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    © All Rights Reserved
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    43 views19 pages

    Dev and History of GTs Part 2

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    pomauk
    Dev and History of GTs Part 2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    role Coley) The development, history and future of the industrial gas turbine: Part 2 - The update Preamble "The fist part of this paper was published by IDG'TE ia the 2011 Paper 582 [120] and this covered the frst By years of the industrial gas turbine from 1939-1999, Pare 2 brings the story up to date and includes developments up to 2017, the charts having been brought up to date. This account of the history of the industaal gas murbine documents the development of gas tusbines for power generation, off-shore, locomotive, marine and other land based applications. A key part of preparing this history has becn the documentation of ‘manufacturers and gas turbine models produced each year since 1940, The aircraft engine is generally excluded from the scope of the work and only referred to, i 50 far as itis ‘elated to the development of industrial gas turbines, whilst acro-derivative turbines are included. “The author grarefolly acknowledges the permission to publish the material provided, photographs, data encouragement and assistance ofall the companies and onganisations referred to, Sincere thanks and appreciation is given to the many individual ‘contributors for this work and all who have given significant suppost to the work and generously given of their time and experience, providing data and refereace material thus making this historical account possible and fall of pase experiences, "This paper is a shortened version of the full history which the author is cursendly having published as a book. 1 Infroduction fo the industrial gas turbine Ieis clear tha in the 19th century the concept of the gas turbine ‘became known to many engineers who were obviously cencourged by the success of the stam turbine, ‘The efforts of al the ealy pioneers are in the main well documented. The Peery Gee 10 Power Engineer Morch 2019 aioe heal ec eandancd story oF the gas tubine began in the ealy pare of the 20d century when a rumber of tials ook phice. Very early on it was reengrised that this was a technological concept with huge potential, being limited only bythe sate of att of associated technologies and the materials available at theme. "There were difficulties encountered in designing a practical and efficient axial compressor as centsifugal compressors were limited in scale and hence the power of the GT. By the lat 1930s the concept of the gas rushine had already been atound for decades ‘with arcles already having being published, patents applied for ‘up © 50 years ahead of the realisation of the goal. [Expesimental gas tuzbines were around in various forms from the exty 1900s and inthe following chapter the efforts of the pioneces ate given the credit that they deserve. ‘The question as to who came fst is also addressed, Uhose eay efforts to make the gas turbine work often resulted in disappointment as the poor efficiencies intially achieved meant that there was litle incentive to tke the ides further “There was cerninly no shorage of vision in the carly 19005, es js czampled by Captain H Rial Sankey! who, in his outstanding lecture on Heat Engines given tothe lstistion of Mechanical Engincers im November 1917 [] predicted the Rote role of| the gas turbine. Sankey could se the continaed dominance and development ofthe stcam turbine for some time o come, which atthat ime had already reached 4SMW. In his discussion about the future of power genetation he says“. ‘ta ie ll Dll he fll for ar wits sa ‘ott as rive heaved’. He also menons tat ding the past 15 years (hat 1902-1917) a ow experimental rns av bo read bt fr there ba en preg Acgidius Fling was a Norwegian inventor who is considered in his homeland Nosay to be the father of the gas turbine. Tn 1905 he designed and constructed the Fest constant pressure 238 rucbine. His frst machine had a net positive ouput of ‘tbp and the second reached 44hp. The major challenge he faced was to find materials that could withstand the high temperamures developed inthe turbine needed to achieve increased output powwes. It is clear that Fling deserves mach ‘wider secognition for his