggle.
• Australia and New Zealand unites into a single government.
• Representatives from the deposed Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawaii attempt
to start negotiations for Hawaiian independence.
• Chinese Communists under Mao Tse-tung enter into an alliance with the
KMT.
• Tsaritsyn is declared the capital of the Soviet Republic of Russia and
Transcaucasia and renamed Leningrad.

1925
• Sun Yat-sen dies of cancer, Chiang Kai-shek succeeds him as President
of the Republic of China.
• Bolivia defeats Chilean forces at Calama. Chile cedes the Littoral to
Bolivia.
• Irish President Michael Collins is assassinated; this triggers the
Irish Civil War between the Republicans and the leftist Sinn Fein.
• France secretly sends political agents to Belgium to stir up dissent
against the Hohenzollern monarchy.
• Portuguese Army officials overthrow the unstable democratic government,
establishing a military junta, the Ditadura Nacional.
 • Miguel Primo de Rivera installs himself as Prime Minister of Spain
after a successful coup d’etat against the government
• France intervenes in the Irish Civil War, sending in 5 divisions to
assist the communist IRA forces. The British government protests French
intervention.
• British forces in Northern Ireland declare Martial Law, tightening
security along the border.
• Venezuela elects a communist President under the mantle of
Bolivarianism.

1926
• Britain grants Egypt its full independence.
• Increasing tensions within Austria forces it to abandon its neglected
colony in Libya. Italy reoccupies Tripolitiana. The Senussi Order, with the backing
of Egypt and Britain, declare the independence of Cyrenacia.
• Theodore Roosevelt dies in office. Vice President Coolidge succeeds him
as President
• British government decides against intervention in the Irish Civil War,
focusing on defending Northern Ireland instead.
• A new constitution transforms the Kingdom of Sebs and Croats into a
federation. This establishes the United Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which constitutes of
the Principality of Montenegro under its former King, the Banate of Croatia.
• Colombia elects a communist president under the mantle of
Bolivarianism. Colombia and Venezuela enter into negotiations to revive the old
Bolivar-era Gran Colombia.
• Primo de Rivera enters into an agreement with the Carlists. The
government arranges for the marriage of the Spanish heir, Prince Alfonso, with the
daughter of the Carlist pretender.
• The National Revolutionary Army under the Kuomintang of Chiang Kai-shek
launches the Northern Expedition, a campaign against the Beiyang Dynasty of
Beijing. The KMT recieved significant backing from the United States through its
colony in the Philippine Islands and Britain through Hong Kong.
• Germany backs the Beiyang Dynasty, sending troops from Tianjin to
garrison Beijing.
• The Taisho Emperor dies, he is succeeded by the Showa Emperor
• KMT advance is halted at Jinan, where they would engage with German
troops and gunboats. Chiang orders a retreat to Nanking. This incident would result
in Germany fully committing to the Chinese Civil War; sending an Expeditionary
Force that would arrive 4 months later.
• Joint Beiyang and German forces besiege Nanking. KMT political leader
Wang Jingwei is killed by a German sniper while inspecting the troops. The loss of
the leftist leader resulted into the Communists to abandon the KMT and retreat into
Western China, an event known as the First Long March.

1927
• The German Expeditionary Force arrive at Shanghai; however, their
advance into Nanking is halted by the British and American liaisons, questioning
the legality of the German intervention.
• Chiang Kai-shek decides to abandon Nanking. The army successfully
breaks out from Nanking intact, burning the city in the process.
• Irish Revolutionary Army captures Dublin; the Republican government
falls, members of the Republican Party are killed by the IRA, survivors flee to
Northern Ireland. A new communist government, the Irish Free Republic is formed
with the assistance of France.
• The Communist Party of France is established as the sole governing
authority of the French Commune. They also establish the Communist International, a
coalition of communist states, parties, and organizations worldwide. The creation
of the Comintern alerts the British and the Germans.
• KMT forces arrive back at Canton. The entire province, as well as
Guangzhou, is garrisoned. Per request, British troops from Hong Kong and an
American flotilla arrive to aid the KMT forces. To avoid further escalation,
Germany forces the Beiyang government to enter into a ceasefire agreement with the
KMT.
• The al-Sauds of Riyadh rebels against the Hashemite monarchy, declares
the Sultanate of Nejd.
• The new Irish government declares its full independence from the
British Crown, which was accepted by the British government. Plans to invade
Northern Ireland were drafted; however, French advisors managed to dissuade the
Irish to act upon these plans to avoid escalation.
• The Mafia takes over the government of the Republic of Sicily.
• British India, the colonial government, with the assent of the British
Crown, passes the Government of India Act, granting the Bombay government more
autonomy and self-determination over their own affairs.

