Shree Ganesh H.

Secondary School
Ganesh Chock, Kathmandu
Pr oject Wor k

Project work on
Computer Science
XI

Submitted by Submitted to
YABESH RAI
Name:….………………….. Computer Department
1405
Roll:……………………….. Ganesh HSS Ganesh Chok.
XI
Class:………………………
Intr oduction of Computer
Computer is the most powerful device that man has ever made. It has
made a great compact on our everyday life. Computers are seen
everywhere around us, in all spheres of life. May it be the field of
education and research, travel and tourism, weather forecasting, social
networking, ecommerce or any other; computers have now become an
indispensable part of our lives. The manner, in which computers have
revolutionized our lives because of their accuracy and speed of
performing a job, is truly remarkable. Today no organization can
function without a computer. In fact various organizations are trying
to become paper free owing to benefits of computers. But the
computers of today have evolved over the years from a simple
calculating device to the portable high speed computers that we see
today.
In other words, a computer is a programmable machine designed to
sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or
logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be
changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind
of problem. An important class of computer operations on some
computing platforms is the accepting of input from human operators
and the output of results formatted for human consumption. It is an
electronic device that gives result after processing interpreted data or
instructions. It follows the Principle of Input-Processing-Output, i.e. it
accepts inputs, processes it and gives output in desired form to the
user and also stores it if necessary.
 Advantages of Computer
· Computer is faster than human being and any other devices ever
invented.
· It is always accurate and reliable than human.
· It is versatile i.e. master in all types of work and fields like
education, hospital, bank etc.
· It can be used for communication among many users.
· It never feels exhausted and tired like human being, thus useful for
repeated jobs.
· It has large and permanent storage facility. As a result data and
programs can be stored, modified and used for different purposes.
· It is used to develop and control simulators.
· By the help of computer and its technology complex tasks will be
easier, like sitting in computer exploring places of the world using
Google map.

Disadvantages of Computer
· Computer can be used for computer crime like hacking, cracking,
creating and sending malicious software like Virus, Worm, Trojan
horse etc.
· It has increased dependency on machine.
· It is still expensive so each and every people cannot afford the
computer.
· Repair and maintenance is required frequently.
· Skilled manpower is required to work in the computer.
· The failure of device or program can produce unreliable things as a
result loss of data and information.
· Using this technology, it will increase piracy of intellectual
properties.
· Failure of component or device of computer leads failure of human
life and wealth.
Application ar eas of Computer
Computer has great impact on every aspect of mankind and plays
an important role in our society. Computer technology is one of the
fastest developing technologies. It has numerous impacts in the
daily life of modern society. Every sphere of instrument/device
that only huge institution/organization could afford for complex
scientific calculations. They used for lunching the precise orbit of
Ballistic Missile or space craft and processing statistics for the
Bureau of the Census and other engineering purposes.
Nowadays computer is used in education, business, office,
hospitals, bank work, factory, military, airways, robotics, graphics,
communication etc and many other fields. Some of the main
application areas of computer are as follows:

Computer in Education
In education, most good schools in the world have computers for
use in the institution. It has been proved that learning with
computers has been more successful and this is why numerous
forms of new teaching methods have been introduced. This
enhances the knowledge of the computers in our daily life.
In educational institutions, computer is used as teaching aids,
information resources and computing and research means or tools.
Computer has generated a new subject of study in terms of
Computer science, Computer Engineering, and ICT.

Computer in Business
In business sector, a point of Sale terminal is mostly used in
department Mall, shops and other retail centers to process sale
transaction. The computer prints name of the item, rate and price
validated date and other details on the receipt and issues the
receipt to the customer, then total amount to be paid. Most notable
thing is that it also updates sale records and inventory control. E-
Commerce is being popular these days. It is the process of selling
and buying products or services by using electronic medium.
Payments are done electronically through the computer.