achievements, (38][89] “There is no doube that it was Brown Boveri in Switzerland ‘with theie 4,000KW Neuchatel machine who are credited as 1 vente of the Sankey Diam (1918) 2 The fal versions ofthese biographies are pulse in the book 3 An exert from the Barer patie published in dhe Gas Tuine ‘Macual by R j Welsh in 1951 page 1 wonndgte.org producing the first practical and commercial industial gas ‘urbine, which ran at fall power on test on 7 July 1939. [5] Moving on briefly after rwo decades something really quite amazing was the effort of the British Government in the catly 1940s to promote the development of the gas turbine, This effort was applied in so many gas turbine related Belds industrial engines as well as aircraft engines. Tt was at this time that, Harold Roxbee Cor, later to become Sir, centered into the picture in his government role in charge of the Gas Turbine Collaboration Committee and then Chief Scientific Officer. The UK Government effectively created ‘ace and pulled into the fold all the established engineering companies pushing this with great detetmination, (One contributor has said that all companies had representatives attending these meetings and ideas and progress were openly exchanged. "The fest industeial gas turbine to rua in the United Kingdom ‘was the S00bbp experimental machine of C A Parsons, Which first ran in 1945. ‘The original Swiss machine is om display in Bire, Switzerland (Figure 1) whilse the oviginal Parsons machine is in storage at the Beamish museum ia (County Durham, UK. [117] 2 The work of the pioneers ‘Tribute is given to all oF the pionects for their true dedication to the development of the gas turbine and ‘working tirelessly to achieve suecess. ‘There must have been PAC Ria] Pe Pee od CaM etre ees) so many disappointments through all the trials and efforts but perseverance eventually bore fruits (see Figure 2). “The claim to the invention of the gas eubinc is something that has to date never been satisfactorily resolved. ‘The concept was certainly set out by Joha Basher in the late 18th ccontury and his 1791 patent, ‘Then incredibly dusing the following 148 years so many attempts were made to solve the challenge. In this time so many other patents have been lodged and experimental ‘machines constructed with varying degrees of success. Some Of the problems encountered were due to the availabilty of suitable materials atthe time, compressor technology and the construction of compressors of adequate efficiency. Ia truth the achievement of a practical industeal gas tusbine is due 10 the work of many contributors. The following are brief and shortened summary biographies of each of the pioneer's oa this roll of honour: 1 John Barber (1734-1801) ~ British. Born in Notinghamshie and moved to Warwickshire in the 1760s to manage collieries in the Nuneaton atea. He isa the top of| the list ase patented several inventions the most remarkable boeing one in 1791 “A Method of Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Procuring Motion”. "Thi isthe patent of a sgasturbines 2. John Dumbell — British, Credited with patenting a device jn 1808 having “a series of vanes, or firs, within a elindes, like the sails of a windmill, causing them to rotate together ‘with the shaft to which they were fixed”. [7] era Ee wemwidgie.org Power Engineer March 2017 11 role Coley) 3 Bresson — French. In Paris in 1837 Bresson had the idea to heat and compress ai then deliver this toa combustion chamber and to mix dhs with fuel gas and then burnt. The combustion products were to be used to drive “a whee like a ‘water wheel”. [81] 4 Franz Stolze (1836-1910) - German, Dr Stolze took out ‘patent fora gas murbine engine in 1872. This engine used a ‘multi-stage reaction turbine and a multistage axial flow compressor. He called this a “Fize Turbine”. Tests were cartied out in Berlin between 1900 and 1904 without success. {5][13]{68} 5 Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey (1853-1925) — Trish, He was an Irish engincer from County Cork who. ‘vented the Sankey Diagram. He became President of the Tnstiation of Mechanical Engincers and was able to recognise the future role of the gas turbine as early as 1917, m 6 Sit Chatles Algernon Parsons (1854-1931) - Bash, Along with his celebrated steam turbine patents, Parsons patented his idea forthe gas turbine, which he called a Multiple Motor. By the eaely 1900s in addition to