Tema nr.

8
Observație!
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Creating Functions
1. Function full_name:

A. Create a function called full_name. Pass two parameters to the function: an employee’s last name
and first name. The function should return the full name in the format: last name, comma and space,
first name (for example: Smith, Joe). Save your code.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION full_name

(p_last_name employees.last_name%TYPE,p_first_name employees.first_name%TYPE) RETURN
VARCHAR2 IS
v_full_name VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
v_full_name := p_last_name || ', ' || p_first_name;
RETURN v_full_name;
END full_name;

B. Test your function from an anonymous block which uses a local variable to store and display the
returned value.

DECLARE
v_name VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
v_name := full_name('Petre', 'Florin');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_name);
END;

C. Modify your anonymous block from step b to remove the local variable declaration and call the
function directly from within the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE call. Test the block again.

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(full_name('Petre', 'Florin'));
END;

D. Now call the function from within a SQL SELECT statement. Execute a SQL statement (not a
PL/SQL block) which displays the first_name, last_name and full name (using the function) of all
employees in department 50.

SELECT first_name, last_name, full_name(last_name, first_name)

FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;
2. Function reverse_string:

A. Create a function which accepts a character string as input and returns the same character string
but with the order of the letters reversed. For example ‘Smith’ would be returned as ‘htimS’. Save
your code. Hint: you will need to declare a local variable to store the reversed string, and build its
contents by reading the input one character at a time (using SUBSTR) in a loop structure, starting
from the last character. Each execution of the loop reads the preceding character and concatenates it
to the reversed string.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION reverse_string(p_sir VARCHAR2)

RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
i int;
v_character CHAR;
result VARCHAR2(50):= '';
BEGIN
result:=NULL;
i:=LENGTH(p_sir);
LOOP
result:=result ||SUBSTR(p_sir,i,1);
i:=i-1;
EXIT WHEN i=0;
END LOOP;
return result;
END;

B. Test your function using the following SQL statements:

SELECT last_name, reverse_string(last_name)

FROM employees;
SELECT country_name, reverse_string(country_name)
FROM wf_countries; (countries maybe)

Using Functions in SQL Statements

1. Function sal_increase

A. Create and execute a function sal_increase using the following two code samples. The first creates
a function which returns an employee’s new salary if a percentage increase is granted. The second
calls this function in a SELECT statement, using an increase of 5 percent.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sal_increase

(p_salary f_emps.salary%TYPE,
p_percent_incr NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
BEGIN
RETURN (p_salary + (p_salary * p_percent_incr / 100));
END;

SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5)

FROM f_emps;
B. Now, suppose you want to see the same information in your SELECT statement, but only for
those employees for whom the increased salary would be greater than 10000. Write and test two
SELECT statements to do this. In the first, do NOT use your function. In the second, use your
function. Use an increase of 5 percent.

SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5) FROM employees;

SELECT last_name, salary, sal_increase(salary , 5) FROM employees

WHERE sal_increase(salary , 5)>10000;
Review of the Data Dictionary

1. Write and execute a SELECT statement that lists all the stored objects you have created in
your account so far. The query should return the object name and type and its status. Order the output
by type of object.

SELECT object_name,object_type,status FROM user_objects

order by object_type;

2. Change the query from question 3 to show all functions and procedures to which you have
access. Include the owner of the object as well.

SELECT object_name,owner FROM all_procedures;

Review of Object Privileges

1. If you wanted user SUSAN to be able to execute SELECT and all DML statements on your
wf_countries table, what SQL statement would you execute to give her the required privileges?

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ON wf_countries TO pintea;

2. Another user TOM creates a table called tomtab, and does not grant you any privileges on it.

A. If you try to execute the following statement, will it work?

INSERT INTO tom.tomtab (….) VALUES (…..);

NU VA MERGE

B. Examine the following code. Now the INSERT statement has been included in a procedure which
you have created. Will it work now?
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE my_ins_proc
IS
BEGIN
INSERT into tom.tomtab (….)
VALUES (……);
END;
NU VA MERGE

C. TOM now executes the following statement:

GRANT INSERT ON tomtab TO <your user name>;

Will your my_ins_proc procedure work now? Why or why not?
VA MERGE DEOARECE DA DREPTUL DE INSERARE

D. TOM now REVOKEs your INSERT privilege on tomtab. TOM then writes the following
procedure. Which privilege must TOM grant to you to allow you to execute the procedure? With this
privilege, will your INSERT work now when you invoke TOM’s procedure?

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE tom_ins_proc

IS
BEGIN
INSERT into tom.tomtab (….)
VALUES (……);
END;
TREBUIE DREPTUL DE EXECUTIE