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 STES’s

SKN Sinhgad Institute of Technology and Science, Lonavala.

F.E., Semester - I (2020-21)

Engineering Mathematics I

Notes of Unit V (Matrices)

Minor of a matrix: It is a determinant of a matrix obtained by deleting some

rows and columns of a given matrix. The order of square matrix so obtained is
called order of a minor.

Minor of an element : Let A be any square matrix, then minor of an element

is denoted by and is determinant of a matrix obtained by deleting ith row
and jth column of A.

Rank of a matrix: A non-zero matrix A is said to be of rank r if there is (i) at

least one minor of order r which is not equal to zero and (ii) all the minors of
order (r+1) must be equal to zero.
The rank of a matrix A is denoted by .

Elementary transformation do not alter the rank of a matrix.

Echelon form: A non-zero matrix A is said to be in echelon form if (i) all the zero
rows must be at the bottom of matrix, (ii) first non-zero element of each must be
equal to 1 called as leading one, (iii) in any two successive non-zero rows, the
leading one in the upper row must be on the left of leading one in the lower row.

[ ]
The number of non-zero rows in an echelon form is equal to rank of a matrix.

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Normal form : By performing elementary transformation any non-zero matrix
can be reduce to one of the following four forms called as normal forms [ ]

[ ] where is identity matrix of order r, and 0 denotes null or zero

matrix.

[ ]

Finding non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in normal form:

If A is any matrix then it can be written as .

Apply elementary transformation to reduce matrix A to normal form. Apply the

same row transformation on a matrix which is on the left of A and the same
column transformation on the matrix which is on right of A. When A get reduce
to normal the corresponding matrices get reduce to P and Q.

If A is non-singular matrix then normal form of A is i.e. and then

.

System of linear equations:

Consider the system of equations in unknowns

The above system of equation can be written in matrix form as

[ ][ ] [ ]

i. e.
The set of values of which satisfies all equations simultaneously
is called solution of the system and such system is called consistent
system, otherwise it is called inconsistent system.

For the system of equation if then it is called non-homogeneous

system and if then is called homogeneous system.

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The matrix [ | ] is called augmented matrix and is denoted

by .

Conditions for consistency of non-homogeneous system.

𝐴𝑋 𝐵
with 𝑚 eqns and 𝑛 unknowns

Augmented matrix is 𝐴 𝐵
Reduce it to echelon form
Find 𝜌 𝐴 and 𝜌 𝐴 𝐵

𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝑟 𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴𝐵
consistent inconsistent

𝑟 𝑛 𝑟<𝑛 No
Unique soln Infinite soln solution

For finding infinite number of solutions, put arbitrary value for variables
and find remaining variables in terms of these arbitrary constants.
Conditions for consistency of non-homogeneous system.

𝐴𝑋
with 𝑚 eqns and 𝑛 unknowns

Augmented matrix is 𝐴
Reduce it to echelon form
For homo sys 𝜌 𝐴 𝜌𝐴 𝑟
Always consistent

𝑟 𝑛 𝑟<𝑛
Unique soln Infinite soln
Trivial soln Non-trivial soln

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 Linear dependent and independent vectors
The vectors X1, X2, … , Xm are said to be linearly dependent if there exist m
scalars c1, c2, … , cm , not all zero, such that c1X1+ c2X2+ … +cm Xm=0

The vectors X1, X2, … , Xm are said to be linearly independent if every relation of
the type
c1X1+ c2X2+ … +cm Xm=0 implies c1 = c2 =… = cm = 0.

Consider c1X1+ c2X2+ … +cm Xm=0, which gives homogeneous system of equation
in c1, c2, … , cm. If this homogeneous system possesses non-trivial solutions then
vectors are linearly dependent and if trivial solution then vectors are linearly
independent.

Linear Transformation: is called linear transformation. If it is

called non-singular transformation and if it is called singular or regular
transformation, in this case exists and inverse transformation is given by
.

Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if .

For orthogonal matrix .

1) Reduce the following matrix A to its normal form and hence find its rank,

i) [ ]

ii) [ ]

iii) [ ]

iv) [ ]

v) [ ]

vi) [ ]

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 2) Examine the consistency of the system of equations and solve if consistent:

i) , , ,

ii)

iii) ,

iv) ,

v) , , ,

vi) ,

vii) ,

3) Examine whether following vectors are linearly dependent. If so, find

relation between them

i) ( ) ( ) ( )

ii) ( ) ( ) ( )

iii) ( ) ( ) ( )

iv) ( ) ( ) ( )

v) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

vi) ( ) ( ) ( )

4) Show that the matrix [ ] is orthogonal matrix, hence find

5) Show that the transformation

is non-singular. Also find the values of if ,
by using inverse transformation.

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 6) Find non-singular matrices and such that is in the normal form
and hence find if it exists.

[ ]

7) Find the values of if the matrix is orthogonal where [ ]

8) Find the non-singular matrices and such that is in normal form.

Hence find rank of , where [ ]

9) Determine the values of for which the equations

are consistent and solve them for these values of .

10) If is orthogonal, find .

(i) [ ](ii) [ ]

11) For what values of the equation

have infinite number of solutions? Hence find the solutions.

12) For what values of does the following system of equations possess a non-
trivial solution/ Obtain the solution for these values of .

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