steam turbines, Pasons was already designing and manufacturing industrial compressors. [115] 7. Rene Aemengand and Chasles Lemale ~ French, In 1905 they buile and suecessflly tested the frst of several experimental gas turbines with internally water eooled disks fand blades. Accounts ar the time say that the machine had a very low efficieney and succeoded in producing a few kW for power by the addition of secam From combustor cooling 8 Professor Aurel Boleslav Stodola (1859-1942) — Swiss, Slovak by birth he was a pioneer in theemodynamics and its appliations. His 1903 published book had an appendix on gas turbines. Brown Boveri asked him to supervise the acceptance testing the world’s fist industrial gas turbine in 1939 that was installed at Neuchatel in 1940. [100] 9 Charles Gordon Curtis (1860-1953) ~ American. Born in Boston, Massachusetts he applied for the frst US gas turbine patent in 1899. Among his achievements was the Custis steam turbine of 1896, He sold the rights forthe turbine to GE in 1901. He received the first annual award from the Gas ‘Tuthine Power Division of the American Society of ‘Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1948, 10 Acids Eling (1861-1959) Norwegian. Hes considered in his home eountry Norway, to be the father of| the gas turbine. His first gas tsbine patent was granted in 1884, In 1903 he designed, constructed and tested the frst constant pressure gas turbine, He is recognised as having produced the fist gas turbine with a positive net ouspat. He Further improved this gas turbine in the period up to 1952 and reached 75hp. [89] 11 Charles Brown (1863-1924) British/Swiss. He was co-founder of the Brown Boveri Company (BBQ) in 1891 in Baden, Switzeand, Charles Brown was born in Winterthur and his father was a British engineer who founded the SLM Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. [121] 12 Power Engineer Morch 2019 12 Auguste Camille Rateau (1863-1930) French. Aseociated with the work of Lemale and Armengaud and ‘designed the compeessor for their gas turbine. Ratcau founded Rateau Industries and he manufactured the frst turbocharger, His work was largely on compressors. [95] 13 Walter Boveri (1865-1924) German/Swiss. Was co-founder of the Brown Boveri Company (BBG) in 1891 in Baden, Switzerland. He was born in Bamberp, Bavaria and died in Baden, Switzerland. [121] 14 Sanford Alexander Moss (1872-1946) American, After ‘gniduation Moss joined GE where he carried out research into compressor design, Due to the low overal efficiencies achieved atthe time GE ended his work on gas turbines in 1907. He went on to produce turbocharger. 15 Hans Theodor Holzwarth (1877-1953). In 1905 ‘Dr Holawarth proposed an explosion (constant volume) turbine. A prototype was built and experiments were carried ‘out between 1909 and 1913 without a compressor. Several of these msbines were buile but not put iato commercial use. [5] 16 Adolf Meyer (1880-1965). During the 1930/40 Adolf Meyer played an important role in BBC Baden lang the engineetng development of high pressure seam turbines at well the gas turbine for power generation. He was Chief Engineer after Brown and became Head of ‘Thermal Engincetng, [5] 17 Jonn Lamb (1890-1938) Brits, He was aploncer ‘marine engineer who was Chief Engincer of the Anglo Saxon Pewoleum Compang. Ia 1951 he srtanged For one of the diesehlere engines onthe tanker Avi tobe replaced by 8 {gas turbine, the BIH 1,200hp go turbine generating oct for tlecical propulsion, He then caried out sa going is with this ship and presented the results wo the Instute oF Marine Bagincers in October 1953. [94] 18 Alan Arnold Griffith (1893-1963) - Baitsh. He was best known for his work on stress and fracture in metals, now known as metal fatigue, and also for being one of he Bist to develop a stsong theoretical basis for the jet engine. In 1926 he published his highly infiuendial and landmask paper “An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design”. [23] 19 Jakob Ackeret (1898-1981) Swiss. Worked at Fscher Wyss AG in Zurich as Chief Engineer of Hydraulics and was considered as an expert on gas turbines known for his esearch on axial low compressors, aiefoll theory, acrodynamics and high-spced propulsion problems, Along. ‘with De Curt Keller in 1935 Ackeset granted a patent for the closed-cycle gas turbine. He ie recognised as a pioneer of modern aerodynamics, (113) 20 Georgy Jendrassik (1898-1954) — Hungasian. Jendmassik was educated at Budapest’ Jézsef Technical University. From 1927 he worked at Ganz Re, where he helped to develop diesel engines, He designed the world famous Jendmssk reciprocating engine. Jendnssik had a strong influence on the frst design principles for the Siemens ‘gas turbine. He also worked with Power Jets on pressure ‘wave sotor research. wonndgte.org 21 Dr Claude Seippel (1900-1986). A Swiss engineer who dad broad impact on many engineering fields at BC, but by far his greatest influence was in turbomachinery a8 a brilliant scientist engineer and inventoz He became head of the newly formed Brown Bowes gas turbine department in 1938, 11939 he was the person in charge of conceptual design for the Neuchatel gas rasbine plant. Some sources refer to Professor Stodola as the Neuchatel designer, however the evidence suggests that Dr Sieppel should have the credit. [Brown Boveri honoured him by naming their research centre at Dacewill, Baden aftr him. [6121] 22, David Macleish Smith (1900-1986) Betish. DM Smith stidied at Glasgow University where he obtained a BSe in mechanical engineering, In 1937 he became Chief Engineer Of the Metroviek gas turbine department working under Karl Baumann the Meovick Chief Engineer He carsed out pioneering work in the development of the fist British axial flow jet engine for aircraft and is particularly associated with the Merrovick Beryl aircraft et engine, being the frst British successful axial low compressor which became the forerunner of all aircraft engine axial compressors. [9] 23 Leslie Jack Cheshire (1900-1976) Betish. Cheshiee studied at Manchester University. He started as a Design, Engineer in the steam turbine department at BTH Rugby. In 1939 he was transferred to Power Jets working directly under Frank White and in 1943 he joined Power Jets as Chief Experimental Engineer. In 1946 he joined English Electric as Chief Engincee of the newly formed Faglish Flectsc gas turbine department, 24 Sir Harold Raxbee Cax (1902-1997) British, Was a [Betish acronautical engineer who became Chief Scientific (Officer for the British Government. In 1944 he became both (Chairman and Managing Director of the then nationalised Power Jets. Power Jets vas restyled agnin in 1946 as the [National Gas Tusbine Establishment with Roxbee Cox a its Director, He had a key sole in establishing Cranfield College later Cranfield University. (8] 25 Robert James Welsh (1902-1984) Brith, In 1938 he joined English Blectric Diesels before eventually joining the gas whine department. He s widely known for the landmark DEUA$ 1948 technical paper presentation on the design and application of gas turbines and also his book cntted “The Gas Turbine Manual” published in 1951. He Ibecame'a very prominent figure in the indastial gas twine feld and was a very active pastcipant of technical disevsions in dhe 1940s and 1950s. [10] 26 Alan Howard (1905-1966) American. He worked for the (GE Conspany in Schenectady, NY on steam turbine activities Of the company. He went on to desiga the GE version of the Whittle engine and is considered as the key figurein GE. cfforts to develop the gas turbine. He was appointed to a ‘wartime committee to develop gas turbines for aircraft propulsion. He was also responsible for the engineering of the GE Belle Island machine. [58] 27 Basil Wood (1905-1992) British, Worked with the consulting fem of Merz and McLellan where he became Head of Research and was highly respected as an enginces. Hee was regarded by many as an expert in all matters seating ‘womw idgte.org The development, history and future of the industrial gas turbine: Part 2 - The update to gas turbines. For many years he edited the gas rubine section of Kemps Yearbook. In 1970 he became President of the Diesel Engine Users Assocation (IDGTE). |40](61] 28 ic Commodore Sir Frank White (1907-1996 Beis Known ax the inventor ofthe jt engine, be wav x Bash Royal ie Force (RAP) engineer offer who shared credit vith Dr Hans won Ofain for independently inventing the jt tnygne. In 1930, Funk Whitle applied for his patent fr the jp capi and ho went on to develop the White gin, Ta 1832, White published his ft paper forthe Royal ‘AeronauialSocery The Whiele engine ran for the fist tine in 1937, White is hailed asthe fther of jet propulsion and the conebtion he made to the development ofthe industrial gs turbine was significant In 1936 