Mongolian Grammar Rita Kullmann D. Tserenpil Under the Auspices of: Institute of Language and Literature Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia© Rita Kullmann All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means, electfonic, mechanical, photacapying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission ‘of the author Original Euition in German, unpublished Translated into English by. Molly Deatherage and Rita Kullmann, 1996 Editors: Kon Kichm Molly Deatherage Lori Younker Eva Schubert Dong-Hwan Kim D. Battuul Design of Mongolian Fonts: Jirgen Kullmann Cover Design: Jorg Ehlerding First edition published in 1996: 1000 books (hardback) Second revised edition published in 2001: $00 books (paperback) Printed in Hong Keng, China (SBN: _962-8457-05-5 Distribution: Rita Kullmann Phone: (++976 11) 454571 / 350827 Fax: (+4976 11) 488747 Email: juergenk@magicnet.mn Prefaces ian in Hubhot, Inner Mongolia in 1984, {soon fell in love with tnd system, which is so totally-different from all the European ages that I had learned so far_attacted me T tod hard Wo understand and grasp these nt nds at that time. Our Graramar teacher, Mr. Nolavajas helped me greatly. Horwever, with no study book available and with Chinese being spoken inthe cyt proved dificull wo eam ‘Mougolian well As I began to study Mi ln England. inthe years 1986-1988, met Mongolians from Ulaanbaatar and started to ear the Cyrillic alphabet. Me. Vietze’sgrarrmar book was s big help at hatte. Mr. Daman, ho ‘aught Mongolian atthe Faculty of Oiemtal Stodies in Cambridge, was Willing 6 give me prise Testo ‘When we came to Uluambaatar, Mongolian 1991, 1 quickly found out thar there were almost fo ily materials avaiable. Beg person Who msi idertand language in order to eae had many fusiaing experienecs ashing Mongolian friends sbout the reasons for saying thins this way or that way. All this caused me 1 start writing down what {found out, not Mowing ‘would hecoane such a large projet. 1 my ist year, any nf my personal trends like Uyangay Naraa, Bat-Frdene and Mankh, he ped in coming example sentences. Later, Poe get the privilege (0 work sith Mr. Sukbbaatar from the State University. has will im at L {ould work more systematically. Coramamication wasn easy though, sie we Could nly speak in elther French or Mongolian. afer having completed about a third of the Mook, 1 Became aequalnied with Mr. Tserenpil, who was working inthe Insitute of Language and Literature st the Academy of Sciences. Without knowing that his major research aa was the struct sys ofthe Mongolian languuge. | approached him 1 oversce the seork om this bok and studied with him for over to years. doing nothing other than writing dis ook i and agai. IE this book has scientific significance iy co his credit. In hin, Ud filly found the person that would patiently answer my many questions. ‘My thanks go fo Eva Schubert sai Dong-Hlwan Kim who helped me make the German yepion (npabshed more accurate, ler complting the fw dat of the German version February 1995, Istored working on he English translation with the help of Molly Deatherage, Tam very thankful to her. Lort Vounker. nd Ken Kichm forgiving sone of thee precious ‘ume 0 check the English translation. Mes, D, Battal kindly chsskeu he Clasical Mongolian ‘rip, for which fm very grate want ta explicitely express my thanks to my husband, Jérgen, and our two boys, Samuel and Michaja. for leting me do ths big joh I was very often tie that had sghtly belonged them, whieh went into this book, Whithout the help of Jirgen who taught me to work on a computer andl advised me in all the lac problems, feouidnt have writen this book. But my bigest appreciation is ta God. Ih was His love eople hat He pu ihm hea, 3 is strength tha made te feu “ ul concern for thie Mongolian severe and succeed (ape) i nly, we ned to sy that this book sould he essed Freer the longue fs changing and so oe i granimar. Moreover, a we weal sagan, we have Has of improving ifesnt tings, Hone ours hon hos yuk make someting sale foray say cng language. to we hve to ge tpon pectin at opi 1 te 5 Hopetily is bok wil babu or any Mongalon eearcets explore he an ‘more deeply ‘and we other help materials with which to siady h And os te se Aeacers who work with this book fn mistakes ar her they It make te Ria Kula, Post se wid 8 10 express Ohi. we hoe ions avilable to me fr possible comection and repnmting 1081/13, Ulaanbaatar. Mangia mms Ulaanboatar, September 1996 Rika Kula publishing the second edition of this book, Mr Tserenpit tion won't have Jay-out problems with bold er atic syles. Crosse Page numbers. Wi ings that go let out Before ee UT have revised i, This fences were made with sae allowed it (we didnt want to change page numbering), we add ‘Ou Fis editon, We tas shar this edition wll be moe user. Wiel Ulaanbaatar, October 2001 Kullnin uSince 1984, when I graduated fron the Mongolian Language Deparment at the Mion invent: Thave been doing rveurch on the sitare andl ystem of moder Mong Teatro Language snd ica, Acakiny of Sciences, Mongo, During hese Sear Ihave wrest tote ana he bse pels of Mongolian grammar inthe Hight of ew avances AN Knguiste theory. | formulated many’ of my principles and concepts by lecturing 3 Aivershiesand insite fn Ulaanbaatar ana ing ales ‘Three years ago I met Rita Kullmann, a researcher ofthe Mongolian language from Switzetand ‘She was working on a book designed lv belp foreigners earn Mongolian, and she supgesied to re that we collaborate. During lengthy discussions about the book, we both fel that it should be ot only an “ordinary” study book with some traction grammar explanations and examples but Should alse be a popular scienbtie grammar, including the latest achievements in Mongolian Tinguisies “This the first Mongolian grammar in Enalish compiled in Mongolia sthich embraces both the Eyrlie and Chassieal scripts, and has an equal emphasis op pedagogy and science. The, few ‘Mongolian grammars seiten in English ean only be found on dusty ibvary shelves ithe "rare Book® section. This hook, because of fx road scope of theory and practice, will preadly entich the body of study and teaching materials available, ‘This grammar implements the suuetural approach as introduced by scholar, Sh.Luvsanvandan, Wehave dcussed many unresolved linguistic problems and Wied to give explanations for them, For example, ie hive taken into consideration ine new ideas and concepts of my Mongolian and foreign calleagucs conceming vowel development (e 2 assimilation and the orgin of the long ‘one! and diphihong), word stricture, especially word stoms and the zero suis. changes in the {ase system af Moen Mongolian, “representative puts of specet” or so called prowords focus pamicles, 1 nes syntactic classification, he Form a sobjets tthe subordinate elas. ee ‘Also included are some results of long-term research on such problem as the idea of the “efintelndstinte category of oven Mongolia, hierarchis within these categories, case-bound Suffixes (an pacticular the suffie "xi, case-bound particles, adwords, anew fook at relational Sunes and Wei stcuetualfunetional system te Included as wel is the result of research dane by comparing Mongolian anu English grammar and verb tenses, And finaly, ll suggestions and adv ean be sett P.O Box 967 Ulaanbaatar 13 Mongolia “The Linguises Department ‘The eta ongean Sues ‘onglia Steve Ulaanbaatar Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Sepiember 1996 ‘Digan, Ostober 2001 1D Teerenpil w Oanox yr Miunsi ong 1984 ona NUH sonar ximn caxtapur TorecoKooe softy UNhin Xen sounanun syprsan opine iuAcHAM, MONTON Noam. Oya fortomome aeyyiap apaoa won ie NE aa, SH NYT Sento Somme parentheses [Am full sop [Br] > period [Am Sometimes the Mongol Sister/ Younger brother teanslaions- unless his very Meng (We always ehose one ofthe posse ian word wis the focus of the examples. As for Mongolian loan words, we thought i best to keep as close 1 the Cyrillic as possible Therefore, we put sich wards sn quotation marks, sing the following transeription of Cyl iss sword Have already been established in English ike Pot Yue Pols Rok ets Hoel, Mesh Beane, uN zenous approach (0 the Mongolian grammy, this books mot ily user-friendly. We used terms which might be unfamiliar to an English speaker (ea. comitative cae; reflexive sulin), sometimes we even created new ters (eg. abwotd ‘roword). We hove aimed, though, not 1 use linguise terns without explaining ther, bearing i Inind that some readers might not have such a background. We suguest Mat readers familiarize themselves with the book, the uppendin, and the abbreviations in order to benefit fom the ool inthe best tay possible. Heres wht you should pay attention to + Very detailed table of contents (first pages of the book) Even though one might not know the right erm for something and therefore not be abe 0 Took i up, the Cyrille words or suffixes, shat are par ofthe table of contents Will help Yow Find ‘what you are looking for. + Appendix: Index We have given an index, trying to list every term we used in English, German, and Mongolian. ‘This enables you to become familiar wih the Mongolian ters youe teacher fc using (although ‘pels might Someries use he trationsl names rar than the nes ames ven in ths Book) + Appendix: List of Inflectional Suffixes This hit wl e very important 3s you toad 3 Mongolian text and come across suffixes you don't ko, Next to the if ae the abbreviations ofthe name or category of the sulfx and tn which page iis explained. You may copy thal st in ender to memorize the sullies. + Appendix: Table of contents in Mongolian Our grammar isnot a self-study book, although a lot eould be learned this way. Iwill be important that students show the Mongolian able of contest sir teachers, tha they can eer to paragraphs 3s they teach + Abbreviations ‘We used the following abrevition eg for example Wit = Pan it, 12 (ex abe) = examples, band g (vind) Sevamplesa.b,candd In Some tables, we could only give the frst letter ofthe eases ( hecause we used examples thoughout the book, contusion (*) i lik ow in parentheses). But tohappen: Nom. (N.) = nominative case Gen. (G.) =genitne cine Dat (D)* = dativelocative case Ace, (A)* = accusative ease ABI (A.)