MIT Arts, Commerce and Science College, Alandi (D) Pune

Department of BBA and BBA IB

Academic Year 2022- 23

Assignment for the subject

Production and Operations Management.
CLASS- SY BBA
Submitted by – Gitanjali Gadsing
ROLL NO- FC027

Submitted to
Dr Mangesh Bhople

Submitted on (Date) – 22- 04 -2023

 NAME OF THE PRODUCT

ORIGIN AND HISTORY IN BRIEF.

 Over the centuries writing instruments have evolved
into the pen as we know it.
 Today’s definition of a pen is ‘an instrument for
writing or drawing with ink, typically consisting of a
metal nib or ball, or a nylon tip, fitted into a metal
or plastic holder’.
 If we consider a strict definition of the word pen,
we must consider the Egyptian model used by the
 Arab Fatimid from 953-975 as the basis for today’s
custom pens.
 The ruler demanded a writing instrument that
would prevent him from getting the dyes and inks
all over his hands and clothes when writing.
 His inventors provided him with a custom pen that
had a reservoir that fed the nib, preventing the
constant need for dipping.
QUILL PENS
 Quill pens with an ink well soon became the norm
for writing, lasting for centuries.
 Quill pens were used for artwork design, historical
record keeping and daily correspondences.
 The Quill pen can be looked upon as the first
customised pen.
 Feathers of various bird species provided fine tip
points, wide points and every size in between
allowing for art work design, fancy script and bold
letters.
 The monks of the middle ages who painstakingly
transcribed the bible had a collection of custom
pens in the form of numerous sizes of feathers
featuring tips from fine point to wide point.

THE FOUNTAIN PEN

  In May of 1827, France issued its first patent on the
fountain pen to a Parisian Student, Romanian
Petrache Poenaru.
 The fountain pen which features a fine stainless-
steel tip, still needs an ink well to be constantly
filled with ink.
 Widespread production of these customised pens
taking another 30 years, with others improving on
the filling techniques.
 Fountain pens become a favourite with
professionals such as barristers, professors, doctors
and accountants and remain a mainstay for over a
century.
 The pitfall of the fountain pen was its penchant for
leaking onto documents at the most inopportune
time.
 The evolution in the fountain pen comes all revolve
around the filling process and preventing leaking.
 The button filler, the lever filler, the click filler and
the matchstick filler were all innovations of the
filling process.
 The steel nibs of the fountain pens would quickly
corrode, leading to the introduction of the gold nib.
s nature of owning a fountain pen.

THE BALLPOINT PEN

 Originally the concept of the ballpoint pen was
proposed by John J. Loud, who was looking for a
way to write on surfaces other than paper.
 The fountain pen, with its delicate tip was not up to
the challenge of writing on wood, coarse paper or
surfaces other than writing paper.
 The concept was simple enough, a thin tube of ink
would be placed in a comfortable cylinder, the ink
would be held in a metal ball in a socket.
 Each innovation made the ballpoint better and
cheaper to manufacturer. Ballpoint pens soon
became available in every colour, style, shape and
design.
 They featured permanent ink, erasable ink, black
ink, blue ink, red ink. It was the revolution of the
pen.
 High end custom silver-plated ballpoint pens were
made for executives, soon to be replaced with solid
gold ballpoint pens.

DESIGNING OF A PEN
Step 1 – Brainstorm
Before you go ahead with making a pen, you need to
brainstorm and decide on your vision for the pen. Who are
you designing a pen for? What are you designing a pen for?
What type of pen are you designing? Ask yourself these
important questions before you jump right in.

When we design a Kingsley pen, we take our time during this

brainstorming process. We think carefully about our
consumers and how their diverse needs and wants.

Next, spend some time sketching out your vision for your pen.
The special thing about designing a pen is that you have the
freedom to experiment. So, take full advantage of this step
and sketch away until you’ve created a pen design that you
love.