he formed the company Powe Jets ([21]25} (101 29 Professor Dr Rudolf Friedrich (1909-1998) German. Hie was employed by Siemens from 1948-1964 and was Chief ‘Technical Officer for gus turbines at Siemens Schuckert ‘Wosks in Milheim/Ruhe. From 1964-1976 he was fall professor for turbine technology at Karlsruhe Technical University. He has been given the nickname “Me Sicmens- Gas Tusbine” by his colleagues. [73 30 Hans von Ohain (1911-1998) German. Hans vo! (hain was a German physicist and designer of the fist Geeman operational jt engine. According to his memoirs his first jo engine design ran in September 1937 after the Whittle cagine. ‘There is general agreement that Ohain started develop his turbojct engine independently. However, Frank ‘Whittle had already been working on his design in the hte 1920s and had openly patented the design ia 1990, a fall 7 years before Ohains design ran, It is known that Ohain was already in possession of the Whittk: 1930 patents at this time. (Obain’s first jet engine, tan successfully in 1937, just afew months afice White’ frst engine. [101] 31 Geoffrey Bertram Robert Feilden (1917-2004) British Bob Fellden worked with Power Jets and after that he moved to Ruston & Homsby in Lincoln where he led the team to produce the fist Ruston type TA gas turbine. In 1963 he became Chairman of the Felden Committee and the author ‘of a widely acclaimed work on engincering design for which ‘eis highly regarded. [17] [32 Arthur W Pope (1919-2012) British, He started his catecr in the airerat branch of Rolls-Royce in Cheltenham then when Franke Whittle established Power Jes he was -ecruited to join the Power Jets team. rom 1947 t 1966 he ‘worked in W H1 Allen in Bedford leading the Allen gas turbine design team. His paper presented to IMechE. in 1958 reveals the contribution he made to the design of industrial gas turbines. [26] 38 Dr Waheeb Rizk (1921-2009), Born and educated in Caizo he stadiod at Cambridge University. After graduating Ihe carried out research and then joined the English Electric Company in 1954, He became a founder member ‘of the mechanical engineering laboratory at Whetstone, ester and in 1957 was made Chief Engineer of the 4 DEUA was, fom 1913, che Diesel Engine Users Assocation ‘which then became IDGTE in 1983 Power Engineer March 201913, role Coley) Gas Turbine Division. He became chairman of GEC [English Electric Gas Turbines in 1983, 34 Andrew T Bowden (1968) British. After graduating at errior-Watt, Edinburgh he became Associate Professor of ‘Mechanical Engineering in Western Australia. In 1939 he returned to the UK and became Assistant Director of Tank Design atthe Ministry of Supply and after the war he joined CA Parsons as Chief Research Engineer. He set up the Gas ‘Turbine Department and recruited a team of engineers. In 1955 he became Research Director. [11][23] "The lst of deserving pioneers keeps growing and itis Jntended to add w the above list dhe names of C Hayne and AR Howell 3 Technology developments 3.1 Landmark technical papers "The development of the industtal gas turbine came about as a result of the development of @ large number of technologies and research into materials enabling the improvement in operating conditions. Over the years these have been described in various landmark technical papers, a few being mentioned below and others in the references. The six ages of development for the industrial gs turbine are shown by Figure 3. These six ages illustrate the stages of development and the significane events, ‘hich have all shaped the industrial gas turbine to dhe poine ‘we are at today. In February 1999 Dr Adolf Meyer from Brown Boveri presented his outstanding paper on The Combustion Gas ‘Turbine: Its History, Developments and Prospects to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London. This presentation coincided with che introduction of the first practical industrial gas turbine by that company in 1939. {5} Aca meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in Londoa in June 1948, A'T Borden and J Jefferson of CA Parsons presented their paper on the Design and Operation of the Parsons Experimental Gas Turbine [11 ‘The Parsons paper presents a detailed, no holds barred account of the gas turbine experimental work carried out at the Hleaton Works of CA Parson in Neweastle upon Tyne. (Over the years the Diesel Engine Users Association (DEUA), snow known as the