ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR BEAN-BASED

PRODUCTS IN BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA:

AN APPLICATION OF CHOICE-BASED CONJOINT ANALYSIS

AGNES MATOKE MOMANYI

A56/40159/2021

Abbreviations

IFPRI- International Food Policy Research Institute

FAO- Food And Agriculture Organisation

FAOSTAT- Food and Agriculture Organisation corporate Statistical Database

PABRA - Pan African Bean Research alliance

GAIN - Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition

KenInvest - Kenya Investment Authority

MOA – Ministry Of Agriculture

CRAFT – Clinical Research Affiliate Funding Trials

KCEP-CRAL – Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme Climate Resilient Agriculture

Livelihoods Window

CIAT - International center for Tropical agriculture

NARO- National Agriculture Research Organisation

ABSTRACT

Bean‐based products can be used to improve dietary diversity and reduce malnutrition especially
for young children and women of reproductive age in households with limited sources of protein,
Kambabazi et al, 2022. A choice-based experiment will be used to conduct an economic evaluation of
potential demand for bean based products in Bungoma county. choice data will be analyzed

by a Mixed Logit Model. Both models include conjoint factors, demographic

variables and their interactions…..participants n=220
INTRODUCTION

The common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) among pulses, is the most economically and widest
ecologically adopted crop species used for food by large populations (Rocio et al., 2018). The
scientific term (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) refers to a series of beans namely: bush beans, climbing
beans, semi-climbing beans, common beans, dry beans and dwarf beans while the green types
are referred to as field beans, French beans, garden beans, green beans, snap beans or string
beans (CRAFT project 2018-2023). The polymorphism of common beans is so great that in each
region and even in each locality different varieties with similar characteristics correspond to
different names, nearly every community has its own naming (Deron, A. 2015). The common
bean is a source of dietary calories and protein for more than 200 million people in Eastern and
southern Africa (Nkhata et al., 2021a). They are rich in nutrients and when consumed on a
regular basis they decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, colorectal cancer and
helps with weight management (Aseete et al., 2018).

Kenya is the seventh largest producer of the common beans and ranks second in Eastern Africa,
after Tanzania (FAOSTAT,2019). These beans are the second most important and most
consumed food crop after maize (KenInvest,2016). They are a staple of Kenyan food and
culture, across all geographies and income brackets consumed by both the poor and the rich
(Mwale, 2022). Common beans appeal to consumers in different ways with respect to color,
size, cooking time and their gravy nature (Swema and Mwinuka, 2021). Beans provide an
economical source of proteins, especially among the low income group and become an
alternative to the rare and expensive animal sources of protein (Nyau,2014). Legume-based
foods are also one of the best non-meat sources of iron, providing 23 – 30% of daily
recommended levels (Nyau,2014).

Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition(GAIN) and Harvest Plus 2020, reports that beans
account for 9% of staple food calories and 5% of total food calories in the national diet.
Approximately 40% of total annual beans production is marketed and the rest (60%) is kept for
household consumption. Exclusively, beans are a popular crop among small scale farmers
mainly for subsistence, nitrogen fixation and marketing of surplus, cultivated on about a million
hectares of land with national bean consumption estimated to be about 755000 metric tons
annually compared to an annual production range of about 600,000 metric tons a year a (One
Acre Fund 2015; FEWS NET 2018).

For over two decades in a quest to curb food security issues, the International center for Tropical
agriculture (CIAT), through the Pan African Bean Research Alliance (PABRA 2015) has been
collaborating with bean programs of Kenya, to enhance bean resistance to drought and diseases.
Over 49 improved bean varieties, some of which with shorter maturity period, capable of
escaping terminal drought and resistance to diseases (e.g root rot) have been released since 1980
(PABRA data base, 2015). However, few of these varieties have been taken up by farmers and
common bean productivity in the country remains one of the lowest in the region (FAOSTAT,
2014). Beans provide a strategic opportunity to help meet the Millennium Development Goal targets of
reducing hunger and poverty, offering a unique opportunity to address the deteriorating food security in
the country ( Mazur et al .,2020)

Recently (KCEP-KRAL, 2021) made a report of the main producing areas for common beans in
Kenya including the Rift Valley 33%, Eastern 24%, Nyanza 18%, Western 13% and Central
20% respectively of national production. In the Western region Bungoma county is the leading
producer of common beans with an acreage of 55465 producing 58339 tones of beans in 2020 as
reported by the (CRAFT project 2018-2023)
Problem statement

Innovative food alternatives that promote legume consumption and that can provide alternatives
to satisfy consumer demand for healthy foods have emerged (Escobedo, 2021). Bean‐based
products can be used to improve dietary diversity and reduce malnutrition especially for young
children and women of reproductive age in households with limited sources of protein
(Kambabazi et al, 2022). For human consumption, beans are not eaten in their raw form but
typically after subsequent food processing, including boiling, puffing, grinding, sprouting and
fermentation to increase their aesthetic value, sensorial quality and appeal (Adebo et al.,2017).
Popular bean-based products in Kenya include bean noodles made from 30% bean floor, canned
beans, bakery products, soups, beverages and snacks (PABRA, 2020).

Bean farmers have limited access to extension, training for improved agronomic practices,
inputs, new technologies, and credit (Pan et al.,2018). Producers are not well linked with
profitable markets, especially to emerging sectors of domestic and regional markets making the
availability and use of processed products at present very modest (Mazur et al .,2020). The
dynamics of common bean consumption are changing due to high cost of energy, water and
rising incomes mostly among working class women has transformed consumer preferences
hence increasing the demand for fast cooking processed foods (Aseete et al., 2018). Urbanization
and the swelling population has presented a diverse market opportunity in processed food retail
to fill the gap between the food processing demand and supply (Monteiro et al., 2013).

Therefore, the main purpose of this research proposal is to evaluate the economic potential of
bean-based products in Bungoma county. Bungoma county was selected because it is a high
potential area (Emongo and Uside, 2019) and the second largest producer of the common beans
after Baringo (MOA, 2017) yet a report by KALRO, 2014 indicates that households in Bungoma
are still food insecure and many families take one meal a day. In addition to that, this study will
assess consumers knowledge, perception and demand for bean based -products, it will also
profile bean-based products and specific product attributes that match consumer utility. Whereas
there has been significant research done on bean-based products, there is no comprehensive
information on the economic potential of bean-based products in Bungoma, this paper seeks to
fill that gap.
Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the economic potential of bean-based products in
Bungoma County.

