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DEFINATION
The branch of physical chemistry which deals
with the energy changes accompanying a
chemical reaction.
TERMS USED IN CHEMICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
System-
Surroundings.
Types of system-
- Open system
- Closed system
- Isolated system
Physical properties of a system-
1.Intensive properties-
eg. – temperature, pressure, viscosity, surface tension,
refractive index, specific heat, density, etc.
2.Extensive properties-
eg.- mass, volume, energy, heat capacsity, entropy, Gibb’s
free energy, ect.
Thermodynamic process-
-Isothermal process
-Adiabiotic process
-Isobaric process
-Isochoric process
-Reversible process
-irreversible process
INTERNAL ENERGY
Every substance possesses a definite amount of
energy which depends upon its chemical nature,
temperature, pressure and volume. This is
called internal energy (E).
Etotal= Et+Er+Ev+Ee+En+Ei
∆ E= E2 – E1
LAW’S OF THERMODYNAMICS
E2 - E1 = q+w ……...(2)
E=q+w
E2 = E1 + q + w ………….(1)
E2 - E1 = q+w ..………...(2)
∆E = q + w
If work is done by the system, then
∆E = q – w
Where,
∆S total >0 (Irreversible (real, spontaneous):
∆S total =0 (equillibrium) Reversible (ideal):
∆S total <0 non spontaneous
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
THIRD LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Nernst(1906)
The entropy of a pure crystalline substance
at absolute zero is 0.
DIFFERENCE B/N 1st and 2nd law
1st law is conserned with the accounting of the
various kinds of energy involved in a given
process.
2nd low is conserned with the availabity of the
energy of a given system for doing useful work.
Combining the 1st and 2nd law of
thermodynamics (Gibb’s in 1878)
∆G=∆H-T∆S
FREE ENERGY OR GIBB’S FREE ENERGY(G)
In 1878 J.V. Gibb’s created the free energy function by
combining the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics.
∆G = ∆H – T(∆S)
Free energy change (∆G )
G1, H1 and S1
G2, H2 and S2
A/C to Gibb’s
G1, H1 and S1 ….......(a)
G2, H2 and S2 ……...(b) where T is constant.
Eq. (b)- Eq. (a),
∆G = ∆H – T(∆S)
FREE ENERGY CHANGES AND
SPONTANEITY OF A PROCESS
For spontaneous process-
∆Stotal = ∆ Ssystem + ∆ Ssurroundings
or ∆Stotal = ∆ Ssystem +(-q/T) system
(qpsurroundings= -qpsystem )
ΔH ΔS ΔG