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PII: S0264-1275(17)30752-9
DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.006
Reference: JMADE 3265
To appear in: Materials & Design
Received date: 17 May 2017
Revised date: 2 August 2017
Accepted date: 3 August 2017
Please cite this article as: Yimin Ji, Yuzhou Li, Guoqiang Chen, Tieling Xing , Fire-
resistant and highly electrically conductive silk fabrics fabricated with reduced graphene
oxide via dry-coating, Materials & Design (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.006
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National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing
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Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
Abstract
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Large-scale and functional silk fabrics were prepared by depositing synthetic
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this modification method, the reduced GO (rGO) sheets deposited uniformly on the
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silk fabric surface were firmly combined with fibres. Up to 19.5 wt% rGO could be
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deposited relative to the fabric weight. The morphology and structure of prepared
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diffraction, and Raman spectrometry. In comparison with pristine silk fabric, the
modified silk fabric exhibited improved fire resistance and smoke suppression
properties. The sheet resistance of rGO-coated silk fabric decreased to 0.13 kΩ/sq.
Washing test indicated that the rGO-coated silk fabrics prepared had good durability
for common use. The functional silk fabric deposited with 19.5 wt% rGO was
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xingtieling@suda.edu.cn (T. Xing).
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combustion and can be applied in the fire-fighting field. The silk fabric deposited with
3.9 wt% rGO was successfully assembled into a human motion signal sensor; this
easily fabricated, highly sensitive, and flexible sensor has potential for use as
wearable devices.
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Key words: Silk fabric; Reduced graphene oxide; Fire resistance; Electrical
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conductivity; Conductor; Human motion signal sensor
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1. Introduction
Graphene has recently drawn attention for wide applications based on its unique
structure and excellent properties [1-5]. Combining graphene with traditional textiles
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electric conductors [6, 7], strain sensors [8-10], supercapacitors, and energy storage
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[11, 12]. Furthermore, because of excellent properties of textiles such as flexibility,
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low cost, and easy deformation (similar to the human skin) [13], graphene-based
textiles are outstanding candidates for fabricating wearable devices. However, textiles
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(depending on their natures) can be easily ignited, quickly release dense smoke, and
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rapidly induce fires [14, 15]. The inherently flammable and combustible properties of
textiles could seriously confine their further application. In fact, graphene itself has
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been demonstrated to be an efficient green fire retardant [2]. The 2D-layered structure
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of graphene can act as a powerful physical barrier, which is favourable for isolating
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oxygen, delaying heat transfer, and preventing escape of pyrolysis products [16, 17].
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polymers [18, 19], rather than as a fire retardant that can be directly used to modify
fabric surface is quite low, which does not effectively endow the fabric with
used to improve the fire resistance of textiles through doping with graphene [6, 20,
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21]. Dong et al. [6] fabricated a fire-resistant cotton fabric by dipping it in a mixture
modified fabric could hold its shape under combustion for 90 s. Although the flame
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seriously affected. In addition, organo-phosphorous flame retardants are toxic and
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unfriendly to the environment, and are gradually being replaced [22]. Therefore,
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improving the fire resistance property of graphene-based textiles for fire safety and
functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and epoxide) on the basal planes [23]
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and can be absorbed onto fabric surfaces through the combination of covalent bonds
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to deposit GO on fabrics involve “dip-coating” [7, 9, 24] and “vacuum filtration” [10,
adequate hydrophilic groups in its structure, the method needs fabric to be repeatedly
dipped in GO suspension for long times. Even so, the amount of GO deposited on the
fabric is still unsatisfactory. Lu et al. [7] fabricated a highly conductive silk fabric
(sheet resistance: 1.5 kΩ/sq) by dipping silk fabric in GO suspension and reducing for
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7 cycles. Although this method allows the fabric to obtain good electrical conductivity,
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the modified graphene-based silk fabric still did not have fire resistance because of
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the low amount of graphene deposited on its surface. In the “vacuum filtration”
method, GO is filtered onto the fabric through vacuum filtration. However, the size
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and shape of the obtained fabric are restricted by the common filter paper, which
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prevents the approach from being scalable and hence is not suitable for industrial
production. In addition, this method also could not deposit sufficient graphene on the
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fabric surface for achieving fire resistance. Therefore, developing a new method that
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textiles that have both excellent fire resistance and high electrical conductivity.