Specific objectives

1. To assess consumers’ knowledge, perceptions and demand for bean-based products

2. To profile bean-based products and specific product attributes that match consumer
utility
3. To determine the potential aggregate demand for the specific bean-based products

Research hypotheses

1. Consumers have sufficient knowledge of bean-based products

2. There’s limited availability of specialty bean-based products on the market
3. There’s low aggregate demand for the various bean-based products in Bungoma
LITERATURE REVIEW

Bean production

Beans are a staple food in Kenya and are consumed by a significant proportion of the population.
According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, beans are the second most consumed food
after maize in Kenya (KNBS, 2020). Bungoma County is known for its high production of beans,
which is a key source of livelihood for many small-scale farmers in the region. The production of
beans in the county is characterized by smallholder farming, with farmers growing various bean
varieties, including Rosecoco, Mwitemania, and Canadian Wonder, among others. The
production of beans in Bungoma County is influenced by various factors, including climate, soil
fertility, and access to inputs and markets.

Climate is a key factor that affects the production of beans in Bungoma County. The region has a
bimodal rainfall pattern, with the long rains occurring from March to June and the short rains
from October to December. The rainfall pattern plays a significant role in determining the
planting and harvesting periods for beans, with farmers in the region often planting beans at the
onset of the rains. However, erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts have been reported
to affect the production of beans in the region (Mutegi et al., 2016).

Soil fertility is another critical factor that affects the production of beans in Bungoma County.
The region's soils are generally acidic and low in fertility, with low levels of essential nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To address these soil fertility challenges, farmers
in the region often use organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility and increase bean
yields. However, the use of fertilizers is often limited by their high cost and limited availability,
particularly for small-scale farmers.

Access to inputs such as seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers is also a crucial factor that affects the
production of beans in Bungoma County. Small-scale farmers in the region often face challenges
in accessing high-quality inputs, with many relying on recycled seeds and traditional farming
practices. The use of low-quality seeds and the limited use of pesticides and fertilizers have been
identified as key constraints to increasing bean yields in the region (Odhiambo et al., 2018). To
address these challenges, there is a need to improve farmers' access to quality inputs and promote
the use of sustainable farming practices.

Access to markets is another critical factor that affects the production of beans in Bungoma
County. Small-scale farmers in the region often face challenges in accessing markets, with many
relying on middlemen to sell their products at low prices. This has led to low profitability and
limited investment in bean production, which has affected the availability of raw materials for
the production of bean-based products. To address this issue, there is a need to improve market
access for small-scale farmers and to promote value addition through processing and packaging
of beans. Improving access to inputs, markets, and processing facilities can also help to enhance
the profitability of bean farming and increase the availability of raw materials for the production
of bean-based products.

Demand for Beans in Kenya

Despite the high production of beans in Bungoma County, the demand for bean-based products
remains low, and there is a need to increase the consumption of these products to improve food
security and nutrition. One factor that influences the demand for bean-based products in
Bungoma County is the perception of beans as a poor person's food. In many Kenyan
communities, beans are considered a food for low-income households, and this perception has
contributed to the low consumption of bean-based products among higher-income households
(Nyangweso et al., 2018). To address this perception, there is a need to promote the nutritional
value and versatility of beans and to develop value-added bean-based products that appeal to a
wider consumer base.

Several studies have explored the factors influencing the demand for beans in Kenya. For
instance, a study by Nyangweso et al. (2018) found that the main determinants of bean
consumption in rural households were income, education level, and household size. Another
study by Mwema et al. (2016) found that access to markets and transport infrastructure were
crucial factors in determining the demand for beans in rural areas. Many small-scale bean
farmers in the county face challenges in accessing markets and selling their products at a fair
price. This has led to low profitability and low investment in bean production, which limits the
availability of raw materials for the production of bean-based products. To address this issue,
there is a need to improve market access and to develop processing facilities that can add value
to raw beans and create a ready market for bean-based products.

In addition, the demand for bean-based products in Bungoma County is influenced by cultural
factors and dietary preferences. Beans are a staple food in many Kenyan communities, and their
consumption is often linked to cultural practices and beliefs. Therefore, any efforts to increase
the demand for bean-based products in the county must take into consideration these cultural
factors and ensure that the products meet the dietary preferences of the target consumers. In an
effort to boost the demand for bean based products The National Agricultural and Rural
Inclusive Growth Project (NARIGP), a collaborative initiative between the World Bank and the
Kenyan Government, has provided financial support for community proposals and facilitated
training programs for farmer groups involved in the value chains of beans and other sectors in
Bungoma (County Government of Bungoma, 2021). This assistance has been extended to twenty
Wards of Bungoma county where the project is currently being implemented, as part of a five-
year endeavor aimed at promoting inclusive growth in the agricultural and rural sectors of Kenya
(County Government of Bungoma, 2021).

To better understand the factors that influence the demand for bean-based products in Bungoma
County, the application of choice-based conjoint analysis can be useful. This method can help to
identify the key attributes that consumers consider when making choices among different bean-
based products and can provide insights into the preferences of different consumer segments. By
using this approach, it is possible to develop bean-based products that meet the needs and
preferences of consumers in Bungoma County and to increase the demand for these products.

Marketing strategies for bean-based products

Development in sub-Saharan Africa has increased the complexity of food supply chains and
transformed the food system with value addition moving from primary agriculture to transport,
processing, retailing and other activities (IFPRI, 2016; world Bank, 2016). As the agribusiness
activities like food processing and packaging increase, there is need for the bean processors to
be clearly informed on the current marketing strategies such prices of retailing processed bean
products to ensure the consumer demand is met(Gillespie et al.,2016). In a competitive business
environment, It is important that the processors, asses the demand for products and the
proportion that they can realistically meet(Bang et al.,2016). A marketing strategy effectiveness
and performance depend on many factors that determine the relationship between marketing
strategies and the performance of business and this factors act in various ways (Bang et al., 2016;
Githaiga et al., 2016 )

The private sector plays a greater role in food system transformation while the public sector
enables public investment and policies. Therefore, playing a major role in influencing consumer
behavior through marketing, behavior change, communication, and education (MacDermontt
and Wyatt, 2017). In order to have nutrient rich, fluctuance free bean grains with excellent
processing characteristics, the food processing industry in Kenya is capitalizing on private-public
partnerships to bridge the bean product demand and supply gap (Ugen et al., 2017)