Computer in Office
In office, computer is used in preparing report, memorandum and
copy of advertisement, letter publicity, contract, and notice that is
the basic works of an office. It helps user in preparing, storing,
retrieving and displaying text. In office accounting, billing
preparation of payrolls, data analysis, auditing, investment,
inventory control, preparation of budgets, sales analysis is also
performed. In most of the computerized office, word processing
and spread applications are used.

Computer in Industr y
In Industry, computer is extensively used for automatic control of
machines, process, measurement and display of electrical and
physical quantities. For example, automatic control of temperature
for a heating system, speed of a motor, voltage of generator,
pressure of boiler, testing of products all are microprocessor based
computer system.

Computer in Bank
Banks use computer for general-purpose computations, to handle
transaction, to issue fixed deposit receipts, to make withdrawals
and deposits to customers, to provide online services to customers
who want to perform bank transactions from terminals and to
answer customers regarding their balance.
These days, banks provide 24 hours ATM service, where user can
withdraw their money anytime from ATM machine by using the
ATM card. Online banking service is being popular, which is the
process of performing banking transactions using computer the
internet.
Computer in Communication
Computer is massively used in communication. Communication is
done by email, chat, e-fax throughout a computer network that
connects a number of computers or workstations with the help of
Internet. In communications, computers are used to view and post
news on computer Bulletin Board System, for electronic shopping,
banking and brokerage and to get information services.
 Featur es of Gener ations of Computer
The development of Computer is not a one day's invention. In fact, it
began with the civilization and computing instructions on devices. It
has been identified that there are four major stages in the continuous
development process of the computers; these stages are called
computer generations. In fact, computer system belonging to one
particular technological class is said to belong to a particular
computer generation.
Featur es of First Generation Computer
· Technology Used: Vacuum tube
· Operating speed was in terms of milliseconds range.
· Machine language was used to instruct the computer.
· Primary memory used: Magnetic core memory
· Secondary memory used: Electrostatic tubes, paper tape, punched
card, magnetic tape.
· Punched card, printing devices were used for inputoutput operations
and store the result
· It occupied very large space, slow processing, inefficient, and
unreliable due to low accuracy
· The computers used to be much expensive
· It could only perform straight forward simple numerical calculations.
· Examples : ENIAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC 1
Featur es of Second Generation Computer
· Use transistor based technology
· Were smaller and less expensive as compared to first generation
· Consumed less electricity and emitted less heat
· Magnetic core memories and magnetic disks were used as primary
and secondary storage respectively
· First operating system developed
· Programming in assembly language and in the later part high level
languages were used
· Wider commercial use but commercial production was still difficult
· They also required constant air-conditioning.
· Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108
Featur es of Thir d Generation Computer
· ICs with LSI and VLSI technology
· Microprocessors developed
· Portable computers developed
· Networking and data communication became popular
· Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and
fast access developed
· Very reliable, powerful and small in size
· Negligible power consumption and heat generation
· Very less production cost
· Examples: IBM 360 series, ICL-900 series etc.
Featur es of Four th Generation Computer
· Microprocessor based technology i.e. VLIC is used
· The operating speed is in terms of picoseconds range.
· Problem oriented 4GL is used to develop programs
· Primary memory in use: Semiconductor memories
· Secondary memory in use: Magnetic disks
· Advanced, user friendly web based software are developed
· Size, cost, power requirement, heat generation decreased compared to
previous generations.
· Operating speed, storage capacity, use of computer increased
compared to previous generations.
· Examples: IBM-PC, HP laptops, Mac Notebook etc.
Featur es of Fifth Generation Computer
· Bio-chips and VVLSI are to be used
· This computers will have AI
· Natural language will be used to develop programs
· These computers will have parallel processing in full fledge.
· The operating speed will be in terms of LIPS and more than femto
second
· Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will be used
completely.
· IKBS are the central elements of fifth generation computers. The
computers will based on KIPS
· These types of computers have not been developed yet.
Classification of Computer
Computers are classified according to working principle, size,
brand, model and purpose. A single computer can be
microcomputer on the basis of size, IBM compatible on the basis
of brand, AT computer on the basis of model, digital computer on
the basis of working principle and general purpose computer.