* =ablative ease Inst.) = instrumental case Com. (C) = comitatve case Dir (D.)* =dreatve cae All suffix abbreviations are found inthe list ofthe inflectional suffi om page 413% But ewe are those we used mos oft i this hook CS. = Case Sulfix PS = Plural Suis NDS. = Noun Determining Suffix NDS. = Vert De PTS = Person-bound Terminating Suffix TTS. = Tense-bound Terminating Sulfis RS = Reflexive Sullix vw Part I: Introduction «+++ 4, THE MONGOLIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT .. 4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MONGOLIAN LANGUAGE 4.2 THE MONGOLIAN LANGUAGES AND THEIR DIALECTS 4.9 THE CLASSICAL WRITTEN AND MODERN LITERARY LANGUAGES .. 2. THE MONGOLIAN ALPHABETS . 2A THE CLASSICAL ALPHABET .. . 2.11 General Table of the Classeal Alphabet. 2.1.2 Polyphonetic AIpAabet sn 211.3 Detailed Table of the Clasieal Alphabet 2.14 Vowels... 241 Vowel Harmony 2°12 Provess of Developer 3:14.21 Assimilation 2.1.1 Forward Assimilation 2112 Backward Assimilation rigin of Lang Vowels Soest eae eh ON T Sound Complexes 2 Short Vessel io 3 Compound Vowels 10 Origin of Diphthengs 10 3.1'¥-Diphthongs " 2.2 Final Diphthongs iw 2.4 Reduced Vowels : mR 42.1 Vowel Weakness 2 {42.4.2 Vowel Dropping en 2.1.5.1 Song and Weak Consonants 8 2.1.52 Table of Syllble-Final Consonants 21583 Soft Consonants in Stone Words : : ir 2.15.4 Changes in Consonants, rf 2.4.6 Syllables 2.7. Letter Changes in La Words 16 2.172 Examples of Loan Words 16 2.18 Spelling Rules .. DA Sufix Res 2.1382 Rules for Insentad Vowel (Epentheized Vowel) a 2.1.82.1 General Rules a eee 2.18.22 Exceptions vu2.2. THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET 22.1. Vowels 22.11 Classification of Vowels 1.2 Vowel Harmony 2.22 Consonants en T Hard and Sofi Consonants 2 Classification of Consonants 1 7-Consonants of C7 vocdized cansonans) 2.22.22 9.Consonamis oC? non-vovalzed consonants) ‘onsonant Order ina Word 223 Signs athe tad Sign" 3.2 The Soft Sian" Silas 5 Roles « v1 Pronunciation Race ules 1 Gert Bic Rais 2 Devlenson Rules. i Bac Rls ception ules “ha les 35.2.31'na" Exception Rule DW Roles : 35 Sd a Ral & captatiaton Rules Abbreviation Rules 252.8 Division Rules 2.8 COMPARISON OF BOTH ALPHABETS 3. MONGOLIAN WORD STRUCTURE ..... 3.4 ROOTS ‘Mal Active or Living Roots 3 31.2 Passive or Dead Roots : 3.2 STEMS 36 3.9 SUFFIXES .. 37 ‘33.1 Derivational Suffixes (Word 1, WORD-BUILDING .. jo 1.1 DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES (WORD BUILDING SUFFIXES) Tall Nown-B 1.1: From Nouns and Adee ives 1:12 From Verhs Adjective-Building 7/122. Brom Nouns and 132 From Verhs 16.3 Verb-Building on 4.2 WORD-SUILDING BY WORD COMBINATIONS .. 1.2.1 Coordinate Word Combixations (Compound Words) 1 1.22 Subordinate Word Combinatio 58 2.2.1 Without Suines 38 30 50 2. SPECIAL PARTS OF LEXIS 2A IDIOMS nen 2.2 HOMONYMS.. 2.21 Lexical Homonys 11] True Lexical Hominy 112 Fase Lexical Homonyns 2.2.2 Morphological Homonyms | True Morphological Hemanyins Fake Momphot 2.8 SYNONYMS 231 Styl . [32 Loan-Word Synonyms 2.3.3 Dialeet Synonyms 2.3.4 Taboo Synonyms (Euphenisms) 2.4 INDIGENOUS MONGOLIAN VOCABULARY 2.5 LOAN WORDS 2.3.1 Integration of Loan Word. +52 Lean Words from Dilfereat Languages 1 Sanskrit, Uighur Persian, Arabic 3 Chinese, Mancharian beta European 1xPart Ill: Morphology 1, CONCRETE PARTS OF SPEECH . 11 REAL PARTS OF SPEECH 1. Nouns iattat Para iha.ta Plural Suffises yz" (Most common PS) Ltd E1112 yys2y-uyyn®* (Collective PS) VITUS snap Ena sar Eee rse 11s id Plan Usage wit Sines 2:1 Numerals 2 Repeated Words ‘Vers that Demand Pra (Quantative Words ‘Abstract Teas ppoeeeees “THe & Cases and thei Sufines (3) 11 uit Nominative Case) iisatdel Question Words 11.213 Geniiive Case “79 2 Question Words 50, 3 Usize 80 r Rs Buapis Sutiges (ur. “ir, Rulow Exams Question Words a {4.3.1 indefinite Nove 1.43.2 Definite Noun 1.8.33 Hierarchy List lative Case 1 Suffixes (sae), Res, 2 Question Words 3 Usage Instrumental Case 6.1 Sunes aap) Rules Examples 9% {62 Question Wonls 63 sage C iia tg sutmes(crid Ries Bamps 13112.1'72 Question Words VL12173 Usage 1.2.1.7.31 True Comitative 111 2173.2 False Comtative Beesersssssee 1.81 Suffies (9) Roles Expl 8.2 Question Words 83 Usage 4 News Form of Directive Case ons x 5 Collective Ct 2.4 Auibutive Cr8 "=x, xu 1.3.3 Case-bound Particles (ChP's) € Reflexive Suffix "a8¥"(RS) Function of RS RS, Rules, Evamipes Usage Comparison with Ca ice Suffixes (as's) TAatve Vos 8" Causative Vor ete gle ia ee cone : 44 ASS “urea Collective Action Repetitive Action 16 ASS "ns, Gam? wasn? rans ranat™-Ote Rapaine AS tically expressed Aspects. 11.31.22:1 Progressive Action: x) w basi” 112.1222 Perfect Action: “(tuexjaas® 6aticaty}cab Balle 11.21.22.3 Progressive-Perfect Action: "-eaap* Gatt-" 3.12.3 Combinationsof VoSs and AsSs 1411.3 Mood 11.3.1.3.1 Determining Suifixes (DS's) 1,3.1.3.041 Noun Deerminng Sumies NS) 1 Funetions of NDS's Past Tense NDS "cau" 5 Indefinite Presenx NDS 44 Progressive Present NDS. 5 © Future NDS ™ 1 1 1 1 Adword Detcrining Safes (ABS 3.1.21 Wisk AWDS nas iad 122 Posey AWD ay xl22.1 Full Verbs. “T1221 Full Verb Gant 12.4.3.1.2.3 Necessity. AWDS *-yyurran® 1131.3. Other AWDS's “-unryn,rrrast) —arrryih -MMeyy 1.12.13.13 Verb Determining Suffixes (VDS'S) Ti31.31.31 Coondinating YDS (eVDSs) 11 Simultaneous eVDS "==" 112 Associative eVDS "a 1.3 Anterior €VDS “=aan* 1/4 Comparison of VDSS, 2 Subordinaing VDS's(SVDSs) "3.2.1 Conditional SVDS "~6a:¥4, “na 32.2 Concessive sVDS "=n" 3.23 Immediately Succeeding SVDS “Maru "32.4 Logically Succeeding sWDS "-x:naap*" 3, 33) 3 3. 3 z 255 Iniending sVDS Asap Limiting sVDS "=a 2.7 Progressive sVDS "-caap® 2 Succoeding SWDS "Heyy 9 Seizing an Opportunity sVDS “-araa® 2.10 Excluding sVDS "-Maankann 2.11 Use of sVDS's with Reflexive Sutin, 2.12 Comparison of SVDSS inating Suffixes (1 o ting Suffixes (PISS) a" (15t Person) Ist Person) on (2nd Person) PTS of Appeal ~rrya nd Person) PIS of Permission =r" (3rd Person) PTS of Hope "-aacan” 3rd Person) sryrati el Peron) 2" (PAS sen nan® (Paid) 2.5 NDS "=nar as TTS (Indefinite Present) 2.2.6NDS "aa" as TTS (Progressive Present) 3.2.27 TTS ~iot (Present) eet 3.2.28 TTS “sat” (Future) ‘ional Classification of Verbs eL In the Function of tre ar 1.2. In the Function of bs 1:3 Full Verh "6a". 23 Auniliary Verbs ‘The Auxiliary Verb "Gant 1.1 Building Copata (after Nouns and Adjectives) 1-2 Building Compound Predicates (afer Verbs) 3 Building Subjenctive - fe Auuliary Verh "60.2~ 1 Building Copula (after Nouns and Adjectives) 2 Building Compound Predicacs tater Verbs) 2.3 Defective Ausilary Verbs . oo 151.3.2.2.3.1 "apa, ara, mage 154 13s 23 Ad i13 ii n 2.3.2 "Onn. 6/7 Guna ida Verbs a Sedat Cosirctons Modal Verb "wana Modal Constactions oxen -ryi ‘anitaay™ row bart Oanaratvoaiii\it Se Bast eoswrron “xe saa Yaga il isons di SRE ing Ver! 448001" inthe Fanti of to Be 2 Table of Other Modifying Verbs The Conjunction Verb "re" OFS Adjectives (Adwords to Nous) 1 1 B12 fi ace Shbossbpbsehpee 3.11 Characteristics of adjectives 3.13 Placement of Adit 1312] Atte Ades Predicaive Adjectives (Complements) ust 3 Order af Adjectives i S131 Rule 1.5.44 Depees of Adjectives Nasa ad iia. "1 1 13. ative Degree Using Abiaive Case and Adjctve sing Repeated Adjective and Ablaive Case {L430 Using ari yen 13.14.32 Using Gumtive Case and Repeiion 1's Madlicaton ef Agestes 1.3.1.1 Modification nih Adword Suifies (AWS) 1.1 Diminutice AwS "xan 12 Diminatve Avs : 5 is fant ‘Adwonls" sata TYH, WOH, aan Expressing vey” 2 Adwords "xoropxtat, soMAYY, Aaa” Expressing 5.23 Different Atwonds Expressing vol), absolutely 'bs (Adwords to Verbs) 2.1 Original Adverbs... i i 13 3.2.2 Passive Rook Advas HS22 1 Oren ann 322.2 Usage on 1133 Notietfon af Azsesbe 1.3.23.1 Modification with Adwort Sulfites (AwS0) 1132.11 Direction AwS “(eur 1.13.23312 Movement AwS "=yyp" es Meme a dia 3.233 Mouiication with Adwords 4 ‘Semantic Classificzion of Adverbs 241 Local Adverbs 1 i 3 * 13.2.4.2 Temporal adverbs xi11.32.43 Modal Adverbs LABS Numerals on RS 3:1 Overview of Numerals and Numeral Sulines (Nuss) 2.2 Usae ooo 2.2.1 Compound Cardinal Numer cnc econ 2.2.2 Cardinal Numerals as Attributes conor 2.23 Cardinal Numerals as Conjunctions 22:3 Carpal Samer in sea Lie 224.1 Date . 42 Time 4.3 Telephone 23 Decleasion of Cantinal Numetals U1333.32 Usage 1.13.33 Ordinal Numerals. 