PARTICIPANTS’ GUIDE: JUDGE

You are in charge of the trial. Like a referee or umpire you must make sure the trial is conducted fairly.

Before the Trial

♦ Read through all the information in the case.
♦ Think about what seem to be the key points and what you need to know.
♦ Note down questions you would like to ask the defendant or the witnesses, if the lawyers do not ask
them. Your prepared questions should be limited to one for the defendant and one for each of the
witnesses. [Judges are not obliged to ask any extra questions and if time is short, may be asked by the
organiser not to do so.]
♦ Make sure you understand the procedure. Agree with the clerk and usher about how the room is set up.
The Judge has the final say if there is any doubt.

During the Trial

♦ Make sure things happen in the right order. If you are in doubt you can stop the proceedings to check
(but only do so at a sensible time, not when someone is in the middle of a sentence or speech); you must
be ready to lead the proceedings by saying what should happen next if the clerk doesn’t know.
♦ Make a rough note of what each lawyer and witness says.
♦ Make sure the lawyers ask proper and relevant questions. If they don’t, you can point this out and ask
them to try again. (For more information, see the section entitled “Objection your Honour!” in the Student
booklet)
♦ Make sure the witnesses answer the questions put to them in a proper way. If they don’t, you can ask
them to do so. The Witnesses should stick to the facts in their statements. They should not make
speeches, give their own opinions or repeat what someone else told them. Also they should not invent
new facts which are not in their statements.
♦ Make sure that everyone can hear what the lawyers and witnesses are saying; you can ask them to speak
up (or quieten down!) if necessary.

Summing up at the end of the evidence

♦ The Judge should briefly state the law and sum up the evidence the Court has heard.
When “summing up”:
♦ You can only refer to evidence you have actually heard from the witnesses; you must ignore any
suggestions made by the lawyers which are not based on the evidence.
♦ You must refer to all witnesses equally to be fair to all.
♦ You must not let any personal views or prejudices influence you.
♦ You should also state what the law is. A summary of the law is contained in the case.
♦ The Judge should tell the Jury to consider whether they are really sure (= “beyond reasonable
doubt”) that, on the basis of the evidence, the defendant is guilty. Only if they are sure can the
Jury decide that the defendant is ‘guilty’. Otherwise they must find the defendant ‘not guilty’.
♦ Remember: the defendant doesn’t have to be proved innocent (though of course it helps the
defendant’s case if s/he does persuade the jury that s/he wasn’t involved).
♦ The Judge then asks the jury to retire to consider their verdict.

Adapted from The Citizenship Foundation www.citizenshipfoundation.org.uk