On the basis of wor king pr inciple

a) Analog Computer
An analog computer is a form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
quantities to model the problem being solved. It is a special purpose
computer and is mainly used in scientific work and not for
commercial or personal purpose. Generally it has less storage memory.
It is specially designed to compute physical forces such as
temperature, pressure etc.
Presley, thermometer, barometer, speedometer are the examples of
Analog computer
b) Digital Computer
It is the computer that performs calculations and logical operations
with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number
system. It is multipurpose and programmable, so it is high cost, fast
processing, more accurate and has larger memory capacity. It is
usually general purpose computer.
Examples: IBM PC, IBM Compatible, Apple/Macintosh computer etc.

c) Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer is the combination of computers those are capable of
inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid
computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing
complex simulations. It can processes both continues and discrete data.
It is mostly used in airplane, radar communication, rocket launching
weather forecasting etc.
On the basis of Size

a) Super Computer
A super computer is the most powerful and fastest computer among
digital computers. They are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires
a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated
graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum exploration.
Due to its high cost and size, it is relatively rare. It used only by large
corporations, universities and government agencies.
b) Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computer is a very large and expensive computer capable
of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously.
In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor at the bottom
and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs.
c) Mini Computer
Mini computers are midsized computer. In size and power,
minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past
decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a
multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200
users simultaneously.
d) Micro Computer
Micro computer is a computer which is based on microprocessor, is
called Microcomputer. It is a small low cost digital computer; it
requires small space, can be placed on a table or even kept inside a
briefcase. This computer has central processing unit on a single chip.
It is mainly used in office, house, school, shop and store. The Micro
computers are IBM PC, Apple/Macintosh etc.
On the basis of Br and
a) IBM PC
IBM stands for international Business Machine. The IBM is one of
the largest computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing
company in the world, founded by an American Herman Hollerith in
USA in 1924 AD. The Microcomputers of IBM Company are called
IBM PC. It is leading company in Computer Manufacturing. IBM
Computers are reliable, durable and processes high speed processing.

b) Apple/Macintosh Computer
Apple/Macintosh also known as Mac Computer is developed by
Apple Corporation. Apple Company was established in 1976s.
Architecture of this computer is totally different than that of IBM, not
only the hardware portion; it has its own software as well. The
software is much better because they are User-friendly and easy to
handle. Almost all software's made for IBM machine doesn't operate
on Macintosh and vice-versa.

On the basis of Model

a) XT computer
XT stands for extra or extended technology. It is an old technology
with very slow processing speed. It is text based system with no GUI.
Input/output device was not flexible and is slower than present
devices. Processor like Intel 8080, 8086 used this technology.
b) AT Computer
AT stands for advanced technology. AT computer is faster in
processing and can run both GUI based and CUI. IO devices are
interactive, flexible and faster. It was a medium speed processing
device.
c) PS/2 Computer
PS/2 stands for personal system-2. It is the modification of AT
computer, making the computer faster than AT. It was mostly used in
laptops with rechargeable and battery operated system with faster and
flexible IO devices.
On the basis of Pur pose (Use)

a) General Purpose Computer

The computer which can be used for multiple or generalized task is
known as general purpose computer. General-purpose computers are
designed to solve large variety of problems. They can be given
different types of problems. They are usually versatile and process
business data as readily as they process complex mathematical
formulas. General-purpose computers can storage large amounts of
data and the programs necessary to process them. Because they are so
versatile, most business today uses general-purpose computers.

b) Special Purpose Computer

A computer which is used for particular work only, is called a special
purpose computer i.e. special-purpose computers are designed to
solve specific problems. The Special- purpose computers incorporate
many features of general-purpose computers but support highly
specialized data processing tasks. They are designed to handle
specific problems and are not applied to other computerized activities.
Block Diagr am of main components of the computer
Input Unit Central Processing Output Unit
(E.g. Keyboard, Unit (CPU) (E.g. Printer, Monitor)