Institution of Diesel and Gas Tubine Engineers (IDGTR), has presented many milestone papers on the design, development and application of the gas turbine. “The first of these was given by R J Welsh of che English Flectse Company, and presented in London in November 1948, Then in 1954 FA Kerez of Brown Boveri presented his paper on the Bemau Power Station. [10] Jn 1951, a the ime of The Festival of Britain, a document was published by Power Jets (Research and Development) called the “The Story of the British Gas Turbine”. [15] ‘An acoount was presented by the British National Commitee at the World Power Conference in Rio de Janciro in 1954, sndeegrer acorns ako aoaetwelineer rf J veel 2 Berrerrrirniin alana iS er NLL ® ne shesncel oe vevtonsein oo \-— = il hh mdaphorbe oT P| snes Gece ern 14 Power Engineer March 2019 ‘ywwwidgle.org Lact ‘This started with the work of John Barber and Charles Parsons and descibes British gas turbine developments in power {generation traction, automotive engines and aircraft engines ‘Around 1965, as mentioned in the paper of Dr Seippel [32], there appeared to have been a serious debate ongoing 28 t0 whether the industrial gas turbine was economically viable. ‘Ac the same time ie was secognised tha te climb in gas turbine oueputs had boca spectacular Dr Seippel introduced the concept of “combined gas steam cycles” however this ‘was inmediately met by doubss as tothe vabiiy of such schemes 32 Cycles and configurations From the early stages of the development of the gis turbine researchers have considered whether to adopt either the open ‘le or closed eye with the primary proponents of the T5D00KW | Smat gas turbines > 500- < 15,0000 | Micro gos turbine > 1-< 499KH | Minioture gas turbine | < Tew ee eee Power Engineer March 2017. 21 MS “Toad thee are around 10 active crore companies USA (4), France (2), UK (1), Italy (1), Netherlands (1) and Japan (1) 82). 4,10 Gas turbine fuel options Light oil and distillate fac ol grades started out as the preferred pas mrbine fuels, however from very cay in the life Of the gas turbine economics were pushing the need to burn. wide range of fuels. The fel that have been tried with varying success inchude: ight oi, heavy oil, crude, coal, peat, BEG, wood, natural gis and syngas. What has changed since ‘many’ of these were tied of course has been the avalabi ‘of aatutal gas for power generation, Up t0 2,000 all gas turbine powerplants were built wih duel fuel capabiliy, but since that time this is no longer the case as gas supplies ‘became abundant. The future looks to be hydrogen and progress is being made 4.10.1 Light oils In trials of the 1940s gas ofl was used as well as heavier igades of fuel ol, some of the latter resulting in serious ash deposition problems, Operators preferred to use a cheaper fuel so kerosene was replaced by gas oil. Oil filtration was then introduced to maintain the fuel specifications. 4.10.2 Heavy oil/crude Since then various other liquid fuels including heavy oil, crude and naphtha have been used extensively in gus turbines incurring penalties on maintenance intervals and costs. Only 1 fow models of gas turbines are suitable for burning heavy oils and crude, ‘The oll producing states of the Middle East pushed the use Cf crude oll for direct burning in gas turbines and from the 19706 this became quite normal and continues t0 the present time, however the cost of maintaining such turbines is high due to corrosion and deposition Degradation of ousput performance could be up t0 15%. uel treatment was Found to be an effective means oF handling these fuels, 4.10.3 Coal [By 1939 work was already under way testing gas tusbines with pplverised coal. One paper stated shat 2 experimenall gas turbine ser had been fun on pulverised fuel for many months at the Brown Boveri testing plant. In the UK during the 1950s a great deal of effort was employed on gas turbine coal Durning trials; these being reported by C A Parsons, Ruston, ‘Metrovick and others. Ia Canada the government awarded 3 contract to McGill University in 1950 to construct an ‘experimental coal burning locomotive. In 1961 Union Pacific in the USA made tals with UP80 an experimental coal burning gus turbine (GTEL) locomotive. These were not success ‘The Pascher Wyss closed eyele was much more sucess in ‘burning coal in conjunction withthe gas turbine. These

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