1.1.33.3.1 Ondinal Nuss "“ayraap®, nxt man 1133.32 Usage of Ordinal Numerals 2.1 Months "=ayraap Other uses “ayraa 3 Weekdays “-aaxa/~aax! '§ Other uses “paxu/—mon" 2.5 Address "—ayraap?, -naxn/ 1a" 3.26 Roman Numerals in Function of -myraap!™ Polletive Numerals 1 Collective NUS "Ya 2 Usage of Collective Numerals 3 Declension of Collective Numerals 3; 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T Approximate Nus “aaa 2 Posipositions"rapyn, aay wanaw, opin 3 Repetition clension of Approximate Numerals plying Numerals age of Nitpiying Names 1 Maliplying NaS ™ 2 Words nove 1133.72 Usage of Diminutive Numerals. 11338 Distibutve NUMETE oe 3.3.8.1 Usage of Disnbuive Numerals 1.3.39 Numerals in Mathematics Ti3.391 Decimals 1133.92 Practions 19.3 Perentages 3.9.4 Numerals in Baste Avihmote Pnetions 113.3941 Addition 133. 133) v133. a3 hsm 4 Mpa saben 1.2 REPRESENTATIVE PARTS OF SPEECH (PROWORDS) . 1.2.1 Systematic Classification. 1.2.11 Prowords for Nouns 1212 Prowords for Verbs 12.153 Prowords for Adwords 1.22 Semantie Classification 1.22.1 Personal Prowords 2 5 1231 1230 1231 1221 1230 1.23.13.6 "ra nap" = you" (plural) 12.2113.) “ran nap" = they 1.2.2.2 Possessive PEOWOFES ven 122.3 Reflesive Prowords Beno 22:1 apis fn Wont Case 12.2 Examples in Genitive Case 2.32.3 Examples in Siher Cases 12.333 Otier Reflenive Words. 1.22.4 Demonstrative Prowards 12.241 OvervieW eonnnn 12:24 Usage 12.2421 an, 19p.(rparaop. Cram Hap! =" that, theve, hose” 123.422 “Cryanva (rumnepayy" = sich, thivhat Kind of or 1.23.42: "ewer ete To0,ctamayysavieyy = This lr (on 133424 Chen tia” = ah manymach as shat 12, DADS "unra Tar ierrogative Prowors TOverview to do hist was" San(38)" = "how many” ‘nun = "how much’ samo. xaat ay ‘aaa’12 Indefinite Prowords t ae "yait a= “ubo(sojever, everyone. anyone. no one mn “oy w= "whatsoever everything, anything, noting” me ‘tsrapu" =" whatever Kind of, any kind, no whatsoever” 28 ‘aa’ = "whichever, none” m9 ‘Sa = "ho mater howe tan 29 sutisaon sh = sg mates hows much 29 sean "whenever, ays, sever 280 ‘aon aun ware aalyype= wher saya 280 ‘gai w= to do whatever! in whatever Way” 2a 310 "aac a" 2to do whateve in Whaever Wy 281 2. ABSTRACT PARTS OF SPEECH . 2.1 POSTPOSITIONS .. 2.1.1 Characteristics. 2.1.2 Systematic Classification “11 Orginal Posipoitions 2.2 Adherts in Postpositional Function Us aot ney? hou ppronaic™ by” mi ss Se 21.3.3 Postpostions with Geniive CS nsscnscnane Fn {MOE 1" enn a 23 Of on I as 2 for (i ead otis) 238 Fat Seng alongs cco 23 vga svg the sie iss a nea oo 9 23 = 2 thd, next to Z 2 Side of, sma ere” 389 2 “lhe othe side of, sited tht a9 2 rrp" = "insie) among™ en 29 2133.12 “apa “behind” 20 a1 Front of south of 290 x1 dowels) 20 a plus 200 a ago 21 2 21 aero 2 "nea te neigh of nnn 290 2 expresing cal movement oi 2 "about os 21 oi gard io" m 21 tid) of” zs 22 xv ‘xortio” = fier non of” 22 in fot of, before Bee stare eat eles 10 ‘Ablative CS 3 get Sbyean = wkher a, exept = 03 3342 op" “beste aera 3 31343 muy” = more thay 393 21349 ons tartionr - ba 313453 suis cry" = expressing diction 1 23 pt fom 2 23 ater DUSS8 ont’ = belo 1.88 Poon wth Caatve C8 16 Posapostons with NDS 31387 eryxan’ = abou 213368 "ranaap” = "on, nega 2 CONJUNCTIONS ne 2.24, Corinating Conunstinn 22 Ovenew oa “bares yar = and whi “oaon® 2as well at nest = both, van libouah and” “in evi = anda ane = bt” (Gone) esanney, xsi = (oly bw ala roma eas, apn = “no nC) 1 ap apa, cna yn ap = tl 2 "Gyn. tom yy = respacivel a 3 seni seen = ore nl Then yn 1.la-aeman,.aeBa= ‘ler ~ oF 1.213 “Baeead xapim” = whereas coum 1 "cane yran/ourrrn xan/ yy x3A°=“iet alone! not io eon” 307 LD. eaxna = "but faded on ad eiition) “0 2.22 Subrdinating Conjumetion cas 722.rOveniew 323.20ss8e Pero = hat rox = "80 tal Seah w= V¥s YEYRLOY F3;i9t* = wheter oF wot”1 ox + tan nya = “in orden 2 "=x “ua os” = "before 3 ean +14 napa” =" alter 4 the way i aecaeance wih since: alee 6 “a xypraa = unl 7 "ean yen/~xan’ = "when, while" 18 x 6ypafax Goairon = “each time 19 "x4 ran appar” = "as soon as the moment 20-1 Gal sono = whist 2 1" aacaps =x 399P" = "besides: while 22 apa ama (Soopon) «=r roxstinon” = provid thai in ease Open on = prvi ANP BON = although 26 "ean aap"= the ways" ne 27 '=xl-cam Tyxa Tanna = “about faded on fa 3rd elon) ec iced one nd io) 322 Myon ram = Tyran «Supa yi Tap Sarva = “Paints 4 “Tata Viana = Tae Ar ie or 25 “Taran inroxmap = Consent 223.26 “Tarcuoap ieaoopt =" "By doing. foie 22327 ae evant = Others foo 20328 “Toeacnt = “As dog a 33339 “Thamayy’ 3333:t0 Pama pase 22021 yap 323212 ult Sonouoop = 3 3 a "The reason for this is: for. because™ ‘But, you know" (added on i 2nd eaiton) 23 PARTICLES 231 Over 232 Semantic Classification 2.321 Inerrogative Partin 2211 Inerogave Pace 03,53 23212 inerrogatve Particle "y2 10 2.82.3 Negative Particles 3221 Negative Paucic “Gar 22 Neuve Pile ye tive Pail “)ryi SAa2ST Aber Noms 252332 Aler Vers « 333933 Note woe Word "ara 2133.34 Negative Panic "ya 33335 NegaivePatice "x 35236 Negative Patil yy’ 23227 Negaive Panicle "wri 2.3.3 Maal Particles, 3281 Modal Pacis “wiyy 232332 Modal Parle 23233 Modal Panicle XvIlL roves that: under the condition that” 2.3.2.3 Modal Paice “iow 23'325's Modal Particle “Mn” 2'32'36 Modal Panicle “6u03) 033 2:3.23.7 Modal Parcle "ean 2.32.38 Moa Panicle “nar” 252'39 Modal Paniele “6n3" 232310 Modal Patile “ini ait 332.211 Modal Particle "unt nas 23.2312 Modal Inerropatve Particle “oz 33.2313 Modal Conditioal Parc "baz 33.23.14 Comparison of Modal Particles, 2.32.4 Foeus Particles 23.241 Neutral Pocax Particle "Goa 2.32.42 Additive Focus Paice“ ‘23:343.1 Part of idstnite Prowords = 232.4223 Pant of Conjunctions a 2'52:4253 Pan of Modal Constrctions — 2324254 Expressing ould (@) Bete a? women 2324255 Expressing "EN 00" rnneonronoronnononn 24 INTERJECTIONS 2.4 Iterletions of motion SLT Gite 242 2421 Overview 2.3.2.4.2'6 Comparison > Functions 242.44 Restitive Pocus Particle". 2324.31 Punctions 232432 Comparison with Panicle" 221 understanding Eelamaton “a 22 Aarocment, Pleat". yyarkart ja aba, o0u Tala au 2.3 Ply, AMfecton, Rpt “aah, us op rT Na Ma aA [24 Calling, Atvaciing Auention: "x0o8, XY Ye, XOOWL 3 ‘25 Sumpise, ASionisiment: “one, oo-B0-e, HOOK, XYV, YEVHL. 6B 24 Ditheulty, Despat, Pan: "eo, x, saa 227 Laughter. Happiness. "axe Aroan ava re phan i se 2s 29 24 21 Ding. Agra) rmw-ravtaaunuk Ty rea asset, apie Feelings of Temreraiire:"xanan, xa7ukran, THI TH 0 Displeasure: "erga Gana a sua rok, YN, sana! 1 Causing an Actin “anh, Oat, UML HTL, 83531129" 212 Rar Teno. ah aati ar 24.1213 Lullaby: “yp Interjections of Husbandry nnn ‘242 Interjetions to Cal Anima 24212 Inteqoetions to Drive Animals 2.42.13 Imerjectians of Wiscellancous Usage xixPart IV: Syntax ... 1. KINDS AND TYPES OF SENTENCES .. 1.1 KINDS OF SENTENCES ..... . oss 960 1.1L Declarative Senienees x60) 112 fmerrogative Sentences 361 1.13 fmpeative Sentene 361 1) 4 Exelamatary Sentences 382 1.2 TYPES OF SENTENCES .... - 863 1.2.1 One-Component and Two-Component Sentences 4 1.2.1 One Component Sentences (EIhpsi) 12,11 Semenes witha Sit Compo (LL-T Subject and Predieate are One andthe Same 383 E112 Generalization 363 E113 Context allows Subject oie Omied 56 1.2 Sentences without Predicate Component 56 3.1.1.3 Word-Semtences 3 Two-Comporient Semen Complete and incomplete Senne (Complete Sentences Incomplete Sentences jor and Extended Sentences SI'Shor Sentences [3.2 Extended Sentences imple and Combined Sentences “4 Simple Sentenses 12:42 Combined Semences 500, 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORDS 24 COORDINATE WORDS ..... 2.4. Free Coordinate Words 2.11] Without Conjunction Words 2.1.12 With Conjunction Words 2.1.2 Bound Coordinate Words 2.2 SUBORDINATE WORDS .. 2.2.1 Direct Subordinate Words 2.2.2 Indirect Subordinate Words ‘22.21 With Sufixes 22.2.2 With Postpositions 3, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTS OF A SENTENCE 371 3.1 PARTS OF A SENTENCE Suk Main Parts ofa Sentence jects a 1 Question Wods for Sujets 2 Omission of Subjects 5 Pacts of Speeel as Subjecs “4 Subject Indicatorv Mathers 5 Complements of Subjects 33 33 m One Full Verb x3 2 Compound Fal Verb wa 3142.5 Compound Predicates, a 1-1. 23.1 Full Vebsand Aula Verbs - mes an 1.1232 Full Verbs an Medal Verbs(Consiructions a4 11°23 Fall Verbs and Moxitying Verbs a5 sistant Paris of a Sentence a 375 Dhjects 11 Pans of Speech ae Objects 12 Direct Objects 13 Indirect Object aries 31 Local Advetbale on 11 Showing Pleo 3.112 Showing Direction = 3.13 Showing Local Moser “Temporal Adverbals 2 2 Showing Monent of Action : ‘Showing Beginning or End of Acton 3 Modal Advetbials “4 Causal Adverbs 5 Finch Adverbials = ‘6 Conditional Advetbiais 4.1.3 Placement of Parts of Sentence 3.2 COORDINATE WORDS AS PARTS OF A SENTENCE .. "3.21 Characteristics : 2 Coordinate Subject 323 Coondinste Predicates 32 Coondinate Objects 325 Coondnate Auribates 326 Goondinate Adverbials 33 INDEPENDENT PARTS OF A SENTENCE .. 33.) Ateation Pars 3.32 Inserted Pars 3:33 Inerections 5:34 Response Parts 4, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLAUSES «cose 4. COMPOUND SENTENCES (COORDINATE) 44.11 Compound Sentences with Suffixes 412 Compound Sentences with Itnation £13 Compound Sentences with Conjunction. 4.2 COMPLEX SENTENCES (SUBORDINATE) .. 