Assignment 1

PEEN6004- Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

Chapter 2 – Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering

Name: Leithol Pompeo Acencios Falcon

Student ID: 19028583

Question 1.1

1. Identify the fluid contacts present (if any) across the formation, with depths
referenced to a sub-sea (SS) datum. 50%

2. Calculate the various fluid gradients and densities.40%

3. Comment on the hydrostatic pressure regime of the reservoir.10%

• There is not presence gas in mud, but it does not imply that there is not gas in
reservoir. We must plot the depth vs formation pressure to analyse the gradients
and possible fluids involved.

• We have the following MDT Survey data:

Depth Formation
(RKB) Pressure
(metres) (psia)
3,523 4,973.0
3,528 4,974.3
3,529 4,974.6
3,530 4,974.8
3,531 4,975.1
3,532 4,975.4
3,536 4,978.3
3,540 4,982.9
3,543 4,986.3
3,546 4,989.8
3,549 4,993.2
3,556 5,002.8
3,560 5,008.5
3,570 5,023.0
3,572 5,025.9
3,586 5,046.1
• Also, The Relative to Kelly Bushing (RKB) was 75ft above the mean sea level
(MSL). Therefore, we can have depth referenced to a sub-sea from each point of
the table with the following equation:
Depth (SS) (ft) = Depth(RKB) (metres) x 3.28 (ft/metres) – 75ft
For example:
3,523 ftRKB x 3.28 ft/metres – 75 ft = 11,480.44 ftSS.
3,528 ftRKB x 3.28 ft/metres – 75 ft = 11,496.84 ftSS.

• Knowing it, we have the new chart and the plot Depth vs Formation Pressure.

Depth Formation
(SS) Pressure
(feet) (psia)
11,480.44 4,973.0
11,496.84 4,974.3
11,500.12 4,974.6
11,503.40 4,974.8
11,506.68 4,975.1
11,509.96 4,975.4
11,523.08 4,978.3
11,536.20 4,982.9
11,546.04 4,986.3
11,555.88 4,989.8
11,565.72 4,993.2
11,588.68 5,002.8
11,601.80 5,008.5
11,634.60 5,023.0
11,641.16 5,025.9
11,687.08 5,046.1

Depth vs Formation Pressure

FORMATION PRESSURE PSIA
4960 4970 4980 4990 5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 5050
11,450.00

11,500.00
DEPTH SS FT

11,550.00

11,600.00

11,650.00

11,700.00
• In the Chart, we can imply that until 11,509.96 ft there is a curve of gas
behaviour. Then, there are two straight lines, which are difficult to distinguish
between them. The green one is from oil and the blue is from water.

• We begin to calculate the gradients of each fluids. For that, to choose two points
from fluid straight line and calculate the slope.

- From (11,500.12 ft; 4,974.6 psia) and (11,506.68 ft; 4,975.1 psia)
Gg (Gradient Gas) = (4,975.1-4,974.6) / (11,506.68-11,500.12) = 0.08 psi/ft

- From (11,546.04 ft; 4,986.3 psia) and (11,536.2 ft; 4,982.9 psia)
Go (Gradient Oil) = (4,986.3-4,982.9) / (11,546.04-11,536.2) = 0.35 psi/ft

- From (11,641.16 ft; 5,025.9 psia) and (11,634.6 ft; 5,023.0 psia)
Gw (Gradient water) = (5,025.9-5,023.0) / (11,641.16-11,634.6) = 0.44 psi/ft

• Furthermore, we can obtain the fluid densities in reservoir. For that, to multiply
fluid gradients times 144.
- Gas reservoir Density (ρgr) = Gg x 144 = 0.08 psi/ft x 144 = 11.52 lb/ft3
- Oil reservoir Density (ρor) = Go x 144 = 0.35 psi/ft x 144 = 50.4 lb/ft3
- Water reservoir Density (ρwr) = Gw x 144 = 0.44 psi/ft x 144 = 63.36 lb/ft3
• Now, we can calculate fluid equations. For that, we just need a point and its
gradient.