Globalization, the swelling urban population coupled up by the rising incomes have enormously
increased the demand for fast cooking beans mostly among working class women to save on
time and energy(Pramod and Hiriyappa, 2017; Woldemichael et al., 2017; Aseete et al., 2018).
Unlike her African counterparts, Kenya has had a comparative advantage in the manufacturing
of bean based products. However very little is known about marketing strategies like packaging,
branding, promotions through social marketing campaigns and cooking contests for beans based
products (Nakazi et al.,2019). Access to these information will play a big role in guiding the
processor on the size of production, investment and variants to make in order to increase the
cosumer base (Mazur et el.,2020). The evaluation of marketing strategies purpose to identify
likely customers and consumers of bean based products, types of promotion and effective
techniques of selling and marketing in order to deduce the economic potential of bean based
products in Bungoma county.

Product pricing and consumer buying behaviour

The consumption of bean based products in Kenya is very low because most pre-cooked bean
products available in the Kenyan market are imported or chilled which makes them very
expensive and a majority of the population cannot afford them (NARO, KALRO 2015). A
recent study reports that in Kenya women are more conversant with bean attributes compared to
their male counterparts, this attributes significantly affect consumer preferences and utility
(Gitonga, 2015). The theory of consumer behaviour assumes that the consumer is a rational
economic factor whose aim is to achieve maximum satisfaction with inexpensive, nutritious and
safe food, as well as its attributes such as taste, colour, consistency, texture and aroma (Liu et
al.,2016). The consumer decisions are based on prices of the particular commodity (Ramya and
Ali, 2016).

Consumer satisfaction plays an important role in the development and molding of consumer
behaviour(Larsen et al, 2017). Consumer behaviour is the heart of marketing (Szmigin and
Piancentin,2018) and significantly influences the demand of products. One step to reduce the
poverty levels in countries like Kenya is ensuring the population feeds on affordable, accessible,
healthy and nutritious foods (Hendricks, 2018). Food choices are predetermined by costs and
affordability of preparing meals which are influenced by many factors such as household kitchen
equipment, water, fuel sources, market distances, the cost of time and demographic
compositions. Pricing Is a crucial and relevant function to consumer buying behaviour (Huo et
al.,2021) and has a significant effect on consumer preference, higher prices in some commodities
decrease the demand for products (Saddiq et al.,2021). Processed bean products like canned
beans and bean noodles are more costly compared to dry beans.(Bai et al.,2021b, Herforth et al.,
2020, Hirvonen et al., 2020, Masters et al. ,2018) which explains the low consumption rates of
processed beans.

Packaging, features and names influence the marketing and pricing of bean based products (Li et
al.,2021). In order to attract customers the packaging should provide information such as the
brand, material composition, purpose and quality and should be innovative and exclusive to
effect demand (Li et al.,2021; Safraz et al., 2021). Good packaging should be environmentally
friendly, stores and preserves products and generates the consumers interest in purchasing a
product (Abdullah et al., 2021; Mosina et al., 2021)
For instance in Kenya the price of every basic plate of pre-cooked bean product takes a small
portion of total national average income but a large portion of international poverty line of USD
1.90 per day which makes it higher than the daily income of most poor households (Masters et
al.,2021). Therefore, the government and other crucial stakeholders should join hands and
formulate policies that will regulate the cost of production and even processing for commonly
consumed products in order to encourage consumption of the processed forms of food products
like beans. In a competitive market environment, product pricing affects consumer purchase
decisions and behaviour. To explore the economic potential of bean based products in a county
like Bungoma, it is essential to acquire knowledge on these aspect of marketing.

Product promotion and packaging

Bean-based products have gained increasing popularity in recent years due to their nutritional
value, sustainability, and affordability(Bohra et al., 2014). To tap into the potential demand for
these products in Bungoma County, effective packaging and promotion strategies are essential to
attract and retain consumers (Fooks et al., 2015).

The packaging design should reflect the target market's preferences and cultural context, while
also conveying the health benefits and sustainability aspects of bean-based products(Mai,
Symmank & Seeberg, 2016). Packaging plays a crucial role in the marketing of bean-based
products. It serves as the first point of contact with consumers and can greatly influence their
purchasing decision. Packaging should be visually appealing, informative, and functional
(Wyrwa & Barska 2017). For instance, incorporating images of fresh beans, showcasing the
product's high protein and fiber content, and using eco-friendly packaging materials can all be
effective strategies.

Promotion efforts should aim to create awareness, generate interest, and persuade consumers to
try and buy the products. Various promotional tools can be utilized, including advertising, public
relations, promotion agriculture shows, social media, and in-store promotions (Maereka et
al.,2017). In addition to packaging, promotion is a key marketing strategy for bean-based
products (Kessy et al., 2020).
Advertising can be done through various media channels, such as print, radio, television, and
online platforms (Widjaja et al.,2022). It should highlight the health benefits, affordability, and
versatility of bean-based products (Molenaar et al.,2021). Testimonials or endorsements from
nutritionists, chefs, or local influencers can also be used to build trust and credibility (Firman et
al., 2021). Public relations activities can include media coverage, press releases, and events that
showcase the nutritional value and sustainability of bean-based products (Rahman & Reynolds,
2019) Collaborating with local health organizations, schools, or community groups can also help
to raise awareness and promote the products (Foley et al., 2021)

Social media is an effective platform to engage with consumers and build a loyal customer base
(Ajina, 2019). Regular posts featuring recipes, nutritional information, and promotions can be
shared on social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter (Septianto et
al.,2022). Encouraging user-generated content, such as reviews, photos, and testimonials, can
also help to create buzz and generate interest (septianto et al., 2022). Moreover, targeted
marketing campaigns should be developed to reach different segments of the population in
Bungoma County (Donilcar, 2022). For example, campaigns can be tailored to urban consumers,
rural consumers, health-conscious consumers, or families with children, considering their
specific preferences, needs, and purchasing behaviors.

Effective packaging and promotion are essential marketing strategies to tap into the potential
demand for bean-based products in Bungoma County (Quaye, D., & Mensah). Customized
marketing campaigns should also be developed to reach different segments of the population
(Seo and Park, 2018). By employing these strategies, bean-based product marketers can
effectively communicate the benefits of these products and attract consumers, therefore, poses a
potential for a traction in the value-added market for beans hence realizing the economic
viability of the potential demand for bean-based products in Bungoma.