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method to construct functional silk fabrics by coating with synthetic GO hydrosol and
subsequent immersion in L-ascorbic acid solution to reduce the GO. This method can
amount of reduced GO (rGO) deposited on silk fabric can be easily controlled and
calculated. The fire resistance property and electrical conductivity of the modified silk
fabrics were measured, and the durabilities of rGO-coated silk fabrics were evaluated
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2. Experimental
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2.1. Materials
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Silk crepe satin (weight: 60.28 g/m2) was supplied by Suzhou Kasen Silk
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Garments Co., Ltd. Graphite flakes (~325 mesh) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co.,
Ltd. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85%) was obtained from Acros Organics Co., Ltd.
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Potassium permanganate (KMNO4) and L-ascorbic acid were provided by Sinopharm
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Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4, 95% – 98%), hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2, 30%), hydrogen chloride (HCL, 36% – 38%), and ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.7%)
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were purchased from Chinasun Specialty Products Co., Ltd. All reagents were used
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[27]. A 9:1 mixture of concentrated H2SO4/H3PO4 (270:30 mL) was added into a 1000
mL flask containing 6 g graphite flakes, then 42 g KMnO4 was added to the mixture
within 30 min batch-wise. The reaction system was maintained at 0 °C in an ice water
bath for 1 h. Then the reaction was heated to 50 °C and quickly stirred for 8 h. Finally,
the reaction was cooled to 0 °C in an ice water bath, and 600 mL of deionised water
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with 12 mL H2O2 (30%) was added to stop the oxidation process. The mixture became
golden yellow indicating that highly oxidised GO was obtained. The product was then
washed in succession with 200 mL of deionised water and 200 mL of ethanol; for
each wash, the product was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min. GO hydrosol was
prepared through a simple dialysis process as follows: the GO obtained was added to
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a moderate amount of water and transferred into a dialysis tube (molecular weight
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cutoff: 8000 – 14000 Da) and the GO hydrosol was prepared through dialysis for 3 d
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in deionised water.
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2.3. Fabrication of rGO-coated silk fabrics
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The prepared GO hydrosol (~25 mg/mL) was used as a coating agent without
additives and a sample coating machine was used to deposit GO hydrosol onto silk
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fabric. The pristine silk fabric was cut to 40 cm × 15 cm and fixed in a sample holder.
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The coating thickness between scraper and silk fabric was adjusted with a feeler
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gauge and GO hydrosol was poured onto the sample holder. Next, an electrical
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scraper was started and the GO hydrosol was coated on the fabric surface mildly and
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smoothly. The fabric was then dried in an oven at 120 °C for 10 min, through which
the wet GO hydrosol could be converted to dry GO sheets on the fabric surface. The
fabric was then turned over and the reverse surface was coated by the same coating
method. After coating, the GO-coated silk fabric was immersed in L-ascorbic acid
(0.25 mol/L) at 90 °C for 1.5 h to reduce the GO sheets. After reduction, the
rGO-coated silk fabric obtained was washed with a large amount of deionised water
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to remove the residual reducing agent. Finally, the rGO-coated silk fabric was dried at
80 °C for 30 min.
2.4. Characterisation
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to observe the morphologies of the samples. The Raman spectra of the samples
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were measured using a Horiba Jobin Yvon HR800 Raman spectrometer. The
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crystal phases of the samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with
D2863 on an FTT 0002 oxygen index instrument (FTT, UK). Vertical flame
testing was carried out according to ASTM D6413 using a YG 8158 fabric
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damage length, time to self-extinguish, and the ratio (%) of residual char after
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× 100 (1)
where W1 is the weight of pristine silk fabric and W2 is the weight of the sample
The smoke suppression test was conducted with an FTT 0064 NBS smoke
density test chamber (FTT, UK) according to ISO 5659-2. The sheet resistances
Damin Instruments, China). The electrical signal of the human motion signal
sensor during the test was recorded with a RST5000 electrochemical work station
(Risetest Electronic Co., Ltd, China). The washing tests for the rGO-coated silk
colour fastness test machine without using stainless steel balls. In one washing
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cycle, the sample was immersed in 200 mL of aqueous solution containing
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standard reference detergent (0.37%, w/w) and washed for 45 min. One washing
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cycle under the condition was equal to washing 5 times[14,29].