Memory Unit
Main Memory
(E.g. RAM, ROM)

Auxiliary Memory
(E.g. Hard disk, CD)

Input Unit
Input unit provides an interface between user and machine, for
inputting data and instruction into the computer memory. Input unit
accepts input, converts it into computer readable format and provides
it for processing and storage. Examples of input unit are Keyboard,
Mouse, and Microphone etc.
CPU Unit
The CPU is like the brain of a computer that organizes and executes
instruction. Its primary function is to execute instructions. Besides
executing instruction, the CPU controls the operation of other
components such as memory, input and output devices. Under its
control, programs and data are stored in memory, displayed on the
monitor or printed on the paper.
Memory Unit
Memory is responsible for storing data and instructions either for
short or longer period of time. Main memory known as primary
memory stores data and instructions just for during processing, and
auxiliary memory stores data for longer period of time and it also can
store huge amount of data.
Output unit
Output unit provides the result after processing the data to the users. It
converts the output into user understandable format before providing
it to the users. The computer generates two types of output; one is
Softcopy output which cannot be felt or touched. Another is Hardcopy
that can be felt and touched.
Functions of the Oper ating System
Operating System is regarded as the heart of the computer. It works as
an interface between users and Computer hardware. It makes a
Computer System convenient to use. Without OS Computer is useless.
It controls the overall resources of the computer system, hides the
complexities of the hardware from user and creates an environment to
install various Application Software.
Main functions of the Operating System are as follows:

1. IO management 2. Command Interpreter

3. Data management 4. Memory management
5. Process management 6. Device management
7. File management 8. Time Sharing
9. Security 10. Deadlock prevention
11. Interrupt Handling 12. Virtual storage.

1. IO management:
Input/output is essential to operation of any computer. It allows
computer to interact with peripheral devices such as key board, mouse,
terminals, disks or tapes, printers etc.

2. Command Inter pr eter :

High level command which can be provided by using mouse and
keyboard to the computer system cannot directly understood by the
machine, but the operating system converts high level command into
machine oriented command so that computer could produce the
required output and this process is called command interpreter.

3. Data management:
All the logical components containing by the computer system are
consider as data. OS recognizes the type of data and ensure whether it
is done by application software or not. The capability of an operating
system to make a logical data recognizable is called data management.
4. Memory management:
Memory management ensures whether the memory space is enough to
load running program. It takes s a responsibility to disconnect
instruction and memory so that further processing can be done. OS
determines the amount of memory required for the program
instructions and data.

5. Pr ocess management:
Process management allocates a processor to execute a chosen process
. It checks whether the processor is available to perform given task. If
more than two processes are executed at the same time, OS performs a
job scheduler task.

6. Device management:
The device management allocates a device to a process. It finds the sta
tus of device, channels and control units, finds answers to questions
like which process, which device, how much and allocates the device
to the process, initiates the IO operation and finally frees the device
when the process is completed.

7. File management:
File management keeps track of all information on files. It opens and
closes files, it finds and records the following for all files: location,
size, usage, status, etc. it also finds as to which process wants which
files checks through the protection routine opens the file if allowed
and allocates it to the process finally it closes the file when the
process is executed.

8. Time shar ing:

Time sharing system allows many users to simultaneous share the
computer resources. OS has a capability to slice the processing time
and distribute among the running processes, so multiple programs can
be run at the same time.

9. Secur ity:
Security function of an operating system is to protect computer
system from unauthorized access even it provides different utility
softwares to protect computer's data and files.

10. Deadlock pr evention:

Sometimes processor cannot continue two or more processed because
the resource required by a process is held by another, this situation is
known as deadlock. OS ensures that the above condition dot not hold
and thus prevents it from deadlock. It takes suitable action by careful
allocation of resources so that deadlock and be avoided.