42.1 Characteristes of Subordinate Clauses 42.1 Formand Tense f Prats 42.1.2 Form of Subjects 21 Common Subject 2 Different Subject 2.1 Subjects in Genitive Case cis in Accusative Case 2:3 Subjects in Accusative or Genitive Case 214 Basie Rules XXI2 lussification of Subordinate Clauses... T Subject Clauses Predicate Clases Objeet Clauses Aribate Clases ‘Adverbial Clases 4.9 EXTENDED COMBINED SENTENCES . 4.4 SPEECH “4 Dine Spica 4402 Indivet Speech 443 Transformation of Spccch 5. PUNCTUATION i 5:1 PUNCTUATION IN CLASSICAL SCRIPT 5.11 Date 511.2 Marks 5.2 PUNCTUATION IN CYRILLIC SCRIPT 52.1 Perodull Sion 5.22 Question Mark Mongolian Language 523 Exclamation Mark Chapter 1: 52/Comma i ii S3ecom an The Mongolian Language and its Development 5217 Quotaion Mankvinencd Commas ans pages 1-3 538 Omission Date ats 335 PreneseetBachct 4s 33,10 Dash and Hyphen ans Chapter’: apter 2: Part VeApperidts... The Mongolian Alphabets 1. List of Passive Roots pages 432 2. List of Some Phrasal Verbs .. 3. List of Inflectional Suffixes Chapter 3: 4. Structural and Functional System of Relational Suffixes ..... Mongolian Word Structure 5. Mongolian Equivalent of English Tenses pages 33-40 6. Table of Contents in Mongolian .. 7. Index: English-German-Mongolian xxi1. THE MONGOLIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT 1.4 General Characteristics of the Mongolian Language The Mongolian language is classified as agelutinative (from Latin ‘agelutinace’ = to stick on’). The most important characteristics of aalMtnition are 1.) The word stem doest change: instend, grammatical changes are mae by adding (sticking ‘on’ suifises tothe wor stem (sce page 33), 2.) Every suffix expresses only one pranmatical meaning ‘The Mongolian language belongs to the Altae language family, together with Turkish j ‘Manehurian-Tungus, Japanese, and Korean ‘The Mongolian Languages and Theit The Css Mongolian srg erie wih the Soe ths siplabet way ed ar es Teen Dialects hur alphabet, In the 13th century ion for the Mongolian alphabet. The oldest known ‘monument with this sripes from 1227. In 1247, Tibetan scholars wrote the fies Mongolian language grammar book, Since ten, the Mongolian languoze has steadily developed ad th script has been revised several Gimes. Today about 8 milion people in the. world speak ‘Mongolian, The language can be divided into the following languages snd dikes: Overview: Tanigiage ——] Davos Population (Censis:1390) 1.3 The Classical Written and Modern Literary Languages Right from the stat, the pronunciation of Classical Mongolian script seems very difficult, For theism the Cynic ip was intoduced the 160. The am way fo eeale seit wih sould reflec common pronunciation inte went century making Wear forthe average ferson. The Russian alphabet served ss 4 basi for thi new alphabet, Bringing with i some foreign letters and rules which resulted ina few inconsistencies in the use of Cyrlic and its sna which fe not necessarily te charac of the Mongolian lataage. portant 10 have some understanding ofthe most impurtanditferences betwesn Classica! Moviglian scrip and Chri serie The fatlowirg tle shuld x help Ditferr ces ete Classieal-Mongolian and Modern Literary Language ale Mangan Modern Titerary Langage (p T [Paty phonetic alphat ‘onophonetie alphabets One cer may symbolize more than one {One leer symbolizes one sound sound (Compa with pages Saal 31) & Tte(canbe ’0" oF "w" > (can he“ oF") 2 letters are used: "and 2 teers are sed: “o" andy Taflectional suffixes are not adfed to ie Tatfeetonal sultnes ore added direct ‘sou sem and remain anelangsd, the word siom and are sometimes changed (Compute with p38) realy. & Loe wf (wer i, pe Froqed tel mongvol aba) eouranaoe T Moigior— -Mninie —-RT | Onghar and Ca Prone CTT 7 Dongxung Tinsvan Banner in Gansu Province, [372877 Chin Ta Tinsy an Banner 1h Gann Province —[T Qinghai Provinee, Chit 7 Sar Cigar Several aeas in Cann Proves, [TZ] OnE China 3. Dagour | eRTavlar oTSSTRar | Rion Guar Wanner Taner TET sta *Khulia | Mongoti: Tarvagatas mountain in the NW of today's Xinjiang Province China .Ralmuck DoW Targa] The Kamae REPOS Ta Te RS PTT Buta Federation [oor Dowd —Hayad —| Use, Rhov and Bayan Ol Aap | STO “Torguut +Zakchin| Mongolia: Ninjiang Province, China| Mongolia 001d Khost 130.000 SUrgnihas China: Whur Praga Ala) Several areas Dowtod, Rhea, SOTHO *Barza“Bargusin| lenge, Bulgan, ond Khvsgol Aimags [OF those. sSartuul sBokhan | in Mongolia: Buriat Republic the” ving nthe Bo sEkhint Tuna. | Russian Federation; Buriat aera of the [at Republic x0 ‘ound-eomplec: A Tong vowel waiter Long vowel asasound-complex, (Com. wilt pI) | doable vowel A Tong von WHER IS © ome? caaxan aa srt (temeue) ey iy gs nua | Sound-complexs & diphihong fs waen | Diphthongs A Uiphinone 1S weRST AST asaseundecompier (Comp. wi p10) | diphthong | eet asi ann ten cauile) yan | Differear vowels in vowel harinomy? ——] Vowel assTnfavont Some VoNSTs Son (Compare with ps7) others ind dotermine ther pronunciation © | tae? (olan) ong sera! corgen -eprent bes aypraa SL cbul onan @[Allowels are writens Towel weaknewsy Shor vowels Happ This hook focuses on the Central Mongolian language group and its standard dialect ‘Khalkh’, We use the modernized Classical Mone pens being uss toy in Inner Mongolia, but we wil give the old forms, where eles ant (eter thy the word ol) skort cTsangot | Khaton.Btir Bunvet, nner thence (teak (Compare wih p12) orate pronounced weakly o differently 9 ConaT halk -Darthat 000.000 fel (aa-a) ax Mongol sDariganga “Sarl at (ulus) TO. Southam [Timed -Ordos TROGNTT ‘Basin Use deve! (nu), nytar *Khorchin “Gorlos skhacchin. «Darkhat of (gon) ‘Khacsnigan Consonants are written without iis are writen compa WHT ‘eanges! (Compare ath p.3) the rules of pronunciatio [aes Girege) suuep29 $8 abu aap4 “Te tafowng Tes dont long Whe onTAT CTRNTCAT MORGAN TARA, Ba We THE MONGOLIAN ALPHABET! inoducedHeeause ofthe wo loan words Slo Te > [es Ba Ba 2.1 The Classical Alphabet > |e T é Taner Tine 2.1.1 General Table of the Classical Alphabet 7 ~ = = Ye ka a his emp compare Anglian sounds wih Engh andy doe » |e E nccessrly Voll linguist rules, x intended ss 4 way 10 get started for begins, We . 7 = Sec this Mewectias (wonton an conversation we be anderen ar adiidual sly =a fae = ser ry bot with & Mongolian tebsher soe will do wtbout an exat phonetic sty - i: Fr CARRE] Ta] Spun Ta TaRSCTOR — Soin on nish wa ae [sripon] Mongolia wo sc a [a |* [eet Baar oy ee Tather Fis Smt = Zp* pe fet oo Tat . : 3 ma aE Bare T - Tar cy @ |? |z Gord me be i ae ama ashe Explanations x w —y Tn Salers tre 102) and 26): some dialeets pronounce the “c closed, In Inner Mongolia the closed a4 aa on es writen with et gn words wile mumber 26 1h e q a ie Serta “= # 4 Loa k 2 epee a il ‘egg’ a i i - rad — 105); ahisopen a (Bak anguuge cific to pronounce; bon’ is ony sia. "Tae |g wwe ast i 10 6» this closed "Yo" (front language) is pronounced quite differently in each dialect aoa = a ih Ba cscrt Mongolian dice, American put rfl i % Det es Xbalkh pronation (rie?) _|atuxsan on 48); forthe tho feren promincitions of nee 3rd pronunciation rue (.23) a [bere Tara Tad S10; thssound absent fh Englch bal he Soom wont toch ee Rese 2 4 buck language" the ron language "ks even move difficult W pomoutes [or ls 1? [ae ater: Tech (Seouishy English speakers ike the German “nieh’). : a AAS to 12; his Mongolian I” tater freative ne like the English" (actce well) Ts |? kK Oe a went in Engl tos): this Jeter allows for diferent pronunciations depencing on te dialects, [a bane 7 ¥ a = Mongolia, hs sound ‘chit Khaikh cou avo be Pronounce es me |? pet aa ss 01 ¢ 18) an ney Mongaia “1m Khalkh it could also bes TPS oat ear = 21 the Mongolian "r must be oied "~ [ T ee fooresiset i Engl 2.1.2 Polyphonetic Alphabet Tr oy ole m As we mentioned on nage 3 a polyphoneticslphabel, the same Teter ean symbolize diferent me sounds. In the Classical Mongoliun elphabet, this is true of many letters. In the past, scholars. me TPs ar ry mpd ie and again to change the Mongolian alphabet mnophoneic one 7] oe F ra st Paa-pa Seip th cemury * |# at Tod Sern V6th century —(Oinaty Ts T TRS a Sayombe Script heemuty (Kal 2 |% agin Sei {oihsenuty ori) hate a many Cytic Seri 20h cenury (hak 7 Ta share Tes amps were largely haicayped bythe fact he they only reflected the peanuniaton 4 ia é a fone dalet tis very dificult 10 rece esl all Mongolian ideas wth one tuonaphanane ™}4 ta iy roo | tpt For ths reason the Clase Mongoin alta hs the advantage Wat teat is es ¥ Fy ache Seis Oe SOT Soe 7 T 7a oe? wa [a {nom-existent in Engl =q—ta TF ie2.1.3 Detailed Table of the Claysical’Alphabe | NN Rat Fa ald Vowels dal? =e ale Sep 214.1 VOWEL HARMONY ea arse elm aal nM ‘Te Casical Mongo alphabet hs 7 baste vowel Tea seein on cet Fr (a), Fle}, (DFO), Feu), ae i. Fe LD) 74? Me 7 ys ie in thre eras z ft fa fe 3} Mteatdemining ron vowels da iF To SS 5S) Neuter (rete vowels, A eon at | cae | Cae Fo Ace URL et soto Nerney, tel ener ape pmeleavunlommme weslieg cuere hitless fea sien a Seen TT a a ae ch pele le [* |# i |F ale [@ |e lee steong words: Fame urvantl) oy (sayigan). Gol (goyinea), exe? (oroi) lait la (2 i? at weak words; fe (edie), eee SH (upilsdbUrH), Seraher (Odtigedie, KET (ebul 328 ig a RP 2 rnoutal woul: Seep (bigih. wary Gig). eX Git rae [x (8 a7 ae 2.142 PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT. 32 T 2a |F |p le 6 Today, in the modem literary language, there-are tong che eel rage eg soa eT a yeh rt le 2 Pele la ele [gle le ls