Sensory attributes and Consumer preference.

In order to evaluate sensory properties of bean products Near Infrared Spectroscopy( NIRS) has
been widely used to predict aroma, flavour, mealiness, seed coat perception, seed coat brightness
and seed coat roughness in common beans ( Plans et al., 2014). The sensory experience of eating
determines and influences food consumption often attributed to the positive hedonic response
associated with certain sensory cues (McCrickerd and Forde, 2016) . Sensory knowledge
combined with other branches of science in developmental research and marketing provide a
holistic contribution when correctly applied to comprehend product characteristics and develop
product that match consumer preference(Talavera and Chambers, 2016)

Legume floors are becoming more preferred in the baking industry because of their high
nutritional value and positive performance in heat treatment, the bean floor for instance has
received a positive response in the formulation of ready to eat snacks ( Sparvoli et al.,2016,
Arribas et al., 2019, Maia et al., 2021) However these legume based snacks face challenges such
as reduction of antinutrirional factors or elimination and consumer acceptance including oduor,
texture, flavour, colour, appearance and approval of the final product. In the bakery sensory
evaluation has been applied in legume products including gluten free, low fat, biscuits and
snacks for children. The bean based products are gaining prominence because of the dynamic
lifestyle changes that take place everyday and a lot of people now prefer consuming healthy
products (Bogue et al., 2017).

A study conducted In the rural parts of Machakos county indicated low consumption of
processed bean products due to lack of consumer awareness and other parameters like the age
and education level of the consumers. In order to improve consumer utility and acceptability of
bean based products such as bean snacks and noodles in Bungoma, the role of sensory attributes
in product development and marketing strategies should be recognized as a way of satisfying the
diverse consumer needs and preferences (Lutomia et al.,2021)

The market for bean based products represents a considerable opportunity for growth as Kenya’s
expanding middle class demands convenience and taste options from traditional samples (GAIN
and Harvest Plus, 2019). Because sensory properties are important for consumer acceptance, the
negative attributes that lower the demand for bean based products have to be minimized in order
to attract more consumers and realize the economic potential of these products.

Extension Education

Research has shown that extension education can play a critical role in creating awareness,
spreading knowledge and information on bean-based products (Davis, 2016; Wijaya &
Offermans, 2019). Extension services can work with farmers to identify the best bean varieties
for processing and provide training on post-harvest handling, processing, and packaging
(Ingabire, 2018). Extension officers can also work with processors and traders to create a market
for bean-based products by linking them with potential buyers and facilitating market access
(Ameru, Odero and Kwake, 2018).

According to (Abi-Ghanem, et al., 2013; Marsh, et al., 2017), extension education is a powerful
tool for creating awareness and promoting the adoption of new technologies and practices in the
agricultural sector. Extension officers can use a variety of approaches such as farmer field
schools, demonstrations, and workshops to reach farmers and other stakeholders in the bean
value chain (Coutts, et al., 2019. By providing relevant information and training through farmer
organisations such as associations, corporatives and women groups extension education can help
farmers to improve the quality and quantity of their bean production, leading to increased income
and improved food security (Bizikova et al.,2020).

In addition, extension education can also play a role in creating awareness among consumers on
the health benefits of bean-based products (Roos et al.,2020, Maereka et al.,2017). Consumers
need to be informed about the nutritional value of beans and how they can be incorporated into
their diets. Extension officers can work with nutritionists and health professionals to develop
messages and materials that promote the consumption of bean-based products as part of a healthy
diet (Maereka et al.,2017). Better government investment in appropriate research and extension
services is needed to ensure a continuous network of information and innovation regarding bean
based products (Gikunda et al.,2021).

Agriculture extension education can be an effective marketing strategy for creating awareness
and spreading knowledge on bean-based products in Bungoma County. The potential demand for
these products presents an opportunity for farmers to diversify their income streams while
providing consumers with healthy and affordable food options. Extension officers can play a
critical role in promoting the adoption of new technologies and practices in the bean value chain
and creating awareness among consumers on the nutritional value of beans. With the right
support and investment, Bungoma County can become a hub for the production and processing
of high-quality bean-based products.
 Applications of Conjoint Analysis in Assessing Consumer Preferences for bean based
Products: A Review of Previous Studies

Conjoint analysis is a widely used method in consumer research that enables researchers to
analyze the preferences of consumers for different product attributes (Orme, 2018). Choice-
based conjoint analysis is a variation of conjoint analysis that involves presenting consumers
with a set of product profiles and asking them to choose their preferred option. The data
collected from these choices can be used to estimate the importance of different product
attributes and predict the demand for different product configurations (Louviere et al., 2015).

In my study Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis (CBCA) will be used to identify the most
important product attributes that influence consumer preferences for bean-based products. A
survey questionnaire will be administered to a representative sample of consumers in Bungoma
County to elicit their preferences for different bean-based products and their attributes. The
CBCA will be used to estimate the relative importance of each product attribute and the level of
each attribute that maximizes consumer utility.

Several studies have used conjoint analysis to evaluate the demand for food products. For
instance, a study by Yigezu et al. (2015) used conjoint analysis to assess the preferences of
Ethiopian consumers for teff-based products. The study found that the most important attributes
were price, taste, and nutritional value. Another study by Mtimet et al. (2019) used conjoint
analysis to evaluate the demand for dairy products in Tunisia. The study found that the most
important attributes were price, fat content, and brand. Sigurdsson et al. (2017) employed choice-
based conjoint analysis to investigate the expanding online food selection in the United States.
The study highlighted the potential of conjoint analysis to address intricate consumer behaviors,
showcasing its effectiveness in capturing the complexity of consumer decision-making by
evaluating various marketing attributes associated with online healthy food purchases. This
involved assigning comparable values to pricing-related factors and non-monetary stimuli such
as delivery time and quantity. The study's findings suggest that conjoint analysis is a valuable
tool for comprehensively understanding consumer behavior and preferences in the context of
online food purchasing.

By applying choice-based conjoint analysis, this study aims to fill this gap by providing a
comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence consumer preferences and demand for
bean-based products. The results of this study are expected to inform policies and strategies
aimed at promoting the production and consumption of bean-based products in Bungoma
County, as well as other regions with similar dietary patterns. Ultimately, this research is
expected to contribute to the development of a sustainable food system that promotes food
security and nutrition in the region.