11. Inter r upt handling:

An interrupt is a signal generated from a device attached to a
computer or from a program within the computer that causes the main
program that operates the computer to stop and figure out what to do
next. It is the event that makes the processor stop executing its
program to perform some requested activity.

12. Vir tual stor age:

In a multiprogramming system, there can be many programs loaded in
the memory along with OS. If there are programs larger than main
memory of the computer, OS uses free space of secondary memory,
which is termed as virtual memory.
 Classification of Pr ogr amming language
Programming language communicate with the computer. The
programming language provides the set of symbols, characters,
strings, numbers, variable, constant etc. that helps us to make the
statement. A statement is used to express the task what we want to
perform that's why we need programming language.
There are two types of programming language, which can be
categorized into the following ways:
1. Low Level Language
2. High Level Language

Low Level Language:

Low level languages can be converted to machine code without
using a compiler or interpreter, and the resulting code runs directly on
the processor. A program written in a low level language can be
made to run very fast, and with a very small memory footprint; an
equivalent program in a high level language will be more
heavyweight. Low level languages are simple, but are considered
difficult to use, due to the numerous technical details which must be
remembered. Examples of Low-level programming language are:
Machine Code and Assembly language.
Advant ages of this Language are
· This language is directly understood by computer, so language
translator often doesn't require.
· Execution speed of the program is faster.
· Use of hardware components like memory processor is efficient in
this Language
· It is useful for developing hardware oriented system software like
device driver, remote control system, robotics etc.
Disadvant ages of this language are
· It is difficult and time consuming to develop program
· Programmers require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture.
· It is machine dependent language.
· Operation codes and memory addresses have to be remembered.
 High Level Language

A high level programming language is a programming language

with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In
comparison to low level programming languages, it may use natural
language elements, be easier to use, or be from the specification of the
program, making the process of developing a program simpler and
more understandable with respect to a low level language. "High
level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine
language. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses and
call stacks, high level languages deal with variables, arrays, objects,
complex arithmetic or Boolean expressions, subroutines and functions,
loops, threads, locks, and other abstract computer science concepts,
with a focus on usability over optimal program efficiency. Other
features, such as string handling routines, object oriented language
features, and file input/output, may also be present. Examples of high
level programming languages are: C, C++, C#, LISP, PROLOG etc.

Advant ages of t his Langua ge ar e

· It is easier to develop and debug program.
· Programmer doesn't require the detail knowledge of hardware
architecture.
· It is user friendly
· User doesn't require knowing all memory addresses and operation
codes.
· It minimizes user's effort to obtain information from computer.