1928
• Pope Gregory XVII dies. The Papal Conclave elects Cardinal Ratti as
Pope Pius XI.
• Miguel Primo de Rivera resigns after being diagnosed with cancer.
Carlist politician Manuel Fal Conde succeeds him as Prime Minister.
• In Mexico, Cristeros stage an uprising against the Zapata government.
Backed by the US Army, as well as most of the Mexican Army, the Cristeros pushes
back the Zapatistas to Chiapas where they would finally be defeated, with Emiliano
Zapata himself killed in action. Remaining stragglers embark on a guerilla campaign
across Southern Mexico, spilling over to Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The
Cristeros form a conservative Catholic government, reversing most of Zapata’s
socialist reforms.
• Venezuela and Colombia revive the old Gran Colombia as the
Confederation of New Granada. Ecuador expresses intent to join this new
confederation.
• Seeing the threat of a socialist state in its borders, Peru invites
former rivals Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil to form an alliance. Bolivia
and Chile accept; Argentina and Brazil decline the said proposal.
• Aided by Mexican Zapatistas, socialists led by Augusto Sandino takes
over Nicaragua, proclaiming a socialist state
• An assassination attempt by Hindu nationalists on Indian independence
leader Mahatma Gandhi leaves him incapacitated for a long time. The loss of Gandhi
shakes the Indian National Congress, which later falls into a power struggle
between Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru. This power struggle results into
a split in the INC: the more militant and Japan-aligned Azad Hind by Bose and the
INC Nehru faction. This split severely sets back the Indian independence movement.
• The Hashemite dynasty agrees to the separation of the al-Sauds of
Riyadh, recognizing the independenc of the Sultanate of Nejd.

1929
• The Ecuadorian military stages a coup that ousted the pro-Bolivarian
government, expelling members of the Bolivarian Party to Colombia.
• Herbert Hoover is elected President of the United States
• Brazilian President Washington Luis is ousted by the Brazilian Army and
their pro-Fascist allies led by Getulio Vargas.
• Share prices on the New York Stock Exchange, followed by the London
Stock Exchange and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange collapse, triggering the Great
Depression that would affect the world in the years to come
• Austria, severly hit by the Great Depression, declares Martial Law
after riots in Vienna led to the deaths of 500 protestors.
• Worsening labor conditions in Argentina reignites tensions in the
country. The underground socialist movement in Patagonia rapidly grows in power
• The Great Depression in Russia reignites internal strifes that lay
dormant since the Peace of 1922. The St. Petersburg Soviet is once again revived
secretly in hopes of reigniting the Russian Revolution.
• Anarchists in Crimea rebel against the Hetmanate, establishing the Free
Territory of Crimea.

1930
• Getulio Vargas is installed as President of Brazil.
• Japan invades Manchuria, creating a puppet state with the deposed Puyi
as Emperor of Manchukuo. Germany protests, deploys a flotilla to protect the
Beiyang Government and its interests in China.
• Leon Trotsky attempts to return to Russia, only to be arrested in
Poland.
• Ecuador launches a surprise preemptive strike at Colombian positions by
the border. The War of Reunification starts.
• Austria is forced to withdraw its garrison in Rome. To prevent a
Fascist takeover, Pope Pius XI requests the deployment of Spanish troops for his
protection.
• Kaiser Wilhelm II gives his assurance to preserve the throne of Emperor
Karl. In secret, Chancellor Ludendorff and his cabinet drafts up plans to integrate
Austria into the German Empire in case it collapses
• Britain allows for the increase in Jewish migrations to their colony in
Palestine. Arabs protest this decision and launch and uprising to prevent the
arrival of more Jewish immigrants. Britain quickly crushes this revolt.
• Japan and Mongolia enters into a treaty of friendship, in conjunction
with Manchukuo.
• Tibet becomes a British Protectorate.