Theoritical framework

The Theory of Planned Behaviour

The theoretical framework for this research will be the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB),
which is widely used in the field of consumer behavior research (Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is a
social cognitive theory that explains how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural
control affect human behaviour. According to TPB, individuals' behaviour is determined by their
intention to perform a specific behaviour. This intention is shaped by their attitude towards the
behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (Ajzen, 1991).

In the context of this study, TPB suggests that consumers' behaviour in relation to bean-based
products is determined by their attitude towards the products, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioural control (Sogari et al.,2023). For instance, consumers who perceive bean-based
products as tasty, healthy and nutritious could be associated with frequent eating of bean
products and are likely to have a positive attitude towards the products, which may increase their
intention to consume them (Qi & Ploeger, (2021); Jallinoja et al.,2016). Similarly, if a
consumer's social network favors the consumption of bean-based products, they are more likely
to have a positive attitude towards the products (Quo et al.,2014)

Perceived behavioural control is also an important factor that affects consumers' behaviour
towards bean-based products (Arli et al.,2018). If consumers perceive bean-based products to be
easily accessible, affordable, and convenient to prepare, they are more likely to have a positive
attitude towards the products, which may increase their intention to consume them (Aseete et
al.,2018, Tan et al., 2020, Wainaina et al., 2021).

Therefore, the TPB will guide the research in identifying the factors that influence consumers'
behaviour towards bean-based products in Bungoma County. The research will examine the
consumers' attitudes towards the products, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control,
which will inform the development of marketing strategies aimed at increasing the demand for
bean-based products in the county. Additionally, the TPB will help to identify potential barriers
to the adoption of bean-based products and develop strategies to overcome them.

The Theory of Consumer Behaviour

The other theory that will guide this research is the theory of consumer behavior which posits
that consumers are rational economic actors who aim to maximize their satisfaction by choosing
inexpensive, nutritious, and safe food products that possess desired attributes such as taste, color,
and aroma. According to this theory, a good does not inherently provide utility to a consumer.
Rather, it is the attributes of the good that determine its utility (Lancaster 1966). In conjoint
analysis, it is assumed that respondents react differently to various combinations of product
attributes such as price, packaging, product quality and sensory attributes. Respondents evaluate
product profiles that include multiple attributes at varying levels, requiring them to make trade-
offs among the different characteristics to express their preference. The resulting overall
preference ratings, obtained by ranking or rating, are used to estimate the utility and part-worths
of the attributes. This information will help identify important bean based product attributes and
preferred attribute levels, enabling estimation of the relative importance of different attributes
and identification of the ideal levels for maximizing consumer satisfaction in Bungoma County
(Orme, 2006) . Therefore, consumers seek out products that align with their preferences. To
promote sustainable dietary interventions and establish a sustainable food system, it is critical to
comprehend consumer preferences and behaviors. By considering these factors during product
development, it is possible to increase physical and economic access to legume-based products
such as beans that are culturally appropriate, sustainable, and widely consumed, which would
have a positive impact (FAO,2014).
Random Utility Theory

According to Louviere, et al. (2010) random utility theory (RUT) is the basis for Choice Based
Conjoint (CBC) analysis. (RUT) is deeply rooted on the theory of choice behavior proposed by
McFadden (1974) and takes inter-linked behaviors into account (Louviere, et al., 2010). RUT
and CBC is a more holistic approach since it considers the different stages of the decision
making process. There is always a feasible alternative in the choice set, including the opt-out
option. The respondent always picks one alternative that expresses his or her preference.

In this study, we aim also to apply the random utility framework to analyze consumer choices
and preferences, with a particular focus on the role of various bean based product attributes.
These attributes include price, sensory attributes, product quality, and packaging, which have
been shown to have a significant impact on consumer decision-making processes (Louviere,
Hensher, & Swait, 2000; Vermeulen & Stremersch, 2014). Within the context of the random
utility framework, each of these product attributes can be understood as contributing to the
overall utility of a product, which is the sum of the various part-worths of the product attributes
(Hair et al., 2010). By examining the relative importance of each attribute, we can gain insights
into consumer preferences and the trade-offs that individuals make when choosing between
different products.

Following Greene 2003, the utility for choosing to consume bean based products can be
modelled as follows;

Ua represents the utility derived from choosing to consume bean based products based (Price,
sensory attributes, product form and packaging) while Ub represents the utility derived from
choosing to consume bean based products based on (visual appeal, nutritional value and product
convenience) .

In this model, the utility for (Ua) is given by the equation Ua = w * βa + za * γa + εa, while the

utility for (Ub) is given by the equation Ub = w * βb + zb * γb + εb. These equations capture
how the different attributes of each option, as well as random error (ε), contribute to overall
utility, and can help us understand how consumers make choices between different products.
The aim of the model is to determine the choice made by an individual based on their
preferences. The observable characteristics of the individual are represented by vector W, which

may include demographics such as age, gender, and income. The vectors Za and Zb represent
the attributes of the two choices, which could be specific to each choice. We can infer that a
consumer chooses alternative a over b if Ua > Ub, where Ua and Ub represent the utility
functions of the two alternatives. The random elements in the utility functions are represented by
εa and εb, respectively. If we denote by Y = 1 the consumer’s choice of alternative a, we infer
from Y =1 meaning the probability of choosing alternative a over b is given by

Prob[Ua > Ub]. This can be expressed as

Prob[(W’βa + Z’aYa + εa) - (W’βb + Z’bYb + εb) > 0 | w, za, zb].

Simplifying this expression, we get Prob[(w’(βa-βb) + Z’aYa – Z’bYb + εa-εb) > 0 | w, za,
zb],

where W’β represents the observable elements of the difference between the two utility
functions and ε represents the difference between the two random elements. When the utility of
consuming bean based products diminishes consumers opt out.