Disadvant ages of t his language ar e

· It is machine independent language so commands are required to
be translated.
· It is slower processing compared to the low level languages.
· It requires language translators.
Micr osoft Wor d
The application software or program that helps us in
processing the text is called a MS-Word. Microsoft word is very
powerful, advance and useful word-processing software developed by
Microsoft Corporation, USA. In the field of electronic word
processing, this has remarkable features of integrating capability with
other software. It has all kind of word processing facilities like to
create, edit format save and print document, to check spellings and
grammatical to search for synonyms and antonyms to work with
newspaper columns tables to add footnotes and endnotes, page
number, special number, bookmarks, comments etc. It is popularly
used in writing documents, letters, thesis, brochures, newsletters,
reports etc. Though there are many other free word processing
software over the sphere, MS Word is considered as the best word-
processing software among them. Its extension is docx.
Featur es of MS Wor d
The following are the features of MS-Word.
a) Fast operation: Typing text in a MS-Word becomes very fast as
there is no mechanical carriage movement associated.
b) Editing text features: Any type of operations likewise insert
delete modify the documents and undo/redo find/replace can be
perform performed at anytime in place of the text very easily. These
insertion deletion or correction can be performed at anytime in place
of the text. These alternations can be made before and after typing the
entire document, similarly move or other document to another
location in the entire material of the document too.
c) Formatting features: The electronic typed text can be appear or
insert in any form or style like bold, italic, underline, different fonts
font size its color and paragraph formatting can be easily made.
d) Permanent storage: By the help of MS-Word, files and
documents can be saved as long as preferred and saved files and
documents can be retrieved whenever desired.
e) Graphics: It provides facilities to insert text, objects anywhere in
the document whenever necessary.
f) Review the document: It not only is capable of checking spelling
mistakes but also can suggest possible alternatives for incorrectly
spelt words.
g) Mail Merge: It is an option used to merge a list of operation such
as names addresses email phone numbers with the main document.
The main document contains original text with data area at
appropriate places to produce a number of copies of merged document
while defined the merging task.
h) Searching: It facilitates to search for any word or text and replace
or delete with other necessary ones in the entire material of the
document very easy.
i) Print design: It provides print preview, printing area number of
copies paper size before print to view the document exactly as per the
convenience or not.
i) OLE (Object Linking & Embedding): It provides facilities to link
or embed objects in a document. Objects are saved entitles of different
types like charts, equations, pictures and audios/video clips.
 Micr osoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application
program written and distributed by Microsoft Company for Microsoft
Windows and Mac OS X. It is used to input and calculate the data
according to need of users. The application areas of the excel are
Basic mathematical calculation financial modeling and analysis
statistical analysis scientific and engineering calculations database
management graphic presentation data base front end and developing
custom application using VBA etc. all these are performed using
mathematical relationship between rows and columns or relationship
between sheets. This application file name is EXCEL.EXE and its
extension is *.XLSX.

Featur es of MS-Excel
The following are common features of MS Excel
· It allows data entry storage calculations and presentation.
· Formatting of data for making it attractive by using tools like font,
font color font size etc.
· Simple computing operations like copy cut paste find replace etc.
· Sorting data either or ascending or descending order on the bases
different fields.
· Formula for calculations using cell address including mathematical
statistical trigonometrically etc.
· Allow to share workbooks, allowing multiple users to edit the same
workbook at same time.
· Provide various chart types and shapes like Pie, Bar XY, Stack Bar
Area 3DPie etc.
· Data validation for setting data entry rules.
· Internet features including a web toolbar and the ability to create
hyperlinks and to save files using Save as HTML option.
· Advanced features like goal seek, scenario, auditing, what if analysis,
pivot table, pivot chart etc.
· Supports the high level features of object linking & embedding.
· Support natural language formulas.
Basic Fundamental of MS Excel
a) Wor kbook
A workbook is the file in which user works and stores data.
A workbook contains many worksheets. By default there are three
worksheets in a workbook.

b) Wor ksheet
A worksheet or spreadsheet is an electronic sheet. It is a
grid of vertical columns and horizontal rows that are combined to
make a flat sheet like according sheet, banking sheet mark sheet etc.
Spreadsheet program is also called the accounting program Worksheet
is a large working area where we can enter edit data and perform
various kinds of calculations. Worksheet can contain text, numbers
data formula chart etc.

c) Cell
The intersection between row and column is called a cell
in which data can be stored. Cells are surrounded by light gray line
known as gridlines. A cell can be identified its cell address which is
made up of a column heading and row number.

d) Cell r efer ence

A cell's location in the spreadsheet is referred to as its cell
reference. The reference is a combination of the column letter and row
number such as A1, B3 or K36 etc. it is very important while writing
formula or addressing the cell to evaluate the values. There are two
types of cell reference; Relative Cell Reference and Absolute Cell
Reference.
Student's Result Sheet
Bill of exchange
 Conclusion

By doing this project work we students are capable of preparing

various mini projects that are use in the office business or in our daily
life. It created the skills and knowledge of computer in me. I really
enjoyed doing this project. I made it within a week and spent some
days on its moderation. Now, I am satisfied with my project work and
the report.