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3. Results and discussion
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Along with the exchange of acid and water molecules, strong complex
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infrared spectrometry and XRD were used to evaluate the quality of the GO
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Fig.1. Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of rGO-coated silk fabric. (b) Pristine silk fabric
fixed on a sample holder before coating. (c) The silk fabric after coating with GO hydrosol. (d) Digital
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graphene-based silk fabrics. The colour of silk fabric changed twice (during
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coating and reduction). The GO hydrosol was first coated on silk fabric through a
double faced "dry-coating" method (Fig. 1b & 1c). The fabric colour changed
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from white to brown indicating that the GO hydrosol was successfully deposited
on the fabric surface. After reduction, the fabric colour became black, which
suggested that most of the GO on the fabric surface was converted to rGO.
Flexible rGO-coated silk fabric was achieved through this two-step method (Fig.
1d).
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capacity for adsorption, which results in strong adhesion to silk fabric. The
functional groups of silk fabric (amide bonds, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups) and
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hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, which can result in van der Waals forces
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between GO hydrosol and silk fabric [30, 31]. The adhesion of GO on silk fabric
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surface was evaluated by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Fig. 2 SEM images of pristine silk fabric (a&b). SEM images of rGO-coated silk fabric (c&d).
SEM images of pristine silk fabric show that the untreated fabric had a smooth
and clean surface. Each silk fibre could be seen clearly at high magnification (Fig. 2a
& 2b). The smooth surface of the horizontally placed fabric with this method provided
a favourable condition for the GO hydrosol to directly form GO sheets. Hence, the
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deposited rGO sheets on silk fabric surface could reach a high level. Fig. 2c & 2d
show SEM images of rGO-coated silk fabric at low and high magnification,
respectively. From the SEM images of the pristine silk fabric, fibres of rGO-coated
silk fabric were completely wrapped by rGO sheets and the spaces between fibres
were filled by rGO sheets. This unique and robust surface can endow silk fabric with
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excellent properties.
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XRD and Raman spectra were utilised to characterise the structures of treated
silk fabrics and to investigate the reduction of GO-coated silk fabric to rGO-coated
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silk fabric. The XRD spectra of pristine silk fabric, GO-coated silk fabric, and
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rGO-coated silk fabric are shown in Fig. 3a. The spectrum of pristine silk fabric
shows a strong diffraction peak at 20.7º, which is characteristic of silk with highly
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ordered β-structure [32]. After coating with GO, the spectrum of GO-coated silk
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fabric displays an additional sharp and strong diffraction peak at 10.4º corresponding
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to the characteristic peak of GO, indicating that GO and silk fabric were integrated
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upon the reduction of GO. As shown in Fig. 3b, the Raman spectrum of pristine silk
fabric is complex and random. However, after coating with GO and reducing the GO,
there were only two prominent peaks at 1345 cm-1 and 1578 cm-1 in the Raman
spectra of GO-coated silk fabric and rGO-coated silk fabric, which correspond to the
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disorder in the planar carbon network [7,33]. The ratio of intensities of the D and G
bands (ID/IG) can be used to evaluate the reduction of GO to rGO. The ID/IG of
GO-coated silk fabric was 0.90; after chemical reduction, the ID/IG of rGO-coated silk
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fabric increased to 1.04, showing that the reduction process removed the majority of
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oxygen-containing functional groups in the GO and partially restored the structure of
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GO with a high quantity of structural defects. These results confirm that GO was
successfully converted to rGO and that the rGO sheets were firmly immobilised on
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the silk fabric surface, in agreement with the SEM images and XRD spectra.
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Fig. 3 (a) XRD curves of pristine silk fabric, GO-coated silk fabric, and rGO-coated silk fabric. (b)
Raman spectra of pristine silk fabric, GO-coated silk fabric, and rGO-coated silk fabric.
relatively controllable, and different deposited rGO amounts could endow silk fabric
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amount on the properties of rGO-coated silk fabric, four different coating thicknesses
(one side) were selected to coat silk fabrics. The weight percentage of deposited rGO
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eposited rGO amount ( 100 (2)
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where Wg is the weight of rGO-coated silk fabric and Wf is the weight of pristine silk
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fabric. The corresponding relationship between coating thickness and deposited rGO
Deposited rGO amount on silk fabrics corresponding to different coating thicknesses (one side). The
LOI value of rGO-coated silk fabrics with different deposited rGO amounts before and after washing
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10 times.