Wem fosu on the falouag | pow of ths development wisfale [# [a "la le lala es tla ls 1) Assimilation sale le [Re a Lee te te Zrii cf lone vowels rat i te |F 3 3) Origin of apiunongs Maa ja lela ated ale da Beaker ee vse a [kia a Bled bla ae Saat kaa ep ds 5 areata errata ena i aia’ slags Breen te Casa So tt “Ths has happen a4 Fala aaa lg ae spe as huh ran oe aes Gwe) sh ve ee raqaq 4 tq ala 4d4iqq 4 The st as ano : | ie Ee jAsiaq 4 aq4 L q rarer] is aq 4] Ald bol Rorward Assiniletion Se ne it alte dames We promo Eagle mE ze > [PP [° eel? ee Thrard he onc Porn heres only ane nk ze SF ele 9 [Pls ah Bae Fate dma ATT Tota Wawel aFe pron el te 3 2|* ’ = g ie 8 apeaee st a4 Ter oi = ala (kaa ala a [ela a a om = ala ja [dla a ala la [aly ig la as arpa alta jf la ia alg a [elgg a oR aaa214212 Backward Assinitation This is a coramon form of assimilation The last vowel dominates and the preceding vowels are fnlloenced, This wslly happens when long vow ‘ate formed (p.9), but no exclusively. For this reason, We provide a complet list with al the possible hack wed assimilation. @_ The Tast Tong vowel always dominates and swallows The preceding vowel 2.14.22 Origin of Long, Vowels ‘Wien we sly the pronunciation af Tong vowels, we find thew are three groups. The frst top i the most important 2lA2.21 Sound-Compleres Sa] TE | Eee TaN NCR Neen STOTT TSTRIeT CERT MRSS Temaerpton — | Cpr Com em fe ae Te nEaeMI cm iva 3 Arty ati maa aed ‘Gamike ura: a: ome iris apa al] Ble A B c me ; aa wa ine a= sae oar ava [asian ava [orton [ats aan obumuau toe) ais = eon tng | ony ee ie es bias a iva iya | @ (22) | 8: 2a) | 0: (00) Hjixaqu, (aan) ofixad (ovo) fies a Gry tay [iar [yoy [498 Casa) | triyea(rapuay] aorssa womuD) + ei Balke wa ars ar ore [osteo a 1a) gt ri na SFT THe Hen TATE alone or ONS by RESTS TOME TTT aa 2:4) [0:00 Sram espresso aT rt Sia Teaeaion [Cy Pemeram awe || wb nl Ewcwn [eevee boa ae nae eu ce iar ane ju fwcomfucoy] autem Jain = ars oy)" apie freee? ar Nana oru Jota aasurun sor Te > we oo ye = ae wu |wonfus| omguowy [gum ayes aa a ta = |For! a ay ist fica) eres cw Ty a0 aa soe a oa He ame ese Jest Jest) [oo | deacre tammy _[remege trove Kode aan a0 ww re =u eee ige > ye [e:0% Jer o> |8:400) [fgg am) datigs (Geren) | Joriged (epee) 7S ME TTA ST TET = ge Jovi rap) Aan ‘CisicaT Mongotan | Tamenption [Cyne Pronmnctaony en = ef > 8 kx sai jenep ige €:(09) | 0: 409) ndglige (were) rs 2a fo eh anne ane ecu oso FE TERT TRIES HO MEST TN i aww Tata Cie Mea [Tames — [pa TRENT 3 gn [avo nog efbe — 6 HE shes she en Won ehedein one figit aay) |& dugireng cyymrs) kujigibi Oya) zal iat [ey iy aig uu)2.142.2.2 Short Vowels Casi Mongolian Cpe Proneacianoar [Note that sere is no diphthong for “Ot (oR). Whenever it would be necessary hecause of vowel harmony, its seriten "ei" (an), The diphthongs are divided into 2 groups according to thei development = Phd 2.3L YDipones tara ; Some of today’s diphthongs were orginally writen “vowel + y +i" Then the“y" was dropped ax an could no longer be recognied nthe writing boca th sal das Was issn Te oe transcription we are using the "y" for dla Assiation hasnt developed and therefore We set ropa {Coombination of two vowels Fist Then a = ted (as fed fa z Se teyimi on (iesim) = ‘These diphthongs never appear athe end ofthe wor. Ista they are usally a the hepining a Sa Notice too, hat alter the weak vowels tx (O) and tr (i the usual two "i" dashes do nat om a aar Chases Mango Tempio Se pT lat wal an CIT Mig ne PORTERS ciel san car E Bene = Sia aie TTP = Tea Tat er 7 ama ane rae eel Tone sali Be emer rea uaa al iret wager aap TR i TEST aa Sane =] Test Fan 2a. [A Mongolian phi Origin of Diphthongs st pal, hale). Us is Formed when two unlike vowels are written together and make ly when "1" appears int dipthng itis 244.2,3.2 Final Diphthongs Such diphthongs appear ony in the final syllable of « word, omg is pronounced very weak ike Tree, be, see shor a's thereove called “hall five diferent dipithonge ia Classe Mongolian Cae MART Transeo [cya GETTER The pronunciation of these dihhonss is wsbally a problem for Engieh speabere thoes ert To 7 uhongs shoulda be pronounced like the Englinh fines tine, ele, whee tno sepmene 2 7 = wants an be heun Those © wth the German urls "i Oo ell ome Ei Talal remembering thos ia phones ae snr pronounced & 1S ae Trai Clie Ex Eng OT ae EEG =e aA] 8" Gee TAGST Sana RATaPTO Pad Far mt a a (German. At) i Be ike Te, Bee, ae vei pee on soporrag. | similarto ‘har pair Soret sea ara ‘Gennaio = Tea Tao toa Prosnounced very weal?! exe TST a 7 srray —[aeabore = ata a va Fe a8 14.24 Reo Vo 5 of the first vowel sound, Other vowels are tien unstressed of reduccd in their pronunciation or 1 and 2: Wee eae ar Sas fas opsteiy Csting asp S.Fe ae wo a geap ee Sia ani 1) Vowel write, bt have changed om aa ae 23 Vowel ae opp = TT va 2A. Vowel Weakness Orta? ols Xone Ea Ca AT [eGR CTE ETT TT VORA Ts Cem) aT ar Vowels unchanged inci jayimay fansrar ahidden “nis as?” Gaety wouleay wry fad ‘alr FAP dropped Fels end) wigan TaN od ar rar Bet Cal) AIT TRAY Tae TR — Tee ar Tar a ay Tresvesisonthe [peed ar rar a ay _ ee ig Year vowelinnotesed. aay Tea va ; Tomar reCeT — [Fa Tot OPE LS Samana The eamatte pag a ar 2.15.1 STRONG AND WEAK CONSONANTS ieee com i ae sik tay teens swt Tc alco cha peo he be ot consonant. re = e ‘The $ strong final consonants: "b, g's, r,s, d" (code word: ‘bagarasada') naraienneaiag E08 ab, eer nt St tas, By (ili) WC id ey Gab), ee al Explanation [Chassieal Mongolian —[ Transcription Talc (proMRATORY 2 (bosqu). ered (arad), rex@T idk) Bema ea a ‘hed weak na consents", 9 Coe ma) ae = aie = orl (Kano), fren (mandugy) tf (nam), Orff (qamtu), fT (mal), Fee! (malsin), eH Orr (beaciin). Fremel (mogyol) ea Fr a aT ar Tor eat ane Eu me 7a Tom = To ¥F ae a 7a a apa TAF EVR ee aa ar slabs donpes. [Ra a TE a Ta a = io se“ 's 2.1.5.2. TABLE. OF SYLLABLE-FINAL CONSONANTS a Taxi] b [oe Tepe] ae 7 mT a ae melt 5 F 7 7 hee ca TSN CaN RTE oii 4 +4 4 erty ie an mye fe als lela le [& [4lg ad aba a red cad Tae Faq ay ar inar § aly (2 /e/f = on - = -|-|* 14 |- |-]3 [= _" becomes" aid ale ile 223 Se oe i ia ne aie SEER aa Ta a | Twa] af BOT ATTY ee aT wel NT fomsoes) at [nutex big [bar [ots [arog [xumon” [sam [mel [beaia 2,,.83SOBT CONSONANTS IN STRONG WORDS All consonants in strong words are hard unless an iis writen after them. The vou!“ ‘changes the precesing hard consonant to a soft ame, Soft consonants hige the preceding Sowel sound causing io be pronounced paatally. Again, this alaliation comes close to the German una pronunciation, ‘The Mongolian language uses 4 syabie structures (1-4), In words from foreign (especialy loan words (fom Tibetan and Sans) there are other structures (3:8) 1.) Vowel Sallables (V): ex Hf (ai) F-6 e. Ha a, Foal (ee), te Fal (ulus Ciaasical Mongolian —[ Transcription Cali Terman Engin 2) Vovel-Consonant Syllables (VC aa *o SRG Ue AOIAT eX et Un ed (alan) 20 gard) = Br mae ORE TAT 3) ComonanteVowel Syllables (CV): ur 7k ore DoT oS ae So a ee BE Ubi), HC, Fe) =p (na). Saye haat a a sr ETRE 4) Consomant-Vowel-ConsonantSillables (CVC): rary core ae Tha WE SRC exe $e (aah, fT nal). Sor Good), fre (mal-cin) §) VowelConsanant-Consonant Sables (VEC): a at aH Te eth (8 ft Fe! (ars-lan} 2.4.5.4 CHANGES IN CONSONANTS. ‘Consonant have change and developed throwgh the years though not as much as vowels, "The following rus of pronunciation must be flowed 6. Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant Syllables (CVC (ex Syl (bars). et (kat) 7.) Consonant-Consunant-Vowel eX. herb -ref (hnis-t08) 8) Consonant-Consomant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant Syllables (CCVCC): © Peer (front) onan Syllables (COVE): wh ineen Towels oF {ils any consonant exee ‘lemma ‘Chasse Monova Tameion Cale roan =] abr 28 Tea TET a cu ab a Samy ToBecause Classical Mangolian has a polyphineti alphabet, there one letter can be use shoe siferemt sounds, some kiters sere allered for loan words in der to express the pronunciation beter 2.17.1 LETTER CHANGES IN LOAN WORDS Treanor —[Taiial [Neda [Fal —[Exampls ——[Trameript [Engi ale d Ting ia 2.1.8 Spelling Rules 28 SURFIX RULES 1.2 Sulfixes as consonantovovel pai ‘Words ening with a vowel take sufixes whieh begin with consonant, Bas Orly Bl en os FeO cl! el ‘Words ending with a consonant take suffixes which gin with vowel Bi tel weeds G+ Saget eek Fogel yee ef a “ Aid nil york | New York (sos ay | airy ZF Sulfises as vowel-harmoay pairs ‘Mos suffixes must be used in compliance with vowel harmony because they have a strong and ‘weak Form From which to choose { Cel Sede te nese oe ao 1 Trane Fane (7 Suffixes independent of owel harmony 1 > Te mae om ens ia s . ni 4.7 __Sullixes as consonant-harmony pairs font al There is something like a ‘comsonart harmony’ (sec p.13). This consonant division results in the A CE ee beret cotta Bes Meats eats Gp tert + Khor s OL De tebe Os tere 8 1.) The “nin its medial or final form equals the “a Form, Usually, itis elear which fetter is Intended, expecially in Mongolian words In foregn words, dot is used inthe medial fornt in Mongolia, but notin Inner Mongolia, We use the dot because W's clare. 