- For Water straight line, using the hydrostatic pressure equation, Gwater
(0.44 psi/ft) and a point in the blue line. (11,601.8 ftSS; 5008.5 psia)

We calculate C to obtain the straight line and the pressure regime.

5008,5 psia = 0.44 psi/ft x 11,601.8ft + 14.7psi + C
C = -110.99 psi (the reservoir is under – pressured by 110.99 psi)
Water equation: Pw = 0.44 x D+ 14.7 – 110.99

- For Oil straight line, using Goil (0.35 psi/ft), a point in the green line
(11,546.04 ftSS; 4,986.3 psia) and following equation:

We calculate Co to obtain the straight line.

4,986.3 psia = 0.35 psi/ft x 11,546.04ft + Co
 Co = 945.19 psi
Oil equation: Po = 0.35 x D + 945.19

- For Gas Straight line, using Ggas (0.08 psi/ft), a point in the red line
(11,496.84 ftSS, 4,974.3 psia) and following equation:

We calculate Cg to obtain the straight line.

4,974.3 psia = 0.08 psi/ft x 11,496.84 ft + Cg
Cg = 4054.55 psi
Gas equation: Pg = 0.08 x D + 4054.55

• Having fluids equation, oil and gas line intersect in the OGC (oil-gas contact),
and oil and water line intersect in the OWC (oil-water contact).

- Crossing oil and gas line (Pg = Po) in Dogc (Depth of oil – gas contact)
So, 0.35 x Dogc + 945.19 = 0.08 x Dogc +4054.55
Dogc = 11,516.15 ftSS
Pogc = 4,975.84 psia

- Crossing oil and water line (Po = Pw) in Dowc (Depth of oil – water
contact)
So, 0.35 x Dowc + 945.19 = 0.44 x Dowc +14.7 - 110.99
Dowc = 11,572.0 ftSS
Powc = 4,995.39 psia

Question 1.2

1. Identify the gas oil contact. 70%

2. Estimate the height of the oil column. 30%

• The MDT survey provide us the following table data.

Depth Pressure Temperature

(ftSS) (psia) (oF)
2,450 1,184 100
2,700 1,225 100

• As the perforated interval to produce oil is of 2,700 to 2,780 ftSS and GOR is
constant (the produced gas is from the gas dissolved in oil), we can imply that the point
2,700ftss @1,225 psia is from oil zone. So, the point 2,450ftss@1,184 psia is from gas
zone (Free Gas)
• Calculating gas gradient and then gas equation from specific gravity 0.7 and gas
deviation factor Z 0.825 @ 1150 to 1200psia.

- δg (specific gravity) = ρg sc / ρair sc (sc: standard condition; ρ: density)

- δg (specific gravity) = Mg sc / Mair sc (sc: standard condition; M:
molecular weight lb/lb.mol)
So, Mg sc = δg x Mair sc, where Mair sc = 28.7 lb/lb.mol
Mg sc = 0.7 x 28.7 =20.09 lb/lb.mol
- To calculate ρgr (reservoir conditions), we will use the following equation:

- As we have Mg sc = 20.09 lb/lb.mol (Mg sc = Mg reservoir), the point in

gas zone (2,450 psia; 1,184 ftSS; 100oF), Z = 0.825 @ 1150 to 1200psia
and R (gas constant) = 10.732 ft3 x psi/(oRx lb.mol), we use them in the
equation above.
So, ρgr = 4.80 lb/ft3 and then Gg = ρgr/144 = 4.80/144 = 0.03 psi/ft
- If gas equation is Pg = Gg x D + Cg and having the point in gas zone
(2,450 psia; 1,184 ftSS; 100oF), we have 1184 psia = 0.03 psi/ft x 2450ft +
Cg. So, Cg = 1110.5 psi.
- Gas equation: Pg = 0.03 x D + 1110.5

• Calculating water gradient and then water equation from ρw sc = 65.40 lb/ft3
(Density of formation water to standard condition) and a formation volume factor of
1.022 (βw).