This research will contribute to a deeper understanding of consumer decision-making processes,

particularly with regard to the role of various product attributes in shaping consumer preferences
and behavior. The insights gained from this study can help to inform more effective marketing
strategies and the development of new products that better meet the needs and preferences of
consumers.
Methodology

Consumer knowledge, perceptions and demand for bean based products

A combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods will be applied in this
research . This approach will lay out a panoramic grasp of consumers’ knowledge, perceptions,
and demand for bean-based products as well as the product attributes that match consumer
utility. The following participatory methods will be used:

1. Focus Group Discussions

FGDs will be conducted to gather qualitative data because they have proven useful in
designing choice based conjoint analysis experiments as they allow gainful insight into
consumers’ knowledge, perceptions, behaviours and attitudes towards bean-based products
(Akiva et al 2019).This will enable rich open end discussions of what will be presented and
their features for analysis and probing. The FGDs will be carried out in selected locations in
kisii County with a diverse group of consumers to capture different perspectives (Creswell et
al.,2016). In order to make work easier the following steps will be followed;

Krueger and Carsey,2015 stress the relevance of preparing a questioning route. In this case
the groups will be issued discussion guides with conversational, simple open ended questions
with each question allocated a specific time frame.

Sampling
 A purposive method of sampling will be employed to select individuals who are potential
consumers of bean based products in the area under study. Palinkas et al., 2015 recommends
purposeful sampling due to the ability to identify and provide rich relevant information in
the phomenon of interest. Therefore, an homogenous composition of respondents will be
identified through community groups, door to door canvassing and other social networks and
be informed on the purpose and objectives of the study (Stalmeijer et al., 2014). Their will be
5 Focus groups made up of rural farmers, nutritionists, Farmer self help groups ,
representatives from low income households and food entrepreneurs. Each group will
consists of seven respondents to allow each individual to participate fully and to be heard.

Data collection and analysis

A self sufficient moderator with excellent interpersonal skills, non judgemental and a good
listener will be picked so as the respondents can be encouraged and feel free to have an open
dialogue (Hammer and Wildervsky, 2018). A relaxed, comfortable, normal and familiar
setting with convenient space and ranking activities will be picked for the discussions. The
data gathering process will rely on the group discussions and observations of verbal and non
verbal interactions to monitor attitudes and general documentation of the group dynamics to
supplement data (Nyumba et al.,2018).

Data from the Focus groups will be collected mainly through participant observation, audio
and tape recording (Nyuma et al.,2018). Because most of the data from the audio files will be
analyzed after transcription the moderator will conduct a thick description to identify
recuring patterns, ideas , any omission and key insights related to consumers knowledge ,
perceptions and demand for bean based products from the Focus groups(Rosenthal, 2016).

2. In-depth Interviews (IDIs): IDIs will be conducted with key stakeholders in the bean
value chain, including farmers, processors, and retailers, to gather insights on the
production, processing, marketing, and distribution of bean-based products in Bungoma
County.

Empirical framework
The empirical framework of this research involves the use of Choice Based Conjoint Analysis
(CBCA) to estimate consumers’ preference for bean based products and their specific attributes.
CBCA also called discrete moddelling or discrete choice choice experiments is one of the
commonly used methods in measuring preference (Eggers et al.,2021). It provides a consumer
an array of catalogues of alternative products and assigns specific attributes to a range of options
consumers consider when making purchase decisions(Akiva et al., 2019). In this study CBCA
will enable the researcher to understand how consumers make choices when faced with
challenging trade-offs by offering various bean based products that vary in their attributes with
descriptions carefully designed to mimic a market experience and allow them choose their most
preferred products from a choice set (Mansuy et al.,2020). The participants elicit preference by
choosing from a set of concepts rather than ranking or rating them. Therefore the researcher will
be able to not only estimate but also discover the utilities that product attribute s add to the
overall consumption of a product and the relative importance consumers place on the different
attributes of the products and how they influence their preference( Eggers et al.,2021).

Selection of attributes and levels of attributes

Catalogue Batch# 1 Batch # 2 Batch#3 Batch#4

Price (kshs)
Product form
 Taste(Sensor Mild flavour sour sweet
y attribute)
Packaging
Nutritional
value
Product
visual appeal
Product
convenience

The conjoint analysis has been useful in various segments of the economy because it helps to gain in-
depth knowledge of customer preferences(Verma and Chandra, 2018)

Conjoint analysis has emerged from the traditional rating- or ranking-based

method in marketing to a general experimental method to study individual’s
discrete choice behavior with the choice-based conjoint variant.

CBC allows for the estimation of the relative importance of different attributes and the level at
which they influence consumers' preferences. The data generated from CBC can be analyzed
using statistical models such as multinomial logit (MNL) and mixed logit (MXL) models.
MNL is a simple and widely used model in choice modeling that assumes independence of
irrelevant alternatives. It is suitable for analyzing CBC data with a small number of attributes and
levels. The model estimates the probability of a consumer choosing a specific option based on
the utility derived from the attributes of the product.

MXL, on the other hand, is a more flexible and advanced model that allows for the inclusion of
random parameters to account for unobserved heterogeneity in consumer preferences. MXL
relaxes the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption and can accommodate a large
number of attributes and levels in the CBC design.

In this study, the empirical framework will involve the following steps:

1. Develop a CBC design that varies the attributes of bean-based products such as price,
sensory attributes, promotion, packaging, and nutritional content.

2. Administer the CBC survey to a representative sample of consumers in Bungoma

County.

3. Estimate the part-worth utilities of each attribute and level using MNL or MXL models.

4. Calculate the relative importance of each attribute and level based on the estimated
coefficients.

5. Develop market segmentation based on the identified consumer preferences and profiles.

6. Develop marketing strategies for bean-based products based on the identified consumer
preferences and market segments.

Overall, the empirical framework will provide a quantitative analysis of consumers' preferences
for bean-based products and their specific attributes. The data generated will inform the
development of market strategies aimed at increasing the demand for bean-based products in
Bungoma County.

1) Here is an example of a CBC design that varies the attributes of bean-based products:

Attribute 1: Price

 Low price: KES 50

  Medium price: KES 100

 High price: KES 150

Attribute 2: Sensory attributes

 Mild flavor: No added flavoring

 Medium flavor: Mild seasoning added

 Strong flavor: Strong seasoning added

Attribute 3: Promotion

 No promotion: No promotional offer

 Free gift: Free recipe booklet with purchase

 Discount: 10% discount on purchase

Attribute 4: Packaging

 Basic packaging: No branding or special packaging

 Medium packaging: Branded packaging with a small window to see the product

 Premium packaging: Branded packaging with a clear window and information about the
product's origin

Attribute 5: Nutritional content

 Low nutritional content: No added vitamins or minerals

 Medium nutritional content: Some added vitamins or minerals

 High nutritional content: High levels of added vitamins or minerals

The CBC survey would consist of several sets of product profiles, each with a different
combination of attribute levels. Respondents would be asked to choose their preferred option
from each set, and the data generated would be used to estimate the relative importance of each
attribute and level.
It's important n to note that the actual design of the CBC survey would depend on the specific
research questions and objectives of the study, as well as the target population and sample size.
Additionally, the attribute levels and ranges could be modified or expanded based on preliminary
research or expert input.