2) The leery "¥" and “q” are writen the same when appearing in the middle oF foreign word, 3) Theres no difference between "\" and “ein meal or final positon 1.7.2 EXAMPLES OF LOAN WORDS Chsteal M[ Teneorpton] Engin Chie NT] Tame Ea australiyea PAustTal’ TE gage) Ybelin [Berlin camerika [Ameren Bor Bon german | Cermany sort | Sioskhater aarp | Ai yerasaTeR | TersaTer Tarope [Europe Ey aaa RT i SWART |T Pee [BS Berm Exe trent ee HE GOs Oar] GAH «eo GB tere Herre «or = ‘Saffives and final consonants "sand Ws sutfix beginning with *¥" is adced wo a word with the final consonants” generally changes 10 3 is eer ee = ether hath op = erate 2.82 RULES FOR INSERTED VOWEL, HESIZED VOWEL) 2.8.21. General Rules Mongolian word stems can either e1d with vowels or consonants. All suffixes which ate added rectly, though, begin with consonants, When these suffixes aro ddded to a word stem which ends with a consonant, there are special rules for vowel insertion (epenthes's). Ustally the iserted vowel is "u/™ complying With vowel harmony. On a rare oseasion Yonly for noutr building sutixes) “ale” are used ‘tere = torent tte = terial eel eent! trol text = terre!Is Rules tht say when an inserted vowel is necessary: [2 Sallis Dogioning with double consonant ele consonant suis BRIM We = Mis RE Hie RE Se Ngee = Bx ber ed = Gone eer tL foal 2 Consonant-vowel suffix Beaton ty actor ye ta tly =torelgy tort =torsty Exceptions the -B5 verb suis docsnt noc the inscred vowsts tax) 3.97 Sound-complex suffix ‘When the sulTy andthe inserted vowel form sound-complex: Ex frp + red = Qeromrel rg tren = Srrome«Gre + = Gere fra ‘When adding a sulfix which begins with "m” the inserted vowel i usualy necessary. Other old sulfixes® take also the inserted vowel, "mar, -maxéa, «mann, -moi, -mal, -maiti, -nam*, sit, -ya*, -luva*,-run*) Bis tht a= inboint inh el = Inlet nt ten! = triton! 2.8.2.2 Exceptions There area few verbs which need special connections Le Verb ee one With the verb “6g the connection is not only "a" but “ah Bus tet ied = atid + Seely = lye eed oti 22 Verb Soke Sulivesbsginning With "0" oa ERE = HE HOST also the inserted vowel: HOST HEED = HE 3 Vers (Ges = "ode Go sink” With the above theee verbs. all of which end with a"B, "bi" isthe connector, even when the suffix bogins with" Exo ty QO g) GE+ OT = RENT: Goh + ah! = arse! EHD = BSG nH aB Se RABIN EE = ne Ee GentBt ae ly =niBlys noe eo = nERST » The Cyrillic Alphabet (we txt on page 4) Pansd [Cane | Mongo leer oe Tegal Aarons son inglah woe! TJAa [ta fa Uiacioai ga [ax father 2 [66 [ia [6s b are bind 3[Be [hae [mo vib) apex aban) | vane Thad aftr [Pe [re Eich) Fast (ara) OTT ack OT 3[Wla_ [0g [a a Tm aay [ke [Fe le ye Ton GH) om afte [re fe wo ron yaun 5D [A ae i aeapra fke 9.33 [aa [a & yma seed 10.[Hn [ie [a ee isons) | we Say Te} i} i prarac i [eo santonit om, Praga, ogaroR [The Tar SP compare: sad) Ke [em [ea k a Tas TaD [am (dental) aan MM [War [an a Mm OTT Ha [a nog) oe Cane) — [are TART Oo [0-0 fe ‘©(open) foron Bowahr Ge [oe le sie TB pa Tn [ita [na P nape park [Pp [Pp [3p rolled) ops rover Ee [oe [ae s eae sine Tr_[Tm [v9 U roe alr Ty [ay Wop) wa Sa Done yy Ty (closed) —_[¥va Sour oo [a a tos i gare Dos Xx [or [x ac vena RE [aawmpH A [Toeh (SOAR u(t [us is ro Te Ta i [ws eh cn chew Wa [7 ev sur sh ro 29. fin [TT ee fae shch 0.[ ea [REFER Monta Tia pe [wd 7 Tan a 3a] bY, [ROR [Soe Tae OME aos = ae a 34.1 [10 oho ‘yu (open) pase yu (closed) | av you 35. [9a_ ow [we ya aa yaar solanatins ge sho pee 8) 24, and 29 only appear it foriga words 2) The following sounds are difficut and must be practiced well 4,7, 13.16, 17, 19.2» 22d Vowels 2.21.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS Tinie vow Furiher vowel sed on Basie vowels [x called ‘Shot vewek) Double vowels Diphthongs | ¥- vowels (*1) ‘ong vowels) (3) a 22 aA a fo © oft é u a 0) 2 > oft e = cy ‘on STAG at ¥. w ya no) wa Ma Explanations $1) The so-called "Y-yowel come from using the Russian Cyrillic alphabet and are nothing tore tha a combination of" and baste vowel cep.) so spas incorrect 4 Speak of sparse vowed here #2) Both aunliny youclsreprsent long vowel sounds in thee pronunciation. The “a” comes from Cyrilic, Please noe that auaitiay vowels are found ae sich only sn sufixes and follow the rales of vow! harmony" for Song words and "vt for weak words +3) The vowel "i" has 2 Forms. As" its Used in iphthons. aa, 177" ok like diphthongs, but ae no earn loan wads, but ony rarely "yan Yay be modern sos slab re unkown vvostoes tes ees hee “yaa uy ate siphthongs which appesred in the Mongolian language theoveh the ose of Cyrille Iris actually comhinaio® sound of soft consonant and lng vowel (Table on pars) +5) Tis diphthong looks lke an aux lin Cyl, bu infact they ane stall 80 Uitferom phonemes which clay evident rom the Class Mongolian Seri form of “aura, Further words with this CCompitrison with English vowels Mongolian short sowels are shorter thom Eo shorter thin English Tong vowels. Mongol Tnelsh diphthongs. ish short vowels. Mongolian long vowels are diphthongs sre pronounced more united tha 2.2.12. VOWEL HARMONY Mongolian vowels are divided into three groups: 1.) Strong (maseuline or bak) vowels aihavic vanes [ao [¥ er Jae Tow Tye DyDouble vores aa [oo [yO [ext [aah | ooer= | yw Goa e1Diphihongs ——[ant_[om [ya sas lonwm | ynir~ I; Y-voweh a fe ox eam [&e___[1ow =] AuiTory vowels [or "TaN 2.) Weaik (feminine of frond) vowels: ai Tinie vows [> —_[@[¥ me ope ByDouble vonek [os _for [ym [ex [aap [oan [yyp Govan ey Dighiiongs [air yr oont [ex [ear Tae x OB OY-vowels @ revi fox fep owsayi eying VaR [oa [sn tral neuter} vowel: a Basie vowel 0 In compliance with the rules of vowel harmony, only strong vowels or only weak vowels can appear in one Mongolian werd. The vowel "ii" is neutral and ean occur With either set of ‘vowels. IFonly the neutral vowel "HW appears, the word is teated ikea word with weak vowels (eg. Omura THe, x06). Rales of vowel harmony do not apply to loan words 2.2.2 Consonants 2.2.2.1, HARD-AND.SOFT.CONSONANTS The Mongolian language has hard and soft consonants, The consonants in «strong word are hard the consonants n'a weak wordare soft Tha Sucug woud the vowel "i" eames Hie preceding hard consonant ino a somone, The Soft sign "shows thatthe preceding consonant is sof. Soft consonaais change the preceding vote sound toa palatal pronunciat on 2.2.2.2, CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS Many spelling rules (see p.23ff) ae based upon this classifieation of the consonants. It is therefore advisable to memorize the codeword that stands forthe first srOup. 2.22.21 "7-Consonants” oF C7 (yocalized consonants) MOB P ‘They are easily remembered with te code-word mowirog Gaanap, (‘mongol baavar’ = silver decoration om a sade). Before or after such a consonant there needs bet vowel! Therefore they are called, in Mongolian, "srurarr riryyzisr” (= consonants with vowel. Monon, Gags, MoM. F371, MOKTUM, MAUD JQQIITEDGD, HOMO, HAM, Hap 2.3.2.2.2"9-Consonamts" or C?{non-yocalized consonants) Bi 3K, 8, 7X, Uy WE ‘These Seconsonants can appear without a vowel, Therefore, their Mongolian name is ‘sapnar ruiryyase (= incomplete consonants), capa, Hop, xapa Me, Fane. TUN, op, TOR, Sarma 22.2.4 CONSONANT ORDERIN & WORD 1.) In genuine Mongolian words double consonants never appear atthe beginning ofa word 2,)In genuine Mongolian words "x und "RY never appear atthe beginning of « word 39) Alter oe’, “w", und "ur" in second syllable, thee is always an "it Exceptions are due to inconsistencies inthe Cyrillic (e.g, "xua¥a271"= actually "XHMHEN") 2.23 Signs There ae wo signs which have been borrowed from the Russian Cyrillic alphabet in order to {qpres speci characterise of Mongolis peenurcation. They ae the ard sign andthe sot 2.2.3. THE HARD SIGN ‘The hard sign has only one funtion | it separates the PTS "=a" (see page 175) from strong verb stems ending with a “one Verh stems that end with a-/28 2 cottoign dan’ need this sign. ©: SBM, O-R, AR, O-RE, ‘na: ps4, 6021-8, o.1:8, Care, Gye2.2.3.2 THE SOFT SIGN "2" ‘The soft siga has tw functions 1.) leseparates the PTS "=e" from weak verb sem ending with a auc... Verb stems that ‘end with a>»! don't need this ig, ex We, 9 ge but xe, Hove, Bye 12) It serves a a sig of sortness to mark the preceding hard consonant as ao 2X MIB, MIE By b,X02, MOV, CYBER, ‘The co" ~/oeonar* Influences the preceding vowel, causing it to be pronounced palatally ‘ex: Nah, (compare with "XaH/ NaH") 0: (OH) ak (GM) sy YT) Pease note that in Classical Mongolian these words alvays end with the vowel "° which causes tne preceding consonants to become som. Iheretore the palatal pronunciation slam applies \whete the vowel “Hf Used ina strong word. eX: aN, comms, oncHNE ‘Because this palatal funtion is very important, the soft sign (or the vowel tt) should not be dropped accidentally (see speling niles on page 27) 2.24 Syllables {C-sonsonant, V=vowsl) ‘Genuine Mongolian words us the following lable stuces: EVs. raat afar, oocp, a4} aun anip, OTF Onn, ones 2)VCrslales;aaizap.anpvan nso, yep. yorsn, opin eB, ease SiCVspilies: “a.sme. yas: map, Spon, rapa umiaon,sypex orox S)CvCAyliahies: nempreToeronrouabr nanny eVYnan tars, ane “Through the Cyrillic scrip, the following artificial slabs came into usage: S)VCCyllables: oN, oF MAT, AMT, YPT, OPT, 67. ON, YRUTE, Yor “These ae actually ewo syables wire the last vowel was simply dropped (see page 12). 