Step 3 – 3D Models for Proportions

Once you have the vision for your pen, you’ll need to create
your image into a 3D model to perfect the proportions. This is
an important part of the ‘making a pen’ process because if you
get the proportions wrong, you may be left with a beautiful
looking pen that doesn’t feel comfortable to write with.

Step 4 – 3D Model to Supplier

When you feel happy with the look and proportions of your
3D model, you’ll need to send the model to the supplier to get
a prototype. This means you can see what your design will
look like ‘in the flesh’ and see if it lives up to your
expectations.

Step 5 – Supplier Prototypes

Receiving your physical pen for the first time is one of the
most exciting steps in the ‘designing a pen’ process. Even so,
it’s common for the first prototype you receive to miss the
mark slightly. And that’s ok! When it comes to making a pen
for our Kinglsey range, we take the time to tweak our designs
ever so slightly. You want your pen to be perfect, so keep
editing until you’re happy.

Step 6 – Begin Production

After you receive your final pen prototype that you’re happy
with, it’s time to begin production. If you’re producing
numerous pens, you’ll need to wait a few weeks until they’re
complete. At The Pen Shop, we wait for a few weeks before
our ready supply of Kingsley pens is ready for sale.

Step 7 – Final Product

The final step in our ‘how to make a pen’ guide is deciding
what to do with your final product. Whether that’s putting
your pens up for sale, gifting them, or keeping them for
yourself – the choice is yours! We take pride in our beautiful
Kingsley pens and are always excited to share our new
designs with our customers.

TECHNOLOGY USED IN DESIGNING

MANUFACTURING OF THE PRODUCT
Ballpoint Pen Manufacturing will involve many making processes and pen
making machines, like ballpoint pen assembly process, ballpoint pens part
manufacturing process, ballpoint pen automatic assembly machines, pens parts
making machine, pens materials treatment process & machines, etc.

Below we will try to introduce the pen manufacturing industry step by step.
Firstly, we should know the pen components & ballpoint pen parts’ names. Most of
ballpoint pens will mostly have parts like pen barrel, pen clip, pen tip, thrust
device, thrust tube, spring, reservoir, socket, ball & ink.
But there are lots of simple design ballpoint pens with quite fewer parts, these ball
point pen parts names are pen barrel, pen end clip, reservoir, socket, ball & ink.

 
Secondly, we would like to talk about the manufacturing process.  Most
of  ballpoint pen making process as below:
1. Making the ink: Large batches of ink are made in a designated area of the
manufacturing plant.

2. Stamping and forming:

1). While the ink is being made, the metal components of the pen are being
constructed.
2). The formed pieces are then cleaned and cut. They are immersed in a bath to
remove oils used in the molding process.
3. Molding the housing:
1). The plastic components of the pen are constructed simultaneously with the
Ballpoint Pen’s other pen pieces.
2). For pieces that have more complex shapes, like caps, ends, and mechanical
components, injection molding is used.

4. Ink filling and assembly:

After the components are formed, the assembly can take place. Typically, the
ballpoint is first attached to the ink reservoir.

5. Final assembly, packaging, and shipping:

The point and reservoir are then placed inside the main body of the pen. At this
stage, other components such as the cap and ends are incorporated. Other finishing
steps, such as adding coatings or decorations or performing a final cleaning, are
also done. The finished pens are then packaged according to how they will be sold.

In this article, we would like to introduce more details about the ballpoint pens`
plastic parts manufacturing.  As it`s most people want to know when entering the
ballpoint pens manufacturing industry or business. As we know, most ballpoint pen
manufacturers produce the ballpoint pen`s plastic parts themself and then bought
the ball point pen refill from a big manufacturer.
So what ball pen manufacturing machines you may need if you want to produce
the ball pens? The answer is plastic injection molding machines is the main pen
maker machine. As it can be used to produce most of ball pen plastic parts like pen
barrel, pen clip, pen tip, thrust device, thrust tube, pen end plug, cap, adapter, etc.