1931
• Antonio Salazar becomes Prime Minister of Portugal, establishing the
Estado Novo, a corporatist authoritarian government.
• Romania erupts into revolution, deposes its king and establishes a
socialist republic in its place.
• Ecuador is defeated by Colombia and Venezuela, incorporating the
country into the Bolivarian Confederation of New Granada.
• The fascist Fatherland Front wins the majority in the Austrian Imperial
Diet; leader Engelbert Dolfuss becomes Chancellor.
• Japanese Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi is assassinated by a group of
disgruntled Imperial Japanese Navy officers. More assassinations were carried out
against thr Zaibatsu and foreign diplomats. This wave of violence was eventually
put down by the Imperial Japanese Army. This starts a dangerous rift between the
IJN and the IJA.

1932
• The three-year rebellion in Patagonia results in Argentine defeat.
Patagonia achieves independence as a syndicalist state based around workers
councils. The Argentine government collapses as the military launches a coup led by
General Uriburu to seize control.
• Territorial disputes between Bolivia and Paraguay results into the
Chaco War.
• Alexander Kolchak is assassinated at a military parade in Moscow. With
no designated successor, Russia is plunged into a leadership crisis that explodes
into another civil war. At the same time, the Petrograd Soviet launches the Second
Russian Revolution; exploiting the chaos of the aftermath of Kolchak’s death
• Bohemian Revolution: Czech nationalists launches a revolution,
declaring their independence from Austria. Poland instantly recognizes the
independence of Bohemia
• Chancellor Dolfuss accuses Poland of instigating the Czech Revolution,
demands Poland to withdraw its recognition of Bohemian independence.
• The Red Army from the SRRT invades Russia, quickly defeating each of
the competing factions that emerged after Kolchak’s death. The Petrograd Soviet
marches down south, hoping to meet with the Red Army in Moscow
• Germany offers to intervene in Bohemia, Dolfuss declines.
• Fascists take over Bulgaria.
• Leon Trotsky escapes from Poland, going back to France.
• Moscow falls to the combined forces of the Petrograd Soviet and the Red
Army. Russia is reunified once again under the Red Banner. The reemergence of
Soviet Russia alerts the other great powers.

1933
• Adolf Hitler, a National Socialist revolutionary who launched a failed
coup in Bavaria in 1923, was assassinated.
• Second Austrian Succession Crisis: Emperor Karl of Austria dies. His
successor, Crown Prince Otto who was in Germany at the time of his father’s death,
was prohibited by Chancellor Dolfuss from entering Austria. The Fatherland Front
declares itself the sole ruling party of Austria. Germany protests this move by the
Fatherland Front.
• Austrian forces crush the Bohemian revolution, Prague is razed to the
ground. Czech leaders flee to Poland.
• Relations between Germany and Austria are severed as details about the
Ludendorff plan to annex Austria was exposed. The Fatherland Front officially
deposes the monarchy, effectively ending the the 500-year rule of the Hapsburg
Monarchy, after it was revealed that Crown Prince Otto was involved in the
Ludendorff plan
• German Chancellor Erich Ludendorff is forced to resign due to the
exposé on the plan to annex Austria. Kaiser Wilhelm II stalls the appointment of a
new chancellor, plunging the country into another political crisis. The Centre
Party seizes power in the Reichstag, expelling Ludendorff loyalists from the
chamber.
• The Kaiser and Ludendorff persuades retired Field Marshal Paul von
Hindenburg to return to politics. The old general refuses and instead puts forward
Kurt von Schleicher as candidate for chancellor.
• Dolfuss aligns Austria with Fascist Italy, signing a pact of steel
agreement with Duce Benito Mussolini.
• As Centre Party leader Franz von Papen is about to be elected as
Chancellor, the Imperial German Army led by the Kaiser himself storms the
Reichstag. He declares Schleicher Chancellor and dissolves the legislature
afterwards.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected President of the United States. He
implements the New Deal, a set of programs that aimed to fight the effects of the
Great Depression.
• The SRRT is transformed into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
composed of Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. “Governments-in-exile” for
Ukraine and Belorussia are also formed as part of the new Soviet Union.