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Coating thickness Deposited rGO LOI value (%) before LOI value (%) before
Note: The coating thickness (one side) in this Table refers to the technique factor in Experimental 2.3,
Pristine silk fabric naturally has the elements N, P, and S in its composition. Thus,
the fire resistance performance of pristine silk fabric is considered better than other
natural fabrics such as cotton and flax. This contributes to making silk fabric a
superior candidate for fabricating fire-resistant devices. After coating with rGO, silk
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fabric was endowed with excellent fire resistance property. The fire resistance
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mechanism of rGO sheets includes the following: 1. rGO sheets can act as a powerful
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physical barrier to protect the silk fabric from oxygen, fire, or heat, 2. rGO can
generate large amounts of carbon dioxide when it burns, and the carbon dioxide is
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considered an efficient fire extinguishing agent, and 3. rGO has excellent
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char-forming property; it can form continuous and dense residual char layers during
combustion and the residual char layers deposited on the fabric surface can effectively
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restrain combustion.
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that can just support flame combustion over a length of 40 mm [34]. There was
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obvious enhancement in the LOI value of rGO-coated silk fabrics (Table 1) relative to
the LOI value of pristine silk fabric (24%), demonstrating that rGO acted as an
effective fire retardant. The LOI value of silk fabric with 3.9 wt% deposited rGO
increased to 28.8%. Silk fabric after 19.5 wt% rGO coating had an LOI value of
43.5%, which is 81.25% higher than that of pristine silk fabric. The results indicate
that LOI values of rGO-coated silk fabrics increased with the amount of rGO
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deposited. After washing 10 times, the LOI value of each rGO-coated silk fabric
showed a slight decline but still maintained a high level. Fabric with LOI value over
26% is regarded to be fire resistant; accordingly, the prepared rGO-coated silk fabrics
Table 2
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Damage length, time to self-extinguish and % of residual char after vertical flame testing of pristine
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silk fabric and rGO-coated silk fabrics with different amounts of rGO deposited.
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Sample Damaged length (cm) Time to self-extinguish (s) % residual char
Fig. 4 Post-burn images of (a) pristine silk fabric, (b) rGO-coated silk fabric with 3.9 wt% rGO, and (c)
Pristine silk fabric and rGO-coated silk fabrics were subjected to vertical flame
testing to further evaluate the flame resistance. In this test, samples were cut to
shown in Table 1 & Fig. 4. Pristine silk fabric was ignited immediately when it was
exposed to direct flame; it burned for 12 s and the damaged length was 27.1 cm,
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indicating that it is difficult for pristine silk fabric to resist burning in a vertical flame.
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In contrast, rGO-coated silk fabrics showed ability to suppress flame. For example,
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the direct flames were self-extinguished within 8 s and 5 s in the tests of rGO-coated
silk fabrics with 3.9 wt% and 19.5 wt% rGO. The corresponding damage lengths were
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only 17 cm and 12.8 cm, respectively. The successful inhibition of flame extension
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should be due to the larger amounts of rGO sheets and continuous dense layers of
char formed on the fabric surfaces [35]. The ratio of residual char of all the
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rGO-coated silk fabrics exceeded 85%, larger than that of pristine silk fabric after 12 s
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burning. Such char forming ability could endow the rGO-coated silk fabric with more
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potential applications.
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Fig. 5 The smoke density versus time curves of pristine silk fabric and rGO-coated silk fabrics with
Smoke density refers to the amount of smoke produced by the material under test
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the material generates heavy smoke in a fire disaster. The density of smoke (Ds) was
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used to evaluate the smoke suppression performance. The Ds value (unitless) was
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smoke density testing chamber [14]. A lower Ds value indicates better smoke
showed significant decline (Fig. 5) relative to the pristine silk fabric. The maximum
Ds value of the rGO-coated silk fabric (3.9 wt% rGO) was 10.74, which was 23.2%
lower than that of the pristine silk fabric. However, increasing rGO from 3.9 to 7.8 wt%
did not distinctly improve the smoke suppression performance of the rGO-coated silk
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fabric, in agreement with the LOI values. When the deposited rGO increased to 19.5
wt%, the maximum Ds value of rGO-coated silk fabric decreased to 6.22, which was
55.5% lower than the Ds value of pristine silk fabric. The results demonstrate that
graphene has good shielding effect suppressing smoke release during combustion,
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3.3. Electrical conductivity of rGO-coated silk fabrics
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Fig. 6 Effect of deposited rGO amount on sheet resistance of rGO-coated silk fabrics before and after
washing 10 times, and the insert shows a LED integrated with a rGO-coated silk fabric (19.5 wt% rGO)
affected. Pristine silk fabric is non-conducting while graphene has high electrical
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conductivity. After coating with rGO, the fabric can be closely integrated with
rGO sheets. Although there are many interstices in the surface structure of silk
fabric, rGO sheets can fill interstices and connect the fibres like large numbers of
'bridges'. These 'bridges' provide abundant channels for electron transfer, so that
the silk fabric can gain electrical conductivity. Fig. 6 shows sheet resistance (RS)
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curves of rGO-coated silk fabrics with different rGO amounts deposited before
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and after washing 10 times. The RS of pristine silk fabric could not be detected.
