CONTENTS List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Aphids, Leafhoppers, and Planthoppers Kerry F. Harris 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aphids 1.3 Leafhoppers 1.4 Planthoppers 1.5 Conclusion 1.6 References Mealybugs Osmo Roivainen 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Transmission Characteristics 2.3. References Whiteflies V. Muniyappa 3.1 Introduction 3.2. Whitefly Vectors 3.3. Yellow Mosaic Diseases 3.4 Yellow Vein Mosaic Diseases 3.5 Leaf Curl Diseases 3.6 Mosaic Diseases 3.7. Suspected Whitefly Transmitted Diseases 3.8 Discussion and Conclusions 3.9 Acknowledgments 3.10 References xi xiii 15 15 19 34 39 39 41 45 54 57 65 71 72 73 73vi Chapter 4. Chapter 5. CONTENTS Psyllids George H. Kaloostian 4.1 Introduction 4.2. Pear Decline 4.3 Greening Disease of Citrus 4.4 Proliferation Disease of Carrots 4.5 References Membracids John N. Simons 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Symptomatology of Pseudo-Curly Top (PCT) Disease 5.3 Transmission of PCT Agent 5.4 Life History of the Treehopper Vector 5.5 Epidemiology 5.6 Nature of the PCT Agent 5.7 Relationship of PCT to Other Curly Top Diseases 5.8 References Chapter 6. Piesmids Gerhard Proeseler Chapter 7. 6.1 6.2 63 6.4 6.5 Beetles Introduction Piesma quadratum (Fieb.) and the Beet Leafeurl Virus Piesma quadratum (Fieb.) and Beet Latent Rosette Disease Piesma cinereum (Say) and Sugarbeet Savoy Virus References J. P. Fulton, H. A Scott, and Rodrigo Gamez Ra. 7.2 73 14 75 76 V7 78 Introduction The Viruses The Beetles Beetle Vectoring of Viruses Association of Virus with Beetles Speculation on Mechanisms of Transmission Acknowledgment References 87 87 88 89 93 93 94 94 94, 95 95 95 97 97 98 110 i 112 15 116 116 121 122 126 127 128 128CONTENTS vii Chapter 8. Bark Beetles, Ceratocystis ulmi and Dutch Elm Disease 133 Francis W. Holmes 8.1 Introduction 134 8.2. Transmission 136 8.3. Elm Bark Beetle Characteristics: Contrasting Scolytus multistriatus and Hylorgopinus rufipes 138 8.4 Disease Control by Insect Control 141 8.5 Closing Remarks 143 8.6 Acknowledgments 143 8.7 References 143 Chapter 9. Thrips 149 T. N. Ananthakrishnan 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Thrips and Gall Formation 150 9.3. Thrips as Vectors of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Pathogens 156 9.4 Acknowledgment 161 9.5 References 161 Chapter 10. Flies 165 T. A. Zitter and J. H. Tsai 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2. Diptera as Vectors of Disease Agents 167 10.3 Biology of Liriomyza Flies 170 10.4. Mode of Transmission and Natural Spread 172 10.5 References 174 Chapter 11. Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palm: Search for a Vector 177 James H. Tsai 11.1 Introduction 177 11.2. Patterns of Spread 179 11.3 Symptomatology 179 11.4 Causal Agent 179 11.5 Historical Perspectives in the Search for a Vector(s) of Lethal Yellowing Agent 180 11.6 Vector Research in the United States 181 11.7 Attempts to Mechanically Transmit LY Agent 190 11.8 Determination of Incubation Period in Palm 190viii CONTENTS 11.9 Attempts to Culture Coconut Embryo and Tissue in Vitro 190 11.10 Discussion 191 11.11 Acknowledgments 197 11.12 References 197 Chapter 12. Insect Involvement in the Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens 201 Monty D. Harrison, J. Wayne Brewer, and Laura D. Merrill 12.1 Introduction 201 12.2. Insect Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens 202 12.3. Summary 225 12.4 Acknowledgments 276 12.5 References 276 Chapter 13. Insect Involvement in the Transmission of Fungal Pathogens 293 George N. Agrios 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungal Plant Pathogens in the Soil 295 13.3 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungi Affecting Stalks, Stems, Trunks, and Branches 297 13.4 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungi Causing Foliar Diseases 305 13.5 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungal Diseases Affecting Buds and Blossoms 308 13.6 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungal Diseases Affecting Fruits or Seeds in the Field 309 13.7 Role of Insects in the Transmission of Fungal Diseases Affecting Fruits or Seeds After Harvest 315 13.8 Concluding Remarks 316 13.9 References 317 Chapter 14. Mites 325 J.T. Slykhuis 14.1 Introduction 326 14.2. Characteristics of the Eriophyids 326Chapter 15. Chapter 16. Chapter 17. CONTENTS 14.3 Vectors of Agents that Cause Diseases of Monocots 14.4 Vectors of Agents that Cause Diseases of Dicots 14.5 Diseases Probably Caused by Mites without an Infectious Agent 14.6 Doubtful or Erroneous Reports of Mite Transmission 14.7 Disease Agents Suspected to be Transmitted by Eriophyid Mites 14.8 Conclusions 14.9 Acknowledgments 14.10 References Fate of Plant Viruses in Mite Vectors and Nonvectors Y. C. Paliwal 15.1 Introduction 15.2 General Characteristics and Anatomical Features of Eriophyid Mites 15.3. Behavior of Viruses in Their Eriophyid Vectors 15.4 Behavior of Viruses in Nonvector Eriophyids 15.5 Viruses in Tetranychid Mites 15.6 Mechanisms of Virus Transmission 15.7 References Nematodes C. E. Taylor 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Viruses and Diseases 16.3. Nematode Vectors 16.4 Virus Transmission Characteristics and Mechanisms 16.5 Control 16.6 References Fungi David S. Teakle 17.1 Introduction 17.2. Vectors 17.3 Viruses 17.4 Virus-Vector Relationships 328 336 345 347 349 350 351 351 357 358 359 362 365 370 372 315 375 376 383 392 401 404 417 417 418 421 425Index 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 CONTENTS Suspected Fungus Transmission Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 429 433 434 435 439