GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

“SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND GIBB’S FREE ENERGY”

2nd Quarter
Lesson 1

NAME: ____________________________________________ SECTION: _______________________

SUBJECT TEACHER: _________________________________ DATE: __________________________

What contains more heat, a cup of coffee or a glass of iced tea?

Heat is a shortened way of saying "heat energy." When something is hot, it

has a lot of heat energy; when it is cold, it has less. Heat is the form of energy
that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. The
direction of energy flow is from the substance of higher temperature to the
substance of lower temperature.

Spontanoeus and
Non-spontaneous
Reactions

Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Gibb’s Free Energy

LESSONS and COVERAGE

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 ACTIVITY NO. 1 5 minutes

DIRECTION: Write the ideas or concepts that

you know about the topics to be discussed in
column 1. What else would you want to know
about this? Write your answers in column 2.

MELCs
▪ Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy.
▪ Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance.
▪ Use Gibb’s Free Energy to determine the direction of the reaction.

At the end of the lesson, I can:

❑ Define some terminologies related to thermodynamics and chemical
equilibrium.
❑ Calculate free energy using Gibb’s Free Energy.
❑ Predict the direction of the reaction using Gibb’s Free Energy.
TARGETS

ACTIVITY NO. 2 10 minutes

Directions: Click the link or scan the QR code to watch the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTtxlaeC9PY&t=5s.

1. What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics tell us?

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 2. What is spontaneity
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3. How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to spontaneity?

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ACTIVITY NO. 3 15 minutes

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND GIBB’S

FREE ENERGY

Directions: Read the given discussion to answer the questions that follow.

Spontaneous reaction happens “automatically” and does not require an input of

energy to occur. It has a great tendency to proceed in one direction and is generally
exothermic.

Predicting spontaneous process:

• Energy is conserved in spontaneous process.

• Exothermic reactions release heat (-∆H) and are spontaneous according to
∆H.
• Endothermic reactions absorb heat (+∆H) and are non-spontaneous
according to ∆H.

Directions: Identify if the given situation shows a spontaneous or non-spontaneous

process. Check the box that corresponds to your answer, then identify
whether the given process is endothermic or exothermic.

Spontaneous Non-
Endothermic or
Process spontaneous
Exothermic
Process
1. melting of ice-cream

2. rusting
3. dissolving a cube of sugar
in a cup of coffee
4. turning coal into diamond

5. freezing of water

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 Entropy (thermodynamic arrow of time) is the measurement of disorder within a
system. It is denoted as ΔS (change in entropy) which suggests that the time is
asymmetric with respect to the order of an isolated system ─ a system will become more
disordered as time increases.

• A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

• The GREATER the disorder, the GREATER the value of entropy.
• All spontaneous processes are accompanied by a net increase in the
entropy of the universe as stated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The change in the entropy of the universe as a process or reaction takes place is
the sum of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the
surroundings.

∆Suniverse = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings

∆Suniverse > 0

ΔSuniv is equal to zero for a truly reversible process and is greater than zero for an
irreversible process. Truly reversible processes never happen or takes an infinite long
period of time to happen.

“All spontaneous processes produce an increase in the entropy of the

universe” which can be further supported by the second law of thermodynamics.

How do the phase change and the number of particles affect the entropy?

• The entropy of a substance increases as it transforms from solid to liquid to

gas.
• The entropy of a substance increases as it transforms from solid to liquid to
gas.
• Entropy increases as the molecules become more energetic and have
more freedom to move around the container.
• As the temperature increases, so does its entropy.

Gibbs Free Energy Table 8.1 Conditions of Spontaneity

Based on the value of Gibbs Free Energy
Gibbs Free Energy (∆G) is the maximum ∆G < 0 Spontaneous

available energy to do work in a contained ∆G > 0 Non-spontaneous

system (S, H, T are related to ∆G).
∆G = 0 Equilibrium

∆G = ∆H -T∆S

• ΔH refers to the heat change for a reaction. A positive ΔH means that the heat is
taken from the environment (endothermic). A negative ΔH means that heat is
emitted or given to the environment (exothermic).
• ΔG is a measure of the change of a system's free energy in which a reaction takes
place at constant pressure (P) and temperature (T).

Refer to Table 8.2 for the Conditions of Spontaneity Based on Thermodynamics

Function.

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Table 8.2 Conditions of Spontaneity Based on Thermodynamics Function
∆H ∆S
- +
+ -
- -
+ +
-T∆S ∆G SPONTANEITY
- - Spontaneous
+ + Non-spontaneous
Spontaneous if ∆H > -T∆S
+ + or -
Non-spontaneous if ∆H < -T∆S
Non-spontaneous if ∆H > -T∆S
- + or -
Spontaneous if ∆H < -T∆S

ACTIVITY NO. 4 20 minutes

Directions: Study the sample problems, then answer the “Your turn” parts using
GAFSA.

Let’s Practice

What is the Gibbs free energy if the enthalpy (ΔH) is -241.82 kJ and
the entropy (ΔS) is -233.7 J/K. The reaction happens at 25.00º C.
1 Given 3 Formula

• ΔH = -241.82 kJ ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆
• ΔS = -233.7 J/K
• T = 25.00º C
T = 25.00 + 273.15
T = 298.15 K

2 Asked 4 Solution

ΔG = ? 𝐽
∆𝐺 = −241.82 𝐾𝐽 − (298.15 𝐾)(−233.7 )
𝐾
∆𝐺 = −241.82 𝐾𝐽 − (−69,677.655 𝐽) Covert J to KJ
0.001 𝐾𝐽
𝐽 → 𝐾𝐽 = 69, 677.655 𝐽 𝑋 = 69.678 𝐾𝐽
1𝐽
∆𝐺 = −241.82 𝐾𝐽 − (−69.678 𝐾𝐽)

5 Answer
∆𝐺 = 311.5 KJ
Note: make sure to follow the correct number of significant figures for the final answer

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 Your Turn

The change in entropy of a cup of coffee where heat was added is

20 J/K and the temperature of the coffee itself is 250 K. What is the amount
of heat added to the cup of coffee?
1 Given 3 Formula

2 Asked 4 Solution

5 Answer

Note: make sure to follow the correct number of significant figures for the final answer

Your Turn

What is the standard entropy change when 10.0 g of methane reacts

with 10.0 g of oxygen?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Substance S° (J/mol · K)
CH4(g) = 186.2
O2(g) = 205.0
H2O(l) = 70.0
CO2(g) = 213.6

1 Given 3 Formula

2 Asked 4 Solution

5 Answer

Note: make sure to follow the correct number of significant figures for the final answer

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 ACTIVITY NO. 5 10 minutes

Directions: Click the link or scan the QR code to watch the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vfl3PxeSh54

“If you have no good drive in you, your life will not be steered
through a good direction. It will miss its destined station. Passion
or drive is what moves the vehicle of a fulfilled life.”
― Israelmore Ayivor

How important is direction in our lives? What directs you to overcome life’s challenges? What
leads you to be the BEST version of yourself?

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References

Benedictine Hallmarks. (2020). Retrieved from Benedictine Univeristy: http://www.ben.edu/center-for-

mission-and-identity/resources/hallmarks.cfm
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Sup
plemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_T
hermodynamics/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/11-4-colligative-properties/. (n.d.).

Organo, V. G., & Villanueva, D. U. (2018). General Chemistry 2. Malaysia: Oxford Publishing.

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