- ρwr (reservoir conditions) = ρw sc/ βw; ρwr = 65.4/1.022 = 63.99 lb/ft3

- Gw (water gradient) = ρwr/144 = 63.99/144 = 0.44 lb/ft3
- Water equation: Pw = 0.44 x D + 14.7 + Cw ( We do not know if the
reservoir is over or under pressured)

• Calculating oil gradient and then oil equation from API = 25.
- To calculate δo (specific gravity oil), we will use the following:

- δo = 141.5/ (API + 131.5) = 141.5 / (25 + 131.5) = 0.9

- we know that δo = ρo sc / ρfw sc, so ρo sc (density oil in standard
conditions) = 0.9 x 62.4 = 56.16 lb/ft3 where ρfw sc: density fresh water.
- To calculate ρor (density oil in reservoir), we will use the following:

But we do not have βo, so we cannot find ρor.

 - We just can express oil equation like:
Po = Go x D + Co

• Because the lack of data, we can assume the basic case (a normal hydrostatic
pressure). So, the water equation would be Pw = 0.44 x D + 14.7.
• We know the OWC is 2800 ftSS and Pw = Po
So, 0.44 x Dowc + 14.7 = Go x Dowc + Co
0.44 x 2,800 + 14.7 = Go x 2,800 + Co = 1,246.7……... (1)
• We know a point in oil zone (2,700 ftSS, 1,225 psia)
So, in an oil equation: Go x 2700 + Co = 1,225 ………. (2)

A system of equation to find Go and Co:

Go = 0.22 psi/ft; Co = 631 and oil equation is Po = 0.22 x D + 631

• Having fluids equation, oil and gas line intersect in the OGC (oil-gas contact).
Po=Pg
0.22 x Dogc + 631 = 0.03 x Dogc + 1110.5
Dogc = 2523. 68 ftSS

• As we know Dogc (Depth oil-gas contact) and Dowc (Depth oil-was contact), the
subtraction of them will give us height of oil column.

Height of oil column = Dowc – Dogc = 2800ftSS – 2523.68ftSS = 276.32 ft

Question 1.3

1. Calculate the Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place (STOIIP) from the geologist’s
volumetric estimate given in Table 2. 20%
2. Identify the drive mechanism(s) occurring during production. 45%
3. Estimate the bubble point pressure and Rsi and determine whether the reservoir is
saturated or undersaturated. 25%
4. Calculate the recovery factor and comment on whether this value is typical of the
drive mechanism interpreted from the production data. 10%

Average Cumulative
Reservoir Water Oil Water Gas
Time Pressure Oil Rate Rate Gas Rate Production Production Production
(days) (psia) (stb/d) (bbl/d) (MMscf/d) (MMstb) (Mbbl) (Bscf)
0 2,900 0 0 0 0 0 0
181 2,800 60,000 0 62 11 0 11
365 2,706 60,000 0 61 22 0 23
547 2,613 60,000 0 62 33 0 34
731 2,512 60,000 0 71 44 0 46
912 2,393 59,999 2 94 55 0 60
1,096 2,220 59,993 7 148 66 1 82
1,277 1,981 42,998 24 176 75 3 112
1,461 1,735 28,472 62 170 82 11 144
1,642 1,518 19,023 113 144 86 26 173
1,826 1,342 12,689 158 111 89 51 197
2,008 1,212 8,535 176 81 91 82 214
2,192 1,117 5,888 173 58 93 114 227
2,373 1,050 4,152 155 42 93 144 236
2,557 1,000 3,556 144 36 94 171 243
Table 1. Reservoir Production Data