Sure, here's an example of how the CBC survey could be administered to a representative
sample of 200 consumers in Bungoma County:

2) Randomly select 200 individuals from the population of interest in Bungoma County.
3) Send a pre-survey email or letter to introduce the study and explain the purpose of the
CBC survey.
4) Administer the CBC survey through an online platform or in-person interviews using
tablets or paper questionnaires.
5) Present each respondent with several sets of product profiles that vary in their attribute
levels. For each set, ask the respondent to choose the product they would most likely
purchase or consume.
6) Randomize the order of the attribute levels within each set to avoid order bias.
7) Collect additional information from the respondents such as demographics, food
preferences, and purchase habits.
8) Offer an incentive such as a small gift or cash transfer to encourage participation.
9) Analyze the data using statistical software such as R or STATA.
10) Estimate the relative importance of each attribute and level using multinomial logit or
mixed logit models.
11) Develop market segments and marketing strategies based on the identified consumer
preferences and profiles.
12) It's important to ensure that the sample is representative of the target population, and that
the data collected is of high quality and reliable. This can be achieved through careful
sampling techniques, proper training of survey administrators, and pre-testing of the
survey instrument. Additionally, ethical considerations such as informed consent,
privacy, and confidentiality should be taken into account throughout the survey
administration process.
here's an example of how the part-worth utilities of each attribute and level could be
estimated using multinomial logit (MNL) or mixed logit (MXL) models:

1. Convert the choice data from the CBC survey into numerical format, where each product
profile is represented by a series of 0s and 1s indicating whether each attribute level is
present or not.

2. Estimate the part-worth utilities of each attribute level using MNL or MXL models. In
MNL, the choice probabilities of each alternative are modeled as a function of the
attributes using a logit model, while in MXL, the parameters of the model are allowed to
vary across respondents, allowing for heterogeneity in preferences.

3. Compute the relative importance of each attribute by comparing the magnitude of the
part-worth utilities across attributes. The attribute with the largest range of utilities is
considered to be the most important, while the attribute with the smallest range of utilities
is considered to be the least important.

4. Estimate the part-worth utilities for each individual respondent using mixed logit models,
and use these estimates to segment the market based on consumer preferences and
profiles.

5. Use the estimated part-worth utilities to develop pricing and product strategies that are
aligned with consumer preferences and demand.

It's important to note that the actual estimation procedure may vary depending on the specific
research question and data available. Additionally, model validation techniques such as cross-
validation and goodness-of-fit tests should be used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
estimated parameters.

Sure, here's an example of how the relative importance of each attribute and level can be
calculated based on the estimated coefficients:

1. Estimate the part-worth utilities of each attribute level using MNL or MXL models.
These utilities represent the strength of preference that consumers have for each level of
each attribute.
 2. Calculate the range of the part-worth utilities for each attribute by taking the difference
between the highest and lowest utility values across all levels of that attribute. This range
represents the relative importance of that attribute in driving consumer choice.

3. Normalize the ranges of the part-worth utilities so that they sum to 100%. This allows for
direct comparison of the relative importance of each attribute across the study.

4. Rank the attributes based on their normalized ranges of part-worth utilities. The attribute
with the highest normalized range is considered the most important, while the attribute
with the lowest normalized range is considered the least important.

5. Repeat the process for each level within each attribute to determine the relative
importance of each level within the most important attribute.

For example, if the CBC survey found that the most important attribute driving consumer choice
of bean-based products in Bungoma County was price, and the normalized range of part-worth
utilities for price was 50%, then it can be concluded that price is twice as important as the other
attributes. Similarly, if the survey found that the most preferred level of packaging was vacuum-
sealed, with a normalized range of part-worth utilities of 30%, then it can be concluded that
consumers in Bungoma County place a relatively high importance on vacuum-sealed packaging
compared to other packaging options.

It's important to note that the actual calculation of relative importance may vary depending on
the specific research question and data available. Additionally, the results should be interpreted
in the context of the research design and sampling frame used.

Market Segmentation:

1. Segment the market based on the estimated part-worth utilities for each individual
respondent using cluster analysis or other appropriate techniques. This will group
individuals based on their preferences for different product attributes and levels.

2. Identify the key characteristics of each market segment, such as demographics, income,
and other relevant factors, to better understand the needs and preferences of each group.
 3. Develop marketing messages and strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and
preferences of each market segment. For example, consumers who prioritize price may
respond well to promotions and discounts, while those who prioritize nutritional content
may respond better to information about the health benefits of bean-based products.

Marketing Strategies:

1. Based on the relative importance of each attribute and level identified in the CBC survey,
develop marketing strategies that emphasize the most important attributes. For example,
if price was identified as the most important attribute, consider pricing strategies such as
offering discounts or bundling products together to encourage purchases.

2. Tailor product offerings to the preferences of each market segment. For example, if a
particular segment values sensory attributes such as taste and texture, consider
developing bean-based products that have unique flavors or textures that appeal to their
preferences.

3. Consider packaging and promotion strategies that appeal to the preferences of each
market segment. For example, if a particular segment values convenience, consider
packaging bean-based products in single-serve portions or packaging that is easy to open
and store.

4. Use market research techniques such as surveys and focus groups to test the effectiveness
of marketing strategies and refine them over time.

It's important to note that the actual marketing strategies developed may vary depending on the
specific research question and data available. Additionally, the results should be interpreted in
the context of the competitive landscape and other external factors that may influence consumer
behavior.
source: Courtesy of D.G. Debouck, CIAT (2015).