USERS AND UTILITY OF THE PRODUCT

There are many uses for a pen, and here are ten possible
examples:
1. Writing or drawing: The most common use for
a pen is to write or draw on paper or other
surfaces.
 2. Signing documents: Pens are often used to
sign legal documents or other important
papers.
3. Taking notes: Pens are a useful tool for taking
notes in meetings, lectures, or other situations
where writing is required.
4. Correcting mistakes: Pens with erasable ink or
white-out pens can be used to make
corrections on written documents.
5. Marking or labeling: Pens can be used to
mark or label items for organization or
identification purposes.
6. Creating art: Some artists use pens to create
drawings or illustrations.
7. Writing letters: Pens can be used to write
letters or other personal correspondence.
8. Completing forms: Pens are often used to fill
out forms or applications.
9. Doing math calculations: Students or
professionals may use pens to work out math
problems or equations.
10. Playing word games: Some word games,
such as Scrabble or Bananagrams, require the
use of a pen to write down words.

UPGRADATION OF PRODUCT IF DONE ANY

The Pens have been upgraded from
1.The Quill Pen.
2.The Fountain Pen.
3.The Ballpoint Pen.

LEADING COMPANIES PRODUCING THE

PRODUCT.
REYNOLDS.

Reynold is a household name that has been manufacturing a large variety of pens since 1945.
The venture began in New York with an iconic writing pen, 045. With a legacy of several
decades, the brand is loved by consumers globally. It is one of the most famous pen brands in
India that produces much-in-demand products like Racer gel, Trimax, and Champ. 

Notable Features of Reynolds:

 Reynolds is among the top pen brands to use smooth tips for every pen it produces. 
 The brand uses advanced fluid ink technology to add durability.
 It utilises waterproof technology to provide a writing experience lasting for years. 
 The varieties include dot pens, gel pens, and refillable pens. 
Pros:
 Lightweight
 Affordable
 Many options available

CELLO
Cello is a popular stationery brand. It brought technologically advanced German ink to the
Indian market at affordable rates for the people. 

Notable Features of Cello:

 The pen brand expanded its magnitude by producing stationeries other than pens like
fountain pens, roller pens, fountain pens, and permanent markers.
 The company continuously works on innovating its ink flow systems. 
 Every product goes through rigorous quality control to be brought to the market. 
Pros:
 Available in a wide price range
 Long-lasting ink
 Available in numerous ink colours

WATERMAN
The heritage luxury brand Waterman is among the top luxury pen brands in India. The
company has an imminent history as it is founded by the inventor of three fissure feed
systems, Lewis Edson Waterman. The legacy started in 1884 and continues to enthral pen
collectors around the world.  
Notable Features of Waterman:
 Among the pen brands in India, Waterman is the name people seek for luxurious and
uniquely designed writing instruments. 
 It designs some of the most stylish and opulent pens applying modern technology. 
Pros:
 Uses the finest inks in both ballpoint and fountain pens
 Exteriors are made with excellent metallic material
 Wide variety available 
Cons:
 Expensive 

PARKER
Parker has a historical portfolio for drawing innovative ideas to manufacture seminal pens. It
is the first name many Indians think of when it comes to the best luxury pen brands. Over the
last 125 years, the brand has evolved by showcasing impressive technical competence. 

Notable Features of Parker:

 Parker provides luxurious pens by covering mechanical design engineering, testing,
and prototyping areas.
 The brand discovered an anti-leak system which many popular pen brands still use. 
 It also introduced dry ink tablets for soldiers in 1914 to use in emergencies by
adding water. 
 It presently manufactures ballpoint pens and fountain pens of superior quality. 
 Sonnet and Duofold are the most popular collections of this brand. 
Pros:
 Warranty on manufacturing defects on each pen
 Available in numerous designs
 Different ink types available in different colours
Cons:
 Expensive 