Porosity ) = 0.20 fraction

Swr = 0.13 fraction
Boi = 1.56 rb/stb
NTG = 0.75 fraction
Thickness (h) = 37 metres
Area (A) = 14×106 m2
Table 2. Volumetric Data
• Calculating STOIIP (Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place) from table 2.
- Area = 14 x 10^6 m2 x (3.28)^2 ft2/m2 = 150.62 x 10^6 ft2
- H = 37 m x 3.28 ft/m = 121.36 ft
So, Volumen (V) = A x H = 150.62 x 10^6 x 121.36= 18.28 x 10^9 ft3
As NTG = 0.75, Net Bulk Volumen = V x NTG = 13.71 x 10^9 ft3
- Hydrocarbon Pore Volumen (HCPV) = NBV x x (1 – Swr)
So, HCPV = 13.71 x 10^9 x 0.2 x (1 – 0.13) = 2.39 x 10 ^ 9 rb
N (STOIIP) = HCPV/ βoi = 2.39 x 109 rb/ 1.56 (rb/stb) = 1.53 x 10^9 stb

• Recovery Factor (Rf) = Np/STOIIP where Np: Total Oil production 94 MMSTB
- So, Rf = 94 MMstb/ 1530 MMSTB = 0.06 = 6%

• From Table 1, we create a new table. Where GOR = Gas rate/ Oil rate and
Water cut = Water rate / (Oil rate + Water rate)

Oil production % Reservoir

of STOIIP GOR Water Cut pressure
0.0 0 2,900
0.7 1033.33 0.0 2,800
1.4 1016.67 0.0 2,706
2.2 1033.33 0.0 2,613
2.9 1183.33 0.0 2,512
3.6 1566.69 0.0 2,393
4.3 2466.95 0.0 2,220
4.9 4093.21 0.1 1,981
5.4 5970.78 0.2 1,735
 5.6 7569.78 0.6 1,518
5.8 8747.73 1.2 1,342
5.9 9490.33 2.0 1,212
6.1 9850.54 2.9 1,117
6.1 10115.61 3.6 1,050
6.1 10123.73 3.9 1,000

• Plotting Oil production % of STOIIP vs Reservoir pressure, GOR and Cut Water

3,500 12000.00

3,000
10000.00

2,500
8000.00
Reservoir pressure
Cut Water

2,000

GOR
6000.00

1,500

GOR begins constant. 4000.00

1,000 When the reservoir reaches
Bubble point, GOR starts to
increase. Pb= ~2,393psia
2000.00
500

0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

oil production % of STOIIP

- Inactive aquifer (Low water cut)

- Low recovery factor ~6%
- High GOR but in the end, the curve of GOR has to tendency to drop
- High drop of reservoir pressure

• According to behavior of water cut, GOR and reservoir pressure, we can imply
that the drive mechanisms is solution gas drive.
• One characteristics of Solution Gas Drive is to have a range of recovery factor
from 5% to 25%. We found a 6% of recovery factor, which corroborates that
our reservoir has solution gas drive.
• GOR begins constant (It means GORi = Rsi = 1033.33 scf/stb). When the
reservoir reaches Bubble point, GOR starts to increase. Pb= ~2,393psia.
Because the reservoir is a solution gas drive and initially the reservoir pressure is
above bubble pressure, the reservoir is saturated.

Question 1.4

a. Identify the gas-oil contact (GOC)? 80%

b. A well test program performed on Well B produced oil with a constant flowrate
of 7,000 stb/d and a corresponding gas flowrate of 10 MMscf/d. Calculate the
production GOR? Then based on the GOR value you just calculated and with
the knowledge that the aquifer support for the reservoir is considered to be
weak, what advice you would have for the production engineer to help him/her
to prevent fast decline in reservoir pressure? 20%

Well A Well b

Depth (ftss) Pressure (psia)