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obj2--consumers are increasingly avoiding animal products due to the following reasons: allergies to the
proteins present in cow’s milk, intolerance to lactose, environmental or animal welfare concerns, desire to
follow a vegan lifestyle, and willingness to diversify their diets (fructuoso et al., 2021; Aydar et al.,2021)

Among dairy alternatives, the most popular ones are milk substitutes, which are usually referred to as
plant-based beverages (Sethi et al.,2016)
Safety Assessment of Foods and Feeds Derived from Transgenic Crops, Volume 3 :
Common bean, Rice, Cowpea and Apple Compositional Considerations-----I will check

The National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) consisting of Universities, Kenya Agricultural and
Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) and international agencies like International Centre for
Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) have developed various technologies to address these challengesthis o
google

CRAFT- climate Resilience Agribusiness for Tomorrow

problem state- While there has been some research done to characterize novel plant proteins,
the information is far from being comprehensive. Science and technology must catch up with the
exponential increase in the demand for novel plant protein. There is a need to explore efficient
protein extraction processes to ensure high yields and preservation of the protein quality and
functionality, understand structure/function relationship, develop cost-effective protein
functionalization strategies, demonstrate ways to overcome flavor and texture challenges,
identify unique high-value applications, investigate crop diversity, and secure abundant supply,
along with evolving the nonprotein complimentary ingredients used in combination with the
plant and animal proteins to satisfy the market demand. Our goal is to provide an overview of
protein fundamentals and identify innovation needs and challenges across the protein supply
chain to support demand surge in protein products

The Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance

(PABRA) has been at
the forefront of efforts to accelerate the
transition of beans from a subsistence crop
to a modern commodity in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Although bean production in the DRC is relatively low, innovation opportunities exist that can upgrade
the VC and enhance socio-economic benefits of the VC players. Opportunities for improving bean
production will include introducing processing of beans through use of existing mills of other staples and
promoting milling of beans into production of bean-based products ( Nyamwaro et al., 2018).
There is a burgeoning demand for common bean at local, regional, and international markets
(Sichilima et al., 2016; Nkhata et al., 2021b).

CA is a method able to estimate the structure of consumer evaluations on a set

of product profiles consisting of predetermined combinations of levels of
product attributes (Green & Srinivasan, 1990). Thus the method is able to
measure buyers’ trade-offs among multi-attribute goods or services (Claret et
al., 2012, Cox et al., 2007, Næs et al., 2010).
We used a choice based CA where the correspondents will be able to make
choices among several alternative products with varying levels of attributes
The underlying hypothesis of CEs is that obtaining preferences by having
respondents choose a single preferred stimulus among a set of stimuli is a
more realistic and therefore a better method for approaching actual decisions
(Louviere et a

Choice-Based Conjoint
This is the most common form of conjoint. The example question above is a choice-
based conjoint question. Respondents pick the most appealing concept for each set.
Each set contains a random set of concepts that are evenly distributed. This type of
conjoint best simulates buyer behavior since each set contains hypothetical products
(concepts). When respondents choose a complete profile, a researcher can calculate
preferences from the tradeoffs made. (e.g even though "Strawberry" isn't a preferred
flavor, if the price were low enough, it would still provide consumer utility")

My example attributes include price, flavour, size, packaging

Flavour- vanilla……..

I will use demand and knowledge

Obj. 2- The results of this study show that the most important factors affecting respondents
consumer utility and behaviour for bean based products were were price, brand type,
production type, origin mark and caliber size with 26.73, 14.79, 13.48, 12.34 and 12.32% relative
importance, respectively.

ource: 
1. Green, P. & Rao, V.R. (1971), Conjoint Measurement for Quantifying Judgmental Data.
Journal of Marketing Research (August), p. 355.

2. Batsell, R.R. & Elmer, J.B. (1990), How to Use Market Based Pricing to Forecast Consumer
Purchase Decisions. Journal of Pricing Management. (Spring), p.

preference/choice analysis was based on four important characteristics viz., grain yield, maturity
duration, diseases reaction and grain colour acceptance

This study was therefore designed to identify different farmer techniques used for common bean insect
pest and disease detection and management practices in Teso North and Bungoma West with the main
objective of improving common bean production and productivity through improved detection and
management of insect pest and diseases among farmers in Busia and Bungoma farming communities.
The specific objectives were to identify the leading common bean varieties grown by farmers in Teso
North and Bungoma West, to determine the most common bean insect pest and disease detection
techniques and management practices among farmers in Teso North and Bungoma West and to
describe the influence of the socio-economic and institutional factors on common bean insect pest and
disease detection techniques and management practices among farmers in Teso North and Bungoma
West. This study aimed at providing a credible feedback to researchers, extension agents and the policy
makers on how to improve common bean production and productivity through improved detection and
management of insect pest and diseases. Extension agents will use this information as a diffusion
pathway that is crucial for optimizing the uptake of any other agricultural production

While their has been significant research ………

Unlike many other Sub-Saharan African countries, for many years Kenya had comparative advantages in
the manufacturing of processed bean products. However, for new competitors intending to join the
bean processing industry, little is known about marketing strategies for value added bean products.
Using data from 90 retailers in the Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya, a two-step econometric
procedure-multivariate probit and Poisson regression models were applied to analyse retailers’
marketing strategy decisions. Findings show that information sources, cost of marketing, supply
modalities, price of products, and quantities handled significantly influenced retailers’ marketing
strategy choice. Surveyed retailers applied varying marketing strategies to market value added bean
products. There is need for prospective retailers to choose an appropriate mix of strategies to penetrate
the dynamic market with a number of value added bean products, and promote local consumption of
value added bean products.

Consumer behaviour is largely influenced by socio-economic and demographic characteristics whereby

sex, age, education level and nutritional knowledge are a major influence on people’s decision making
(Seyidove and Adomaitiene, 2016).

Knowledge and perceptions

Limited knowledge about ways to conveniently incorporate legumes into the diet may constraint
consumers from eating recommended amounts to fully realize their nutritional and health benefits
(Perera et al.,2020)

Bean product attributes include texture(firmness and consistency), taste, flavour

Value added bean based products

Dry seed canning Precooked products Milled floors and

packaging concentrates

Dry pack (single Soaking/blanching Extrusion Hydration and Pin milled wet extraction

class and mixtures) cooking

( soak/blanch/cook)

Home or food Filling with brine Forced air Frozen beans Air Extracts
service cooking and sauce Dehydration classified alkali Ultra

acids filtration
 salt isoelectric

Sprouting Can closing Meals/ IQF block Fractions ppt

powders protein protein

starch,fibre concentrate

Thermal processing Structured formed Protein

particles isolate