HAYMAN
Hayman is a contemporary brand flourishing in the market with its distinctly designed
writing instruments. The company has gained a foothold among the prominent names
because of the international standards it follows. It is one of the premium pen brands in
India to have a wide range of pens plated with gold and other metals to amplify
opulence.
Notable Features of Hayman:
 Hayman produces some of the best ball pens, roller pens, and fountain pens with 18k
gold plating. 
 The is one of the few ballpoint pen brands that use German roller refills to provide a
smooth experience to the writers. 
 Popular designers design each of the models with precision and perfection. 
 The packaging of the pens is done by popular designers in the field as well. 
 The pens have a fine grip for comfortable writing. This feature offered by Hayman
makes it one of the best costly pen brands in India. 
Pros:
 Wide variety of pens in all categories
 Replaceable inks for all pens 
 Long-lasting premium pens
Cons:
 Expensive
 COST AND COSTING OF A PEN
The raw materials and the number of raw materials required would vary on the type of pen

you plan to manufacture. These raw materials should be stocked in huge numbers if your

manufacturing target is more than average, hence you should stock them accordingly.  

 Barrel 
 Metal 
 Plastic 
 Metal Tip
 Plastic adapter 
 Pen Cap 
 Ink 
 Colour (For Ink) 
 Brass 
 Carbon black (For Ink) 
 Binder (If you make your own Ink)

Investment required

In Pen Making Business, the total cost of production is generally lower when compared to

other industries. The reason behind this is that the raw materials are purchased in bulk, thus at

a lower cost, making the end process less costly. The investment required would depend on

the type of pen that you are planning to manufacture. In our case, we are assuming the

investment for a pen that would cost around Rs.5 to Rs. 10 in the market. 

CONTENT AMOUNT

Small Scale  40000 to 1 Lakh

Medium or Large Scale  2 to 10 lakhs

Expected Profits from Pen Making Business

With the investment and the raw materials cost being low, you can expect to earn a good

profit from Pen making business. However, this would also depend on the price that you plan

to sell your pen in the market. If the price is too low, then there won’t be much profit as

profits from pens are only earned after they are sold in bulk. Taking an average of the
number, the expected profits from Pen making small scale business is around 30000 to 80000

Rs per month. 

If we talk about a Pen making business that is well-settled and performing really well on a

medium or a large-scale, with a good brand name and market, they can earn more than 1.5

lakhs per month.

The Manpower required for Pen Making Business

In Pen making business, technically you do not require much of manpower, as the

manufacturing process of a pen is simple once learned and experienced. However, the bulk of

raw materials required and the bulk of pens manufactured would require good accounting for

making a note of everything and staying on track.   

 Considering the above condition, in a small scale-based Pen making business, the
necessary manpower that you should go for would be around; 1 to 3 skilled workers. 
 A medium or a large-scale Pen making business would mean more handling of the
manufacturing process, and hence the manpower required would be more, thus for
Pen making business on a medium level, the required manpower would be around 4 to
7 workers.

Profit Margin for Pen Making Business

As we already know, in Pen making business the profits earned are not from single sales but

by considering the sales of bulk. Hence, the margin is quite less here, yet on average, the

profit margin for a good pen making business would be around 10% to 25%.
TARGET CUSTOMERS

Local shops: Local shops do not hold many products, or rather, they do not store varieties of

products in their shops, they sell the ones that are fast-moving in their locality. But they

would be willing to support your new business, and hence you can make your first sales

through them. 

Retailers: Most retailers do stock pens, but only the well-known brands, however, you can

try your luck with them by offering some unique features about your brand. 

Stationaries: This is your major target, stationeries have all types of pens stored in their

shops, from Rs.5 Pen to a costly one. They would purchase in bulk from you. 

Online Retail Stores: You can display your pen through all the E-commerce websites and

earn quick profits through a wider audience.

REFERENCES
 https://www.startupyo.com/pen-making-business/
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/pen-writing-
implement#:~:text=The%20first%20practical%20version
%20of,a%20Hungarian%20living%20in%20Argentina.
 https://cashkaro.com/blog/best-pen-brands-in-india/189659
 https://www.quora.com/What-are-10-uses-for-a-
pen#:~:text=Writing%20or%20drawing%3A%20The
%20most,situations%20where%20writing%20is%20required.