4,575.00 2,330.27
4,675.00 2,336.95
Table 1
Bo 1.25 rb/stb
Rs 1,000 scf/stb
Bw 1.02 rb/stb
Gas expansion factor (E) 180 scf/rcf
Gas specific gravity (surface
conditions) 0.7
Oil specific gravity (surface
conditions) 0.8
Water surface density 64.63 lb/ft3
Table 2 PVT
• According to the well A, there are not traces of hydrocarbons. It means we
could have a reservoir of water.
So, having the point (5,500 ftss; 2,534.7 psia) and PVT data of water, we can
determine the hydrostatic pressure regime of well A.
- ρw sc = 64.63 lb/ft3 and βw = 1.02 rb/stb, so ρwr = 64.63/1.02
=63.36lb/ft3
- Gw = ρwr/144 = 63.36/144 = 0.44psi/ft
- Using the hydrostatic pressure equation, Gwater (0.44 psi/ft) and the
point. (5,500 ftss; 2,534.7 psia)

2,534.7 = 0.44 x 5,500 + 14.7 + C, so C = 100 psi (over-pressured

reservoir in Well A). We can assume the reservoir in well B is over-
pressured because there is perfect regional aquifer connectivity.
• Well B, OWC has been detected to be at 5,700 ftss.
• So, we can find the pressure in OWC (WellB). Using hydrostatic pressure
equation in normal pressured reservoir (C = 100).
Powc = 0.44 x 5700 + 14.7 + 100 = 2622.7
• Well B, we have a point that is in oil zone and water zone at the same time.
(5,700 ftss; 2,622.7 psia) We must calculate the oil gradient from pvt data.
First, to calculate gas gradient from pvt data.

- Specific gravity gas (δg) = 0.7 and Expansion Factor (E) = 180 scf/rcf
δg = ρg sc/ ρair sc, where ρair sc = 0.0763 lb/ft3
ρg sc = 0.7 x 0.0763 = 0.05 lb/ft3
ρgr (reservoir conditions) = ρg sc x E = 0.05 x 180 = 9lb/ft3
Gg = ρgr / 144 = 9/144 = 0.06 psi/ft

- Specific gravity oil (δo) = 0.8, βo = 1.25rb/stb and Rs = 1000scf/stb

δo = ρo sc/ ρfresh water sc, where ρfresh water sc = 62.4 lb/ft3
ρo sc = 0.8 x 62.4 = 49.92 lb/ft3
ρor = ρo sc/βo + Rs x ρg sc/ 5.615βo = 49.92/1.25 +(1,000 x 0.05)/
(5.615 x 1.25) = 47.06lb/ft3
Go = ρor / 144 = 47.06/ 144 = 0.33 psi/ft

- Oil equation: Po = Go x D + Co, Point OWC (5,700 ftss; 2,622.7 psia)

2,622.7 = 0.33 x 5700 + Co, so Co = 741.7
Po = 0.33 x D + 741.7

- From Table 1, we have 2 points (4,575; 2,330.27) and (4,675;

2,336.95), if we calculate the slope between these two points, we
have a slope equal 0.066. Our gas gradient from pvt data is 0.06
psi/ft. It means that these two points belong to gas zone.
 - Gas equation: Pg = Gg x D + Cg, point (4,575; 2,330.27) in gas zone
2330.27 = 0.06 x 4575 + Cg, so Cg = 2055.77
Pg = 0.06 x D + 2055.77

• Having fluids equation, oil and gas line intersect in the OGC (oil-gas
contact), and oil and water line intersect in the OWC (oil-water contact).

- Crossing oil and gas line (Pg = Po) in Dogc (Depth of oil – gas
contact)
0.33 x Dogc + 741.7 = 0.06 x Dogc + 2055.77
Dogc = 4866.93 ftSS

• As aquifer is not active, it can be assumed that the pressure reservoir will
decline fast. The production engineer must reduce production rate to avoid
the quickly loss of gas dissolved in oil. This will allow that the gas dissolved
has time to go up the oil zone and then energizes the system.