6)CVCC-yllables: xawerpan. ToRKtnox, Manno, seeMe, Tam, MaMLL, pe, TTL ‘These are also words where Vowels (and therefore whole syllables) have been dropped. J)VCCCsllables: aperiin ‘Such slables are a prodct of the vowel deopping (see page 24) 8) CVCCC-sslables: HuRNTH29p, TopommeTIatn, Llaparnir Rules Rules in Cyrillic are not as simple as in Classical Mongolian, because the transcription of ‘Mongolian into the Cyrille Serpt was done too quickly without paying close enough atention {o traditional Mongolian lingusitic and word formation. Therefore is not surprising that there are lot of inconsistencies. We will try to provide some of the basic rales which have heen {developed for the Cyrillic Sri. 2.2.5.1 PRONUNCIATION RULES Lee M6." 10" appess before "6", itis pronounced as ex Casta yy? = Comma barina yy? Sota 9 63? = 340 3244 637 2.6" = "661 6"3" appears before ex: ania = agian iis pronounced as a Fas vow "Hi" without vowel = "ing" 1" is Followed by a vowel, is pronounced as" 8 WMED. 28D, COMPO there is no vowel following "itis pronounced as "ng eC: AYE ABCA, NHL 47 Pee vowel a Vek" "Fr" without vows s is followed ty 9 vowel. cs pronounced like "el Inastrong word if x. 6303, 0pHtnEO Iihere no vowel it is pronounestan "e" es. Oa. Tapar 2.2.52 SPELLING RULES Spelling rules could he divided imo th following sub-groups 1H) General base ules 2) Declension rules 3) me rules Sy war eles Siu rules 6.) Capitalization sules 7) Abnova ales 8) Division rules a According to what we have said about as following ule about the vowel orderin 2 word: 5.2.1 General asic Rakes lation ( e page 7) we ean come up vith the 1.3 Vola can never he in combination with “ast Only exception: ‘Lack of the suffis “-ron: say rant auroran, Examples: O1Y: OPY¥.A~. oloyraH, corry¥=D,cOrTyY. TACT. ce ef: annyyn-. eryyn~ areyyn anropyy, ereeryyp. emuyy. eMWOK, cic aly: aapyyn. apHyH, xapyy, cte yfa_ymaai. yas, yah et. IY: apyyn. ayy. aepyy. cc. Yo: Yin. yi. yi. ce For foreign students who mix up “o" and "y" the following rule should be very helpful. °0" and "a" do not appear cogether inthe samme genuine Mongolian word Therefore the lle that ant be made out "0" oF "9" must be 1%: Yast aera, xTasina- eypar,"ryema- yan, FYPAN yaoNs, Yor, NyNa 1 (C7 consonants ("Mourer:Gaanap") + vowel ‘As mentioned before. the C7 consonants eed a vowel before or after then 2.25.2.2 Deslonsion Rules a suffix is added to x word stem, the pronunctaton is changed because of the new sable Structure. The vowel in a fst spllable js always steessed, the other short vowels are mot. These unstressed vowels are called ‘uastrewsed vowels. There are rales that determine wether Or hot such an stressed vowel (it can hardly be heard) must be writen or rot. the) can be Gropp they are called “dropping vowels, ifiey need to be writen, they are called functional wowels because they have te camry outa unin (see exception ales om pent pas).24 225.221 Rasie Rules 1.2" Strong word stem ending with "r" + weak sufives? SYP, Gar, MyTEIAA, CaM 2.75. wun x 4 weak suffices? ‘ex: opin, eyparysnr, Seruganr, xaosusxstH [3.97 Adding a suis beginning widha vows causes the unstressed vowel to opt TTthe unsteemed vowel has no Futon Han op, For esceptons, se he next paragraph +H somu ad fue ro: cune sar une San oune 008 foorg: +n + 60n-18r an rere” +1) rane oie ayo 25 For "F this rue only applies i strong words oucou > Orato ameran anneranr seapcan —oxapra7min ya uly-aanc xoH=g9 = XOH-apH on-gH OH HND Ifa word that ends with one of those consonants is declined, the vowel may not be dropped ifeither“r" or" becomes t= ta ccncsnant im a serie: Ina + HORA xayeara + xarcacane 209 ASMA yan Saya 3. NDS" - bu emapsou ta Saar cyevan taap > eyyraap +e Sopa +3 Saar Huse Speman Sarsae + Hs SosoenMt en an case om 3a +aa Ss amuzan seas aa woescas 9p Me sap =p (Here are exceptions tothe exception rile 4) 225,222 Exception Rules ‘The 31d basie rule does not apply if one ofthe following conditions becomes tt. Then, the unstressed vowel has a funtion to full and may not be dropped LL? o@ Ifa.°? consonant would be without a vowel, dropping of the unstressed vowel is forbidden! cancap -seanapunt xenwn 9p xenon. -gpHt wergn Ss wr=qmar omar Suwannee nena = Muengrsae amar amcaraa aacsap + n¢-apaae tercsen 5 Tore anit 2.07 ye Because the pronunciation changes, whether there isa vowel after "r°/'H" or not (see p.22-23) {he vowel that fllows these two consonants may note dropped. Tt hs the faneton of ifferentstion, sarap sacapyr yaw sysop wear STaarne Maan Ma=aKi cuan Scazanbnt uarsan > war-ansne If another suffix is added to the NDS "~:" (See page 147), the vowel that precedes this suffix ‘may not be dropped It has the function of differentiation, a soca vappating: + anapeumingannir ouropa: 9 eHropa-on mui ~ yusap ymax yymaraac ama: Samane op = oposun a ee) i O10) Iwo °? consonants spear one after the other & vowel must follow the second C? and may not be dropped. ayocan + aysvanaap yuccan Mercato Mpo-anne eran sanpar raeoan aN enirae Moxon uanerge = uapuractit Mercer 5 wo.29100 Zyl xy aD Oycran 9 6yscanzap ganawan > naraws-aleap 7 Proper names & loan wis In proper names likes "YaanGaarap, Napxau. ToMop, Baxrap, EproHuuins 3234” orn oan words the unsiessed vowel may’ aot be dropped: YoaanGaarapaap Jlapxawosr, Tesepuiiy, BaaTapeins, Epromustan 339409 apupseragcini, arQMaaG, KOHT GDN, GUEERUE, FPARTOPHE 225.2.."snal! Rules Ifthe derivational suffix "na", which makes a verb from a noun, is added 10a word stem, the following ules aced to be obsefved Le Word stem ending with —”~naé [Word sem— [Tatinive™ ——[Wiperative —[ With slices Tees _[reswsno= | Tenesaa! [rare gacen, Teaesnemor, Toneanaree to ange [Mannat — [vangicansannanar sar giaraa frees [ramacgae —[raracual | Tana gacartrrana=ganarsrana aan Baa Ganinar —_[Gasoaa! — [Gasaacan Sas>nasarSansaanaa. Hn jaonno- | Ho=o! [no acon, conor vo. om26 DAERAH Rules 2.7 __Word stem ending with “7, ~ané ‘The vowel "HM" has a special task: itcauses the preceding consonant to be soft which in turn apn eer os pose von the tote Cris mae es Yaa ST WIT See ee ee erat naa 7 frycam! rycaneansry aaenTy ania. Ty aR roped sabclessly. The follawing rules apply ae yp ant [ayn anes atp anor MY A 33 uss Mat! [ua 9WICHU3 | WILTON 19 M3, 99 ED Le ic "5" 2c "nu" ae pha” _|papran! __|sapuancatsap-alnar sep aNa, 29 BI & ie is always followed by the soft sign ast is always: Sap Sap a api ale Capen ATE Sapo aN fllowed byte vowel we Us nang dsb sfine = ear [arama or, Soa SORES SEALE ape ee AE Nn EG = Sa — eon EO TSS = Tan — yea aaa CATT = savant —[awancan naan aa aN “Explanation: Many tradicional grammars give the infinitive as follows: "rycasr~ ‘wih our sysiem, we will only drop the vowel from the infiniive seta if ere is vowel Classieal Mongol, 1B anothers of vowels appl. TS make that more clear we have shown some Cx tunsressed vowel is dropped a how sometimes an - no need for an inserted vowel: Ts is ined to a word stem with the “na” sotTia, need for an inserted vowel: aypron~”. In keeping ‘he usual rules about dropping ples of how sometimes the Taare Pinpesme rao [aw RT, Tear a | Fa, Fa, TTA Teoru=[oorkt [eon corgean, compton, comar™ [eor, corm, comm 00 Tau [rack [Tak Tew eH, TASRLON, TASH | Tawa, TOM, Ta Ma sour Dog! Dre eanskar eu rua, ae. Ma The vowel BTA =X may Ha be Ugyed OeTEDucd for explanation sce PARE PST. Rous rycamay > TyeaAaW ADC NCE (not-TyeanrTyH) 3 awe SS Team Tye TyCAMEMR TERROR (aot‘TyesmMm) Moe poe i Tyeamearye TyeMaryiA = TyCMH tye (not TYcerm) sae aeopa, aA, NA pense Se, Spy SPY YAP 3.97 Word stem ending with vowel ~aaé = - Wot ser atntive—[Tperaive Wilh sllines (Nove a He ariessed vom SUT = na’ uth is dropped) Wits aa 7 ema [yaa [rego yr avr, yao, (Exception! 3p yosaae [yp [yp aan, yp ar. pa Sa [oot no oe peo TOOT rr agen feeat | recneon Taor, r= avo eau [en at ca Wiel, co Mawes >> [eo ua. ce urea, cay fear [avat ewan a Wan eM 2 ew aawaa ay ar 21 Exception Rete toa" Sufix x= [aac 3a Mian Wan afew a a Nouns (ae) ‘F_ Word stem with two C? consonants =a? ok our eos According othe basic ules, the vowel between two = consonants isnot dropped. That's why the suffix is used in its original form “=a” with such word stems. 4. 