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The rGO-coated silk fabric (3.9 wt% rGO) had RS of 3.6 kΩ/sq. Furthermore, the
rGO-coated silk fabric decreased to 0.13 kΩ/sq, the lowest RS that could be
obtained. The RS values of the prepared rGO-coated silk fabrics (after washing 10
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times) were used to evaluate the durabilities of these samples. It is seen from Fig.
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6 that RS of the prepared rGO-coated silk fabrics increased slightly after washing
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in comparison with RS of the unwashed samples. The results indicated that the
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rGO-coated silk fabrics still had high electrical conductivity after washing 10
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times.
light emitting diode (LED) was connected with an rGO-coated silk fabric (19.5 wt%
rGO) in a circuit, then the LED was successfully lit using a 3V button battery
(insert of Fig. 6), which further manifested that rGO-coated silk fabrics are ideal
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Fig. 7 LED connected with a burning rGO-coated silk fabric (19.5 wt% rGO).
rGO-coated silk fabrics. Moreover, according to the result of vertical flame test,
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combustion. The layers of char formed after combusting can connect to the rest of
the fabric and retain the appearance of the fabric as the original. More
importantly, the layers of char formed after combustion also had excellent
silk fabric (19.5 wt% rGO) was connected to an LED and placed in an ethanol
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Fig. 8 The current through the human motion signal sensor shows regular vibration when
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Benefiting from the flexible and recoverable structure of silk fabric, a human
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motion signal sensor could be fabricated from the fire-resistant and highly
conductive rGO-coated silk fabric. rGO-coated silk fabric (3.9 wt% rGO) was
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selected for the sensing test owing to its lighter weight and higher sheet resistance
motion while releasing or closing a fist, rGO-coated silk fabric was tailored to be
6 cm long and 1 cm wide with two silver wires immobilised by silver paste on
both ends as electrodes. The human motion signal sensor was attached to a finger
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with medical tape. The human motion signal sensor can easily follow the change
of finger motion, and the images of releasing and closing a fist are shown in the
exhibits regular vibration during testing for 90 s, indicating the repeatability of the
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sensor. The result completely complied with the actual motions, and each peak
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represents the state of motion. Specifically, the negative and positive peaks
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correspond to the finger while releasing and closing the fist, respectively. For
example, from releasing the fist to closing the fist, the output current increased
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from 25.6 μA to 97.7 μA, demonstrating that the resistance value of the
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rGO-coated silk fabric decreased because of the stretching effect. The distribution
of fibres in the rGO-coated silk fabric changed from the relaxed state to the
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compact state under the influence of force. Consequently, the charge transport
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distance became shorter, which led to the increase of resistance [9]. The result
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demonstrates that the rGO-coated silk fabric has potential in wearable human
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4. Conclusions
with high concentration was directly coated onto silk fabric followed by reduction
with L-ascorbic acid. The rGO sheets deposited on the fabric surface uniformly
and firmly simultaneously endowed the fabric with excellent fire resistance
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properties and high electrical conductivity. The functional rGO-coated silk fabric
flame. In addition, the foldable and conductive rGO-coated silk fabric has
GO hydrosol can be applied on various fabrics such as cotton, silk, and wool for
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other potential applications including flexible electrodes, antibacterials, and
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hydrophobics. Furthermore, this inexpensive two-step “dry-coating” method is
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suitable for large-scale industrial production of multifunctional graphene-based
textiles. We believe that our strategy could be applied for fabricating more kinds
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of functional materials and wearable devices.
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Acknowledgements
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This work was supported by the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province
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Graphical abstract :
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Highlights:
A novel “dry-coating” method was successfully applied to deposit synthetic graphene oxide (GO)
The prepared rGO-coated silk fabrics exhibited excellent fire resistance property and high
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The rGO-coated silk fabric could be used as a conductor both at ambient temperature and in the
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burning flame.
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The rGO-coated silk fabric was successfully designed into a wearable and highly sensitive human