2 Word stem with "wu fatluences suffixt Wort sem Tatine? — | Tapeative | Wa sates ‘Noun suffixes ana: [xawsaca” [rawarga! [yawa-nacan aa Tear SRT = = =a ae Sea -aagt [raat 23 sua aon! [93 mReon, > ann 9-9 Ta sera [aera [awa [awrcac [awrcae [anrsap anne mn [wean [mae m= aN, WO Tan]? z paar | Prax ag [raw ; : yom fF z nowaar | ronan [ona ‘These “na” rues ply also for oer dervational suffixes ike"-pat”, pa + = ee ess opm Mp mopap —[ Mopio > These WTTINeS ae ROT TRICVARTTO ae28 2. Verb-suffixes: Word changing (inflectional) 2» r Vette angi or [eee Gee = = ae x a Fa aS Praca | ee wn as | a eee) aa [aaa aa | RE [oR a Safer] fom va rad Reefer] [Boerne — Poor Sana Sa | SOME | BORA OTE Oomcee|OER “a [Sormiocan 2.) Verb stem ending with C? Tirana afc (wort buling) a rTucsd argo le Fe Sse wee OG EEE a a cc 5.7 Only after "2x, 4, m4, x" in 2°4 syllable: dropping allowed a“ aa ies Son Lo = oo a eee E Tf] fof — fo =o oxen ‘ae aa ag eS Gira” cr sve ues amy ama ee a ES PbS PoS RLM Riles woe we wa xia) ak xa KS sai egies re He cron irate er 14ers ending Ws or encentlns tore) so ee a See ia ioe eee saree] [eco ee fore ome scholars have tried correty to base the Cyrillic "-og/-H° rules on the Classical serge 5) Verh stem ending wth "p" (exesptions to rule2) Seed Oh eae oa ate ae CC Pee oe ola formu Jn psy vary sorties rm he ofl oes RRennoci mee ae meh serie en eel 3 nae Note: 1.) From al the examples of rule No.1 only "6oo-", "uit, “ona-" and "Garon" are contrary to the Classical Mongolian rule. According to pronunciation rules, "4" cannot be directly joined to", but ean to "=c". Therefore forms like "6oen", "Hite" are also widely used. 1h ‘our book we teat verb stems that end with *-c" and consist of either a CVC or VE syllable structure (see page 22) as exceptions to rule No. 1 (exceptions of C2) and use the following spellings CVC examples: 6oey, Gocusa, ie, HHCuRD, xYCu, xYownD, MyyeM, nyyeURD VC examples: ecu, cuz 2) Notice hat all splings in grop Son the nest page (exceptions 1 rule 2) can be explained with the Classical Mongolian rule. = ere now the offieial Cyrille spelling rules: LF in general, "5" suffix is used + Afler vowels, C9 consonants, "7" and "M, "=x" always follows «After "rand "p°, 36" almost always follows (exceptions see under eule 2). * Afier"p’, >" only follows ifthe word stem coasisis of ane syllable with short vowels (exception to aule 2) * After "p" usually follows the °-4 affix (exception see rule 1). Note: Exceptions § and 4 are explained very easily with the Classical Mongolian role 1) One-sllable verb stem with ong vowel ending with " aaa Frac [aaa wi ws Porn ray Taha panama Yeo noord [Roos 2, Verb stem of more sylables ending Seem fawe) aN [anapa a GM) Ma [ENTS Mina) [any [aera] [aman - famaay [aman Tram Gaus) [ous [oruneg| PAR ie Lawn 3.) One-syllable verb stom with short vowel ending with "p (exceptions to rule D a= oa foun Ta rag [Fup cag wap 4) One-syllable verb stem ending with "or "e {exceptions to rule 1) a oy [eae0 2.2.82.6 Capitalization Ralls Tn the following cases, the fist letter is capitalized: LF First letters ofa sentence Taaaa uae opsoo. Queonop ix xyirr 2H anv, 2 TLHL/ 2. Basrsp/ UL anon 3 Geographic names Bian wap 1991 on Snow sical. 349 9kt4n Tyy2 ron HX yeTaR Garin. S-p capn @pawune pewter Moxtromin upHs, 4. Proper names Bora, Capea, op 6itn nopon maryyp smncart, Haas vp. Bavexap sn! ‘ondoonns Byra Hampansax Lepyean Yn, Muvocrax Yaa, Bostonepostan ao a ‘Quotations ‘Ta "Apu apx" conus yruuner yy? Eoye "Bu Gon xoprearnnn ropoa” rox som, oF Politeness: "Ta, Ta, Tass” Xysnot Tamu anpur apie. Beye Ta Anpars em, 2252.7 Abbreviation Rules “Thor are two ways to make abbreviations: 1.) By syllables: 15-60,(D0Ok keeper) ge raK Goro, MOHUAMS (name ofthe Mongolian news agency) = Moyro.munt Uaxninraan Maao9 Sich abbreviation an be wrtn wn caplet omer mh copa ctcs foeach syllable (Mana 2) By letters: MIVA = Wlusoxinax Yraanis Axanenne (Academy of Seiones) OX. = Hapxnanuin Oansaon Xeot unex (AIDS) MAKE =Monran Apnune Xyneracrr Host (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Pary) 22,528 Division Rules ‘There ae ly oo very’ simple division rules: 1.7 Division by syllables! New line stars with a consonant! ‘Mona, apne, abak=cap~-aky, Be AMMAN, 99-9996, "roposnce “anpoo 27 ‘No division after single leterst uM (not 2-09), e9F (Not ear), Maw (not —s99-NU) a 2.3 Comparison of both Alphabets rte pee = le Fp yr “la a Pe oe foe a a oP Somes a ee Ei a oP vowels Te 2 Fa Te > 2 56 WF i aw 2 XX ver Sie 1s mw a Tin wT Lara = Nina Ti Ww Co Ma) Note SF in Classical + e cous ie} Mongolian gives ‘sh OT es F Tra Tw 2 ° a a Fegthere Bo" Te 9 To Ty diferenceberween hese = TH [Me Te Tn some dialects (e. ae [RT [TTT aS a ? BKK [Fae letters are pronounced dif. 4 x Jerently mdifferent words| at 4 (AsvEer | Be ‘Cynic developed the s0-| 4 Ext) | fe On) _ [éilled Y-vowels. ‘la a Pe tr za a Bi Tra 2 ° ae Ts 3. MONGOLIAN WORD STRUCTUR 7 The Mongolian language belongs to th so-called agglutinated languages (ain ‘aglutinse 2 ° e iis {Welue te). This k bccane Mongolian words are consrctd by tcking one morpheme (a ce ‘Medringft uni to another to orn a longer word. Ths type of word-ulling ean be L ° > Kx Tin understood easily with the example of a train. * [4 a i me word stem Tr rie The PTET Tae WORT a a aren't needed in Cyrillic; 38. 3 Ea there are alreudy two a a Forts Tor and 19 each mF Z we TF pA Tas no erivationalsuTxes infection sutixes a. OK Thor This loan-word letter 1s Every train needs a locomotive (word root), but the number of derivational suffixes (passenge a 2 similarto aeyrilie"« as) and inflectional sufixes(Ivightcars) varies. One of the longest Mongolian words shows m vowel (yO) this construction clearly: 4 d te Pi Trae r Tha fc 1 aa oa STOTT Ps ® 6 eng ceed word ro derivational satis inflectional sutixes * 7 7 Had sian, aniy relevant aes es |) ee ae ee : in Cyril we foe Fe |e] re mil orl ay > a z Pronounce 5 vowel i ‘rtmel 8? WHEE tee eee BH wg aq. |" |? SORT EVP Focranaion very can anmapax Boron Village people, = ° 2, Ty 4 Wa Ti ROTTS TT improve ther lives (lived beter”, 1k is impressive that am idea which takes 11 English words to say can be expressed with 3 Cass ‘Mongolian words-or 1 Cyril word 3.1 Roots ‘The Mongolian language has two diferent kinds of roots Active or Living Roots ‘The morpheme atthe beginning of @ word, which earties the original meaning of a wo called an active root, An aetive reat is always the Word stem, so both desvational and inflectional suffines ean be diecty ded toia 35 Example Example ete wor RT Tee Poa TTT aT Fee [oP [OTT [aek SR POT CST [aT [agian [Creal — [Cpe — TERT Fey [Sema Ye plo fea cara GH EEE ae J SEITEN a " film) [aetna sat — a ¥ ee Eco TTT ERNE peed erat | ling, doerine SC ia ee fe 75 [BP [ FTES eee) [eeprant [Tag [eae mT ay 7 Tay He Fereest | [TEE 7 Fane — aaa i STE = am feet [SN | Fa (hari bea tesco to you") tae | PIN TTS Gy | ERTS eANTEATOT a Ee POR Phe ee —_ pape mad [POET eae? [aaa Para 3:12 Passive or Dead Roots = ras POR ee It we compare word beginning wih the ene morphic, me can aten discover the passive 2 ee Toot of thote words The passive root fas avery genersl and offen abstract taeaning, THs per TERS BTA maui sally cannot be determined by analyzing one single word, eat comes Oy compar = ny Nor every ond hava paste eo A passive rom eanmot bea word stem example = a TF Heap Ea pee a aera sive word FOOT Pave Foot a Hy WORT ee Speen Glassi- [Cyrillic | English (gene- | Classical Cynlic ‘Enghishy STENT Fa ION | PFE Bi falmeaning) | Mongolian ah ral OEY ears [aly > ‘white ie mae sow |i : + Se LT ae the Ges aa [WDE mTOR FU zee ee ST PR fore ERE | Map OAT aaare NeW VET oy Gres z ‘Sve Monty Example eel maaan innocent, goodheateT a aT aa ee aT Mare perdsman mpmple ie xo | THT ae ww TOTS ruansar | aainarTover igvesto take car of animals a a al [Sanna aT mana wake cae ofan aon aOR ARTO, RECON eel [UO TAI aa | ORARTTC TTS Sa el Pa [rom a a felons Ret animal —_ opam Todo Iopsther, TS WOTTORR Example d oe Tay esl | WOT wm guna Fee TRE TOO (cue gold medal winner) Fan TF a eee Fletonat was a poTaTe TOTES — Er! | VET] mys reduction - eae Gee » ao Tekrane ET raMeT deed Titus TaROGT WORT Sop _[ he decd T]he es a | oaRe WaT ae — [SE WATT36 a sample 3 Example 2: ea ee Tow Ge (Oe) TaN aaa eg TR TENT ee? Re TRE me GEA aT TTT apa corel ae Te al Creek) [ NTR GanrT RENT [fo parent EE aE par a cc Deh Oped et) | SNAPE GNF TREY] OTETTE TOM TE COTEETIG) ect [etree [Re rood aR Toe inthe coiecive = TTR Priced (rteariint) | anrtpabeeat) (Gua in the calective) ee Ce Le : Example 3 Example ple @ = Tao TOMATO TomORE THOTT ie [re | Tel ae SATE TT ot = ——— a forty [ae RO TIE OTT & (scr) a vk ys Working a eRe! Gee reel al) | RTT RINT] WPT TS WRT] roms [eumenn [oe Torega, sew 3 a GS Example 3.3 Sutfixes a [em ee? [saan The word “suffix comes fom the lin ‘sfTigee’ = to fsten behind or underneath’ Thre are Scr iar ches wea waher Kinds of alten (eg. prefxes tached to the ont oF alas fn the tide), Put the [ieee a ‘Mongolia language doesnot use them Sor | Saapene— [Deco “here are 2 kindof suis: Sgceol [Samay [he veh, te weal Serre [Sanne _ [sow arr Suffixes) Hargis Tobe happy x to an ative oe passive rotor develops dhe word stem further iy sere [Bane x om ‘meaning. sealed dervstional sls. I the Mongolia i ed aT “alk more throuiy abot sod Sarret [Saar | ROTA Rape ood yey on p. AIH For that reason, we aly give few exam Sars [Saapne= [OBE TapDy Example Derivation SUT NaWa “There ave not many passive rons inthe Mongolian language, so iti worth tw Harn them ‘onal So na thoroughly: Inthe Appendix (p. 40717, you wil find ist a mont of them, Cisse [Cpa Panetoe [Cael [Oya Ey =r ou aM medicine door 3.2 Stems 4 ayarang [ete Sie Tye wort stem isthe pat ofthe woud to which inflectional suis are added. In other words noun earrvya [iagacine = Jourali| the tem ean aways be deelined. An active root sth shortest Word stem, bit a root with one oF {omen ong | NETS WRT UAE move derivatonalsutixes cam also be a sem, Hee ate several examples of word stems ith their detlensons (added intections)sullines) im pirentheses. I sould be-clesr rom the Tore _ [wR Too ‘examples that tems ean vary in ength depending on how many desvationl suffixes are used, Example Eamole verb v7 Todeaw peta tere! (ee we) TH VT TE TROT THESE te rae? yr = REE coor Centers) aE WATERY DOTS (POTEET fees a eee Cate el) | WD VSPA Tatar Te TOFS) = i Topag—[oiwend — woTaE srt (meeSren) | PEEP Ta econ aT = ¢ 2 [Manip {ss indusralied) Tye | OgRE SBT som ——— yitamepacterT indastaization ae a) Xnnmerpacrornieney [the instalation; Ase) Sra [po